ETHNOGEOGRAPHIC AND ETHNOSYNONYMIC DATA FROM NORTHERN CAUIFORNIA TRIBES C. Hart Merriam PUBLICATION SUPPORTED) AY MARY W. HARMNFOUNATON ARCHAEOLOICAL RESEARCH FACILTY BERKElEY, CALIFORNIA CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATIVE CALIFORNIA ETHNOLOGY FROM THE C. HART MERRIAM COLLECTION Number 1 November 1976 ETHNOGEOGRAPHIC AND ETHNOSYNONYMIC DATA FROM NORTHERN CALIFORNIA TRIBES C. Hart Merriam Assembled and edited by Robert F. Heizer PUBLICATION SUPPORTED BY THE MARY W. HARRIMAN FOUNDATION Archaeological Research Facility Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley TALBLE OF CONTENTS Preface @@@@000e@@o@@oo@@@@@l About the ethnogeography-ethnosynonymy lists presented here . ... ... .*.**. ..***** ......**** ..... iii C. Hart Merriam as anthropologist v Poliklan tribes, bands and villages 1 Rancherias of the middle Klamath River, I 15 Rancherias of the middle Klamath River, II ........ 19 Karok (Ar*crar) tribes and villages 23 Shastan tribes, bands, and villages 37 Tlo-hom-tah-hoi (Tlo-mah-tah-hoi) villages . .. 58 Hah-to -ke-he-wuk tribe and village list .59 Konomeho tribe and village list . ... 60 Soo-lah -te-luk ("Wiyot") tribes and villages .62 Athapaskan tribes, bands and villages ...... 75 Huss (Hah-wun-kwut) bands and villages ..o@o.......o.. 98 Hoopaw or Tin -nung-hen-ha-o tribe, bands and villages .... 104 Tsa-nung-wha tribe and rancherias ............... .......... 111 Hwilkut bands, camps and villages ......................... 113 Mawenok tribe and village list .................o..o 125 Chemareko tribe names and villages ............o..o 127 'Kahto' tribe and villages ........................ 129 Oo-kot-on-tel-ka tribe and villages ....................... 133 Oo-kum-nom tribe and villages ..........................,. 135 Catalogue numbers of items in the Merriam Collection *. , . 140 Map showing location of tribes *...............*********,**** 141 PREFACE Clinton Hart Merriam, who signed his name C. Hart Merriam was a naturalist who spent part of his professional life studying California Indians. He worked:assiduously with native informants. For Merriam's background, which was that of a biologist and not an anthropologist, the reader is referred to a following section written by Alfred L. Kroeber, "C. Hart Merriam as Anthropologist." Although Merriam had a formal tie with the Smithsonian Institution which held a bequest known as the E.H. Harriman Fund, he was not a member of the Smithsonian staff. He had, in brief, an institutional connection, but he did not work under the direction of that institution. Merriam worked alone, or more accurately usually with a member of his family, driving around, inquiring about Indians living in the neighborhood and if it could be arranged, sitting down, talking with them, and recording place names, names of tribes and word lists. Judging from a large collection of letters addressed to him by Native Californians, he got along well with these people and became long term friends with many of them. Some informants he visited repeatedly to check and verify or expand information secured earlier. He did all this with the aim of securing as detailed and accurate a record as was possible. Merriam clearly had a special aptitude for finding last survivors of tribes in some out-of-the-way place where they were spinning out their remaining years, and by becoming friendly with them secured many data which would otherwise have not been made a matter of record. Merriam accumulated a very extensive file of data which is varied in its content and emphasis. This collection came, in 1950, to the Department of Anthropology at Berkeley. Merriam did not publish on California Indians very much during his life. For a list of publications on this subject see Merriam 1955:229. Since 1950 not only has a considerable amount of information in the Merriam Collection been published under his name as author, but the Merriam Collection has been consulted by hundreds of scholars looking for photographs, linguistic recordings., ethnogeographic data and ethnological facts. From 1950 to 1974 there was a balance in the E.H. Harriman Fund held by the Smithsonian Institution, and this was utilized to support the costs of extracting data, copying and publishing them under the auspices of the University of California Archaeological Survey (until 1960) or the Archaeological Research Facility (since 1960). The E.H. Harriman Fund of the Smithsonian Institution is now exhausted, and we are pleased to acknowledge a grant from the Mary W. Harriman Foundation, through Governor W. Averell Harriman and his brother E. Roland Harriman, to select copy and print two volumes of Merriam's ethnogeography-ethnosynonymy lists. These are not for popular reading, but rather are syntheses of published data extracted by Merriam and combined with data recorded by i him. Names collected by Merriam in the field are followed by his initials, CHM. The day is long past when such information can be secured from living persons, and it is therefore being placed on public and more available record in this and the following volume where they will serve all interested scholars. The data presented here are the very stuff of the Indian occupation of California, and students who continue to analyze and refine what we now know will find these of importance in their work. As editor I have provided only the most nimal guidance to the use of these documents. True scholars will know how to use them, and they will excuse the imperfections of Merriam's linguistic abilities, because of their fundamental value to our knowledge of original information that is now completely a part of the past. We hope to publish additional volumes of similar basic and undigested Merriam data with the conviction that anthropologists in the future will find them useful. The volume to follow this one will present similar data from Central California tribes. ii ABOUT THE ETHNOGEOGRAPHY - ETHNOSYNONCMY LISTS PRESENTED HERE Merriam's lists are published here exactly as he recorded them. No changes have been made in conformity with the agreement made with his heirs when the Merriam Collection was accepted by the Department of Anthropology at Berkeley. Merriam's phonetic system can be found at the end of this section. Since this kind of information will be used by persons with some background in the existing literature on California Indians, no attempt has been made to add full citations to his abbreviated refer- ences to published works. Author's name, date of publication, and knowledge of tribe referred to will send researchers to the appropriate section in G.P. Murdock and T. O'Leary, Ethnographic Bibliography of North America (Human Relations Area Press, New Haven, 1975). References by Merriam to "Handbook" are usually to be read as the F.W. Hodge edited Handbook of North American Indians (1907-1910), rather than the A.L. Kroeber's Handbook of the Indians of California (1925) which is usually indicated by the mention of Kroeber's name. Merriam, as stated, worked alone. His tribes and language stocks number much greater than those identified by Kroeber and Dixon who were practiced in detecting linguistic affiliations between languages which to the uninitiated seemed to be quite different. Merriam who did not profess to be a linguist, took the vocabularies he elicited from informants and made a simple comparison in search of cognates. Languages which a trained linguist would immediately recognize as related were undetected by him, the result being that he classified California Indian languages into 26 stocks in a summary prepared in 1939 (referred to as No. 1 on the following page), while by 1917 Kroeber and his colleagues had combined the native California languages into 6 stocks. Since that time Modoc (called by Kroeber Lutuamian) has been classified as Penutian, thus reducing the number of stocks or families to 5. Merriam's method of linguistic classifi- cation was no improvement over that of Stephen Powers who did ethnology in the northern two-thirds of the state in the 1870's. The reader interested in all of this can consult Heizer (1966 - cited as No. 2 on the following page) and W. Shipley's article entitled "California" published in Current Trends in Linguistics 10:1046-1078 (Mouton, 1974). The greatest care has been taken to present Merriam's lists exactly as he wrote them. This has been done in order not to introduce interpretations, explanations and corrections in the original, a procedure which might cause confusion. In this publication the apostrophe (') should be read as an acute accent ( t) to indicate a stressed syllable. We do not know the years in-which these data were recorded, nor in many cases what informants prlovided the recorded facts.* This information priobably could be secured by consulting Dr. Merriam' s Journals which are on deposit in the Library of Congress, and the iii manifold natural history and linguistic schedules in Berkeley which do indicate names of informants, locations of interviews and dates. For the identification of tribes, as named by Merriam, the student will need to consult already published references: 1. C. Hart Merriam and Z.M. Talbot, Boundary Descriptions of California Indian Stocks and Tribes. Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 1974. 2. R.F. Heizer, Languages, Territories and Names of California Indian Tribes. University of California Press, 1966, (see especially list of Merriam's stocks and tribes, pp. 37-47, and map in end pocket). 3. Catalogue of the C. Hart Merriam Collection of Data Concerning California Tribes and Other American Indians. Prepared by Robert F. Heizer with the assistance of Dennis Bailey, Marke Estis and Karen Nissen. Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 1969 (80 pp.). Two other published works of Merriam will be helpful: 1. C. Hart Merriam. Studies of Califormia Indians. University of California Press, 1955. 2. C. Hart Merriam. Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes. University of California Archaeological Survey Report No. 68, Parts I, II, III. Berkeley, 1966 (448 pp.). iv KE:Y TO DIACRITICAL MARKS THE ALPHABET My vocabularies are written, so far as possible, in simple phonetic English. The words are divided into syllables separated by hyphens. The accented syllable is marked with the acute accent (9. x. Sounds that have a fixed and definite value in English, like our words pin, peg, hat, not, and so on, are pronounced exactly as in English. In such syllables diacritical marks are unnecessary and a a rule are omitted. 2. Sounds represented in English by a double consonant, or by a syllable the pronunciation of which is not phonetic, are always spelled phonetically. Thus the sounds represented by our words all and who are written awl and hoo. 3. Unmarked vowels, except in syllables having a fixed value like those mentioned in section I, have the usual long or pure sound given them in the English alphabet. . An unmarked vowel standing alone (as a syllable or word) always takes its long or pure alpha- betic sound. KzY TO VOWEL SOUNDS, DLACRITICAL MAX=S, AND SO ON a as in acorn, date, late, mane. a as in fat, bat, hat, have, man. ah as in far, father, what. aw as in awl, awful. e (or e unmarked) as in eject, eternal, meat. c as in end, met, net, check, peg, pen, her. ; (or i unmarked) as in ice, iron, pine, file. as in it, ill, pin, fin, fit, pick, adimit. O (or o unmarked) as in note. poke. 6 as in not, pot, odd, frog. Oo as in ooze, spoon. Oi as in oil, boil, join. ow as in how, plow, out. u (or U unmarked) as in mule, mute, acute. If the u sound forns a syllable by itself, it is com- monly spelled yu, pronounced you. U as in tub, mud, us. u for a somewhat uncertain or obscure vowel sound, as in but and sun, known as the 'neutral vowel.' Prolonged vowels are indicated by doubling the letter (as aa, ee, &c.) Prolonged or trilled consonants are indicated by a double acute accent ('9. The consonants, except c, g, and q, have their ordinary English values, c and g having in English both hard and soft sounds, require special treatment, q is not used. The q sound occurs only before u, and is better represented by kw (kween instead of queen). c is never used except before h, as in chin, chum, chap, church. It is commonly preceded by t to render the pronounciation more correct. Hence the usual combination is teh, as in hatch. g is always hard, as in get, give, grind. J is always soft, as in jet, jam, jelly, judge. k has its usual value, as in kill, keep, king. It is also used instead of c for the hard sound of c in our words cat, cow, come, cold, cream, clinic, and the like. s has its usual sound, as in see, sink, soft, &c, and is also used instead of c for the soft sound of c in our words cent, cinder, mice. A (super) has the soft sound as in german ach, bich, &c- (In MS written ik). (super) is nasalized, and follows a nasalized vowel, as o`. (In MS written ). An apostrophe (') after a vowel followed by another letter gives the long sound to the vowel, and may also indicate an omitted or silent letter. An apostrophe (') at either end of a syllable calls for an exploded sound. An exclamation (!) after a letter indicates that the letter is stressed. This statement reproduces the first page of'Dr. Merriam's printed vocabulary forms. Dr. Merriam's views on phonetic transcription are outlined in his paper, TA Clasti-ficadion and Di.rtribu:ion of tAc Pit Ritier Indians of Calijornia, Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Vol. 78, No. 3 (Publ. 2784), 1926.-Ed. C. HART MERRIAM AS ANTHROPOLOGIST* by A.L. KROEBER C. Hart Merriam was one of the great naturalists of his generation. It is because of his intense drive as a naturalist that he undertook the geographic, ethnological, and linguistic studies of the surviving California Indians of which a part constitutes this book. For the first half of his adult life, from 1876 to 1910, Dr. Merriam would have been unhesitatingly classified by all who knew him as a biologist. From 1910 to 1942 the greater part of his time was spent in the study of historic and living Indians of California, and he was thus de facto an anthropologist. In fact, during at least the latter part of this second period he changed his nominal adherence from the section of biology to the sub-section of anthropology in the National Academy of Sciences. Nevertheless, the same points of view and similar motivations and methods characterized his work in the two halves of his life. Dr. Merriam was born in northern New York state in 1855. At the age of seventeen he went with a government exploring expedition to the Yellowstone region and at the age of eighteen published a fifty-page report on the mammals and birds encountered there. Subsequently he studied medicine and practiced actively for several years but never laid aside his preoccupation with living animals. He was only twenty-two when he reviewed the birds of Connecticut and their habits in a publication of the Academy of Arts and Sciences of that state. He was twenty-seven when the first volume of his great Mammals of the Adirondack Region began to appear. A year later he helped found the American Ornithologists' Union and became its secretary and probably most active member. At the age of thirty Merriam gave up the practice of medicine to join a section of the government's Department of Agriculture. This section was gradually expanded and became famous as the Biological Survey, of which he was Director. *Reprinted from C. Hart Merriam. Studies of California Indians. University of California Press, 1955 (pp. vii-xiv). v From the beginning the Biological Survey specialized in mapping the geographical distribution of animals with a view to ascertaining the natural faunal areas or life zones of North America. In 1892, Merriam for the first time formally outlined the life zones of the continent, with increasing emphasis on the manmals. In 1899 E.H. Harriman, the railroad financier, asked Merriam to organize and direct an Alaskan expedition to accompany him on a vacation during the summer of that year. Merriam also edited the series of volumes that resulted from this many-membered expedition. More important, a personal friendship resulted which led in 1910 to Mrs. Harriman's establishing a trust to be administered by the Smithsonian Institution to provide Merriam with lifetime living and support for research of his own choosing. At the age of fifty-five accordingly, he resigned his government position, wholly relieved of economic cares, and free to follow his own interests in the work he was henceforth to do. It was then that he formally switched from subhuman mammals to California Indians. Not that the change was abrupt. In following the intricacies of the life zones of birds, manuals, and plants in California, he had increasingly come across remnants of the aborigines, mostly tucked away in remote spots off from highways. In 1903 he had published his first ethnological paper, one dealing with basket materials, and in the years that followed until 1910, he had issued eight more such publications, including a book of tales called The Dawn of the World. Nor did he ever abandon biology. As late as 1918 he published his monumental review of the bears of North America. And his very last two papers dealt with Roosevelt as a naturalist and with ocean-dwelling seals. But, as time passed, more and more of Merriam's working time as an explorer and field student was devoted to his Indian friends. He took to living half the year in the wooded country at the rear foot of Mount Tamalpais whose front looks from across the bay down on San Francisco. From there he sallied forth, first on horseback and with wagon, later by automobile, hunting up and interviewing and pumping Indians who were still lingering on in the most out-of-the-way spots of the length and breadth of California. While the subject matter of Merriam's studies shifted from animals to men in the second half of his career, he brought the same interests, attitudes, and approaches to bear. In each case the distribution of the phenomena dealt with was in the forefront of his attention. His attack merely swung from questions of the precise ranges occupied by species and sub-species to the problems of the exact location of aboriginal human languages, tribes, villages, beliefs and customs. Merriam's definitions of distributions were precise and particularistic, never sketchy. The finest detail of fact seemed worth recording in the interest of accuracy. What he valued was the primary and original data as he secured them in the field: classification and generalization would come later. vi As a biologist, the main classification he made was into the life zones already mentioned. Positing of causes was something he scarcely attempted--except for asserting cumulative temperature as the principal determining factor of life zones. Similarly in his ethnology Merriam went as far as to accept and validate the classification of villages into tribes, of tribes into speech families. He did not try to push beyond the family into superstocks or orders, but aimed rather at precision of geographic occurrence of tribes, subtribes, and on down to villages and settlements. This was entirely parallel to his being what used to be called a "splitter" and not a "lumper" in regard to recognition of animal species--as evident in his famous discussion in Science with President Theodore Roosevelt about coyotes and bears. So with his Indians: he cut his data probably finer than did almost any of the anthropologists; he declined to deal with the principles and general factors that lay beyond the primary organization of the data. As in his biology he wanted to know everything about the mamanls and birds of America, but was not concerned with those of other continents, let alone the world as a whole--so in ethnology he restricted himself to the Indians of California and the nearer parts of Nevada and other adjacent states. In regard to both bodies of material, then, it is evident that Merriam practiced "natural history" rather than "natural science." In some respects his work was comparable to that of a philologist studying a particular language, or a group of related languages, rather than to that of the theoretical linguist. He had the same value for factual accuracy even in minutiae. His work was empirical, basic, and oriented toward attainment of precision and completeness. Yet in some respects his ethnological work did differ from his biological. He was now working alone, instead of with a corps of associates and assistants as in the days of the Biological Survey. This may have been due to his having become an unhampered free lance; and again it may have had something to do with the restriction of his ethnology to California, whereas his biology ranged over North America. Perhaps the continent was too large for him to cope with singlehanded. Another reason may also have been of some influence. Over most of the United States and Canada the Indians tend to live on reservations that represent only shrunken fragments of their aboriginal habitat. Sometimes they have even been moved far from their original centers. In California, however, the Indians, where they survive at all, mostly dwell today where their great-grandfathers did; or if they have retreated, it is usually only a few miles. They have there- fore kept contact and familiarity with their old sod. Their distri- bution is essentially the "native" or wild one--as in the case of nondomesticated animals. California thus lent itself much more advan- tageously to precise distribution studies of its Indians than any other part of our country. This fact may have tended to influence Merriam in concentrating his human studies in California. * ~vii For decades he spent five to six months each year actually traversing the countryside, interviewing aged Indians and writing down voluminous records of what they were still able to tell him. For while the Indians might live where their ancestors had, they were no longer following the old customs, but were living as best they might as modern Americans--mostly very poverty-stricken Americans at that. The task thus was one in the main of searching their memories. This Merriam did with a patience, tact, and sympathy which elicited cooperation from his informants. To this I can testify from having spoken to many of them with whom Merriam had worked, who always remembered him with affection and approval. In the course of his many years of this field work, Merriam also read all that had been written on the California Indians and copied and extracted from it voluminously--even to assembling newspaper clippings and personal letters. All this material survives in the vast collection which he left. The core of it, however, consists of his own recordings from the lips of Indians; and what he published during his lifetime is based almost wholly thereon. Much the same proportion of source holds for the essays which constitute this volume. True, the "synonomies" of tribal and place names are of course from previously published work. Also based on the literature are discussions of the appropriateness or correctness of certain names like Piute, Beneme, Mono. And again based on records are the Tcholovone vocabulary and the baptismal records from the California missions--the last doubly valuable because the originals from which Merriam's copies were made have since in part been lost. Yet the great majority of papers printed here rest flatly and completely on Merriam's own recordings and observations. Perhaps because in his ethnology he worked singlehanded; perhaps for other reasons, such as that an adequate vocabulary is necessarily longer than the description of a species; or that a list of all place names known to a tribe in their territory is more voluminous than a delineation of their geographical range--at any rate Merriam published during his own lifetime only a small fraction of all the Indian material he had gathered. Indeed, though nearly half of his professional career was primarily devoted to Indians, he published only twenty-nine papers, articles, and books on them, as against five hundred biological ones. Even during the years when his interest in Indians was most active, 1911-1930, his bibliography shows only twenty titles in ethnology as against sixty in biology. His biological work in the period was evidently still traveling on momentum from the past; whereas the time-consuming preparation of ethnological manuscript was slow in getting under way. By far the greater mass of Merriam's data on Indians thus has actually never seen the light of publicity. Even the present volume does not too seriously diminish the bulk of what remains unpublished. In fact, what this volume represents is a sort of skimming of the cream, viii a putting together of those scattered portions of his data which Merriam left most nearly in finished form ready for publication. The much larger but less organized remainder of his original data will no doubt continue to be drawn on for generations as a rich mine of information on the California Indians. Merriam stipulated that, whoever it might be that published any of his collected Indian data posthumously, should reproduce him exactly, without alteration, either of his statements or of the form in which he wrote native names. Both stipulations have been observed in this volume and will be maintained in any future ones. As regards substance, the proviso obviously is only one of fairness. One does not use another man's laboriously accumulated but unpublished information as grist for one's own mill, as material for one's own views. Scientific as well as moral responsibility are at one in this matter. What Merriam wrote, we, the selectors and editors, have left exactly as he wrote it. Anything added to clarify statements or supply relevance or context has been put into square brackets or otherwise indicated to be clearly distinguishable. As regards orthography, Merriam held all his life that the "scientific spelling" of anthropologists was a technical mannerism and an unnecessary one. He employed the "common" usage of Webster's Dictionary. It is hard not to have sympathy with this or any view slanted away from pedantic technicalities. It can be said fairly enough that an artificial orthography is in a sense a necessary evil even though it be more accurate--more unambigious. Anthropologists did not come to write native words with the special characters which they have successively employed merely in order to parade arcana of learning before the world. They used them because they felt they had to use them, if they wished to be as clear as possible to other scientists. As a matter of fact, the way they were writing Indian words when Merriam entered the field was in a system different from that used when the Bureau of Ethnology was first established in Washington in 1879; atid it has in turn been considerably modified since then under the influence of the pure linguists. Merriam's position corresponded somewhat to that of a hypothe- tical anthropologist entering the biological field and insisting on never calling a coyote Canis latrans, even in professional journals. If such a hypothetical newcomer to biology brought new information on coyotes, his papers would no doubt be printed, though his insistence would be considered a mannerism. After all, the Latinified binomial nomenclature with its rigid and often embarrassing rules of strict priority, its perpetual preservation of typographical errors, its decapitalization of proper names like Washington or Virginia, and other literary barbarisms, has been gradually and in the main reluctantly accepted as a needed instrument by biologists--not as an ornament, ix flourish, luxury of ostentation, or trademark. And their verdict has been accepted by nonbiological scientists. Similarly as regards the recording of the sounds of words in new or exotic languages: the tendency of general science to let professional linguists decide how these sounds are best represented in international and scientific writing. So Merriam stood proud and pretty much alone in his adherence to the "common English" ways of writing non-English words; but one can respect the courage and integrity of his aesthetic or temperamental resistance to the majority. Also, it is to be remembered that Merriam did not set out to do linguistics, did not profess to, and.obviously would not have known how. He remained a natural historian recording the distribution of words as a means to ascertaining the precise distribution of dialects, languages, tribes, families, and their beliefs and customs-- as earlier he had recorded the distribution of song sparrows and grizzly bears and yellow pines, of species and subspecies of Canis latrans, in order to delimit life zones. What was at stake was not phonetic or phonemic accuracy as the basis for elucidating grammars--which Merriam never dreamed of doing--but an identification of words. Was the name for house, or for, say, jackrabbit, the same here and in the native village ten miles away, or was it similar, or drastically different? For this purpose, Merriam's nontechnical means definitely sufficed. As a matter of fact, when simon-pure linguists come to utilize his data for comparative or historical purposes they will almost certainly prefer them in his "everyday English" orthography than if he had tried to write as an imitation linguist. As it is, they will know they have his own original forms. And if they are like the linguists of today, they will themselves transpose his spellings into whatever orthography they will then be using, rather than have to guess, from rewritings orthographically "normalized" or "standardized" by, say, Heizer or myself, what in such forms was likely to have been Merriam's and what Heizer's or Kroeber's idea of what Merriam heard. So we, his editors, approve of the rule of unalterability which he laid down, and approve it cheerfully. While the twenty articles in this book represent not so much what Merriam considered most important in his own work, but what he had happened to have put together most completely, I should like to point out some of his contributions that seem likely to be valued and used most by anthropologists, historians, and those interested in Indians. There are, for instance, detailed eyewitness accounts of native rituals attended by Merriam, such as the Wintun Big-head, the Pomo Sahte, the Mewuk Mourning Cry, the Autumn Ceremony in Yosemite; or, where the rite had long since been abandoned, like the Kotomut at Tejon, Merriam recorded its description by a surviving native witness and participant. This last account is a genuine treasure recovered, to rank with the accounts of southern California religion by Boscana x and Reid. The Sahte record somewhat parallels Barrett's Patwin-Wintun Hesi in both being revivalist versions of parts of ancient aboriginal cult systems. The Big-head is touched on also by Cora Du Bois in her Ghost Dance volume. Mourning Cries were held over much of California; Merriam's is perhaps the fullest description extant. Of unusual and permanent value are Merriam's photographs of native dwellings and dance houses. This is a uniquely full series, further supplemented by descriptions in other articles, as the one on the Yokiah Pomo. Very typical are the tribal territory studies, as for the Tuleyome, Mono Paiute, Beneme, and under "Distribution" in the notes on "Tribes of Wintoon Stock." These are little monographs of intimate landscape utilization and detailed ethnic local history. The patterm for these Merriam had set as early as 1904 with an article in Science on the distribution of tribes in the southem Sierra, and had followed up with detailed studies of the Mewan stock (1907), Yosemite Valley (1917), Pit River tribes (1926), New River Tlohomtahhoi (1930), and Emtimbitch (1930). All of these, like their successors herein, contribute precise information not to be found anywhere else. From the great mass of vocabulary material which Merriam secured from subtribe after subtribe according to a standardized list, and some of which he also subsequently brought together comparatively, we have extracted from this volume only a slight sample: the native words for "tobacco" and "pipe" in 161 California and Nevada dialects. From Merriam's copies of the Baptismal Records kept in the Franciscan Missions we reproduce five sets. These give the native name of the settlement, rancheria, or subtribe to which the converts belonged. They are thus a treasury of local geographical information for those missionized parts of California in which Merriam could not secure the data from the Indians themselves because these had died out before his time or become absorbed in the Mexican population. As these records are dated by years, they also possess direct historical value. They make pogsible the tracing out of the year-by-year spread of each mission's influence and tributary territory. Finally, there is a wide array of most diverse themes treated either in short separate topical articles or in sections of tribal ones. Such are native hats; Indians as basket collectors; wild tobacco; native doctors; great Wintun chiefs; acorn cooking; battles and massacres. They illustrate the range of Merriam's interest and activity. xi PO-LIK-LAN1 TRIBES, BANDS, AND VILLAGES* (Lower Klamath from Bluff Creek, 8 miles above junction of Trinity, down to coast, also including Ner-er-ner of coast from Gold Bluff to Little River.) Ah-law'. Polikla name for their village on north side Klamath River close to Ter-wer -- practically lower part of that village.-CHM. Synonymy: Ala-a-ca (Stevens 1868). Ah-man or Ah-men (Um-man). Polikla name for their former village on coast at mouth of Wilson Creek 6 miles north of Klamath mouth. Northern limit of Polikla.-CHM. Synonymy: 0-men, (Heintzleman 1858); Amen and A'men (Handbook (from Kroeber MN) 1907); Ah-man (Lucy Thompson 1916). Akharatipikam. Karok name for village of Ka-pel (Kroeber). A-kwa-yah (I-kwa-yah). Village on south side Klamath 1l miles below Tuley Creek, just below Chats-kwe.-CHM. Synonymy: Aukweya, Aukweya, Aukweya (Waterman 1920). An-poh or ERW-poh (Ellin-po). Camp on north bank Klamath River about above 0-yaw-=.-CHM. Synonymyy: Enipeu (Handbook 1907). Ansafriki. Karok name for Wetch-pek (Kroeber, Inf. Handbk. 2, 931, 1910). As-le-ga. Small village on Klamath River (Wilson, 1875). As-spa-o. Ner-er-ner name for their village about 4 wiles north of Orick.-CHM. Synonymy: A spa =, Espa=, Espa = (Waterman 1920). AwX or A-sl. Polikla word for 'people', used as tribal name by Kroeber.-CHM. Synonymy: oL.(Kroeber 1911). Aw-le=. Polikla name for their village or camp on north side Klamath next below Wah-sek=.-CHM. Aw-lem. Ner-er-ner name for their village at Patricks Point. Synonymy: 0-le'm, (Waterman 1920). 1All names in their own language unless otherwise stated.-CHM. *The Polikla are otherwise known as the Yurok. The Ner-er-ner are the Southern Coast Yurok (Ed.). 2 Aw-men-nok (Om-ma-nok, 0-ma-nok). Village on north side Klamath River at foot of Bowie's Hill about 1 mile above present Requa.-CHM. Aw-paw. Village on south bank Klamath at Touth of Ah Pah Creek, opposite and straight west of 0-yawg-,-CHM. Chah-pak. Ner-er-ner name for their village on coast side of Stone Lagoon.-CHM. Synonymy: TsahDekw, Tsah'pekw (Handbook, from Kroeber, 1910), Tsa'peq=, Tsahpek=, Tsa'hpek=. (Waterman 1920). Chalts-kwe (Tsa'ts-kwe). Village on north side Klamath 4 mile below Tuley Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Tseltskwi, Tsetskwi (Waterman 1920). Che-gah-la-o. Village on south bank Klamath opposite Wah-tekW=2-. CHM. Cho-ri. Polikla name for Ner-er-ner village on coast at Trinidad. Called Choo-re-ra (Tsoo-re-ra) by the Ner-er-ner.-CHM. Synonymy: Chori (Gibbs 1853), Kori (McKee 1853), Tschura, Tschura-Allequas (Meyer 1855), Tsurau (Handbook, from Kroeber MS, 1907, 1910), Cho-ri (Lucy Thompson 1916), Tsurai (Waterman 1920). Em-mets. Former village at Johnson Creek about 6 or 7 miles south of Klamath mouth.-CHM, Er-ner. Village on north bank Klamath at mouth Blue Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Unuh (Powers 1872), Erner (Handbook, from Kroeber MS, 1907), Ur-ner (Lucy Thompson 1916), R'nr, Rnr (Waterman 1920). Er-teer'i Er-ta-er. Village on south side Klamath next below Kalnek. -CHM. Es-ser-rer' (Es-slerlrer). Village on south side Klamath opposite Wetchpek on west side mouth of Trinity (on narrow tongue between Klamath and Trinity).-CHM. Called Pah-hip-pre-e- kum by Karok.-CHM. Synonymy: Ertlerger (Handbook, from Kroeber MS, 1907), RLrgr, RLrgr', Rlrgr' (Waterman 1920). E-toot-ko. Karok name for Polikla village of Pek-tool, which see . -CHM. - sl ch Ha-me=l (He-meh==). Village on north side Klamath opposite mouth of Roach Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Hayk-meek (Folsom 1885), He-melth (Lucy Thompson 1916), HI-meL, HimeL, Hime'L, (Waterman 1920). 3 Haw-wa-goh. Cap former village, on,gouth side Klamath on Lamb' s place directly across from Tawv=ter and nearly opposite 0-le-a-ken.-CHM. Synonymy: Hay-way-gaw (Lucy Thompson 1916), Ho'wego, Howego' (Waterman 1920). Henah. Name on Randall's MS map lower Klamath River, 1866 (Waterman 1920). wit Her-gwer (written "Hr'gwr", "Hrgwrf, Hrgwr'E"-, and "1Hrgwr-" by Waterman). (Nererner) village on east side Stone Lagoon (Waterman). Heyomu. Village on north side Klamath about 1+ miles above Wetchpek at mouth of Trinity. Also called Loo-la-go, which see (Waterman). Hik-tawk. Soo-lah-te-luk name for Ner-er-ner of Trinidad region. -CHM. Hle-mek-wes. Village on north side Klamath close below 0-le-e-kenn but on Del Norte side county line.-CHM. Hop-pa-o (Ho-pa-oo). Village on north side Klamath about a mile above mouth of Hoppow Creek and four above Requa.-CHM. Synonymy: Hopaiuh (Gibbs 1853), Ho-paiuh (McKee 1853), Hop-pow (Stevens 1868), Hoppa (Rept. Commissioner Indian Affairs 1882), Hoppaw (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912), Hog-paw and Hop-pow (Lucy Thompson 1916), Ho'paW=, Ho'pa= (Waterman 1920). I-koch=-o (written "Aiq'o" and "Aiqoo" by Waterman). Village on south side Klamath about a mile below mouth of Bluff Creek (Waterman). Jehehak. Name on Randalls MS Map of 1866 (Waterman 1920). -ch Kaa=-kem. Village on south bank of Klamath 21 miles above . Jobnson's. Now occupied (1922).-CHM. Synonymy: Ke'-kem, Ke&xkem, ke'lxkem (Waterman 1920). (Note: Waterman also gives Ke'-xkem as name of settlement on east side of middle of Big Lagoon.) Kamelch. Name Randall's MS map of 1866 (Waterman 1920). See Ha-me==. Ka-nek. Village on south bank Klamath at mouth of Tuley Creek. -CHM. Synonymy: Kay-neck (Folsom 1885), Kenek (Handbook, from Kroeber MS 1904, 1907), Qenek (Kroeber 1911), Ca-neck (Thompson 1916), Shwufum (Karok name, Handbook, from Kroeber MS 1904, 1907), Kanick (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912). (Note: Folsom mentions 2 villages - Kay-neck on right bank and Kay-neckie-ko on left bank. Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map (1912) locates Kanick on north bank 1 mile below mouth of Tuley Creek.) 4 hi Ka-pe- (Ka-pel). Village on south side Klamath 10 or 12 miles below Wetchpek and nearly opposite mouth of Cappell Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Capell, Cap pels (Daily Alta Calif. 1851), Kai-petl, Capel (Gibbs 1853), Cap-pel, Cappels (McKee 1853), Cappel (Folsom 1885), Kepel (Handbook 1907), Capell (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912), Cap-pell (Lucy Thompson 1916), Ka'pel, Kapel (Waterman 1920), Akharatipikam (Karok name, Hndook, from Kroeber MS 1904, 1907). Katep. Randall MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See KoLLtep. Kia-we-no (Ka-we-noo). Eel camp on south bank Klamath about 3 miles above Blue Creek.-CHM. Kay-neckie-ko. Village on north bank Klamath opposite Kay-neck (Folsom 1885). See Ka-nek. Ke-nah (Kin-nah'). Hoopa name for Polikla.-CHM. Ken-nah-hah. 'Hwilkut name for Polikla. -CHM. Kepero r (Ke peror). Former village on south side Klamath * mile above mouth of Metah Creek (Waterman). Ker-e. Village on south side Klamath about 2 miles from mouth. -CHM. Kestitsa. Village on south side of mouth of Klamath (Waterman). Khwunrghunme (Qwun-rxun-me). Tolowa name for village alleged to have been on coast just south of Klamath mouth (Hand- book, after Dorsey). Synonymy: Qwun-rxun-me (Dorsey 1890), Khwunrghunme (Handbook, after Dorsey, 1907). Klamath. Erroneous and confusing term popularly applied to both Polikla and Karok. Term properly belongs to Klamath tribe of Lutuamian stock in Klamath Lake region.-CHM. Synonymy: Lower Klamaths, Klaxnth Rivers, Yurok, Pohlik. Koppa. Name on Randall's MS Map of 1866 (Waterman 1920), at mouth Turep Creek. Ko-tep (Kaw-tep). Village on north side Klamath River about j mile below Pek-wahn.-CHM. Synonymy: Kau-weh (Gibbs 1853), Kauweh (McKee 1853), Cor-tet (Stevens 1868), Cot-tep (Folsom 1885), Kootep and Ko-o-tep (Handbook, from Kroeber MS 1905, 1907), Cor-tep, Cortep, Costep (misprint) (Lucy Thompson 1916), Qo-otep, Qo otep, Qootep (Waterman 1920). 5 Kutch-a-wi-aw-wik. Weyot name for band of Ner-er-ner at Trinidad Bay.-CHM. Lagune Indians. Name mentioned by Meyer for small settlement of Nererner at southern end of Big Lagoon. Synonymy: Lagune Indians (Meyer 1855). Leg-goo-naw. Village on south bank Klamath between Met-tah and Ser-ra-gon.-CHM. Loo-la-go. Village on north side Klamath about li miles above Wetchpek at mouth of Trinity (Kroeber and Waterman). Also called Heyomu (Waterman). Synonymy: Loolego, Lo-o-le-go (Handbook, from Kroeber MS 1904, 1907), Lo'ole go, Loolego, Lo-o-le go (Waterman 1920). Lower Klamaths. Common designation of Polikla in populat usage and in Reports of Indian Commissioner. See Klamaths. Ma'ats. (Nererner) village on east side of southern third of Big Lagoon (Waterman). Mah-reep. Village on north side Klamath 3 miles below Tuley Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Nah-rip (Stevens 1868), Merip (Handbook, from Kroeber MS, 1907), Ma-reep (Lucy Thompson 1916), Mareep (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912), Me rip, Merip (Waterman 1920), Ma-rep (Randall's MS Map 1866; Waterman 1920). Mangosh. Name on Randall's MS map 1866 (Waterman 1920) opposite Blue Creek. Mets-kaw. Ner-er-ner name for their village at mouth of Little River, on north side just below store.-CHM. Metsko (Metchkor). Polikla dialect spoken at Trinidad and Little River (Kroeber; Loud). Met-tah. Village on south bank Klamath 3 or 4 miles above Johnson's and about * mile below Metah Creek (near Young's mining claim).-CHM. Synonymy: Mehteh (Gibbs 1853), Meh-ta (Stevens 1868), Met-tah (Folsom 1885), Mita (Powers 1877), Mita (Powell 1891), Meta (Handbook 1907), Mettah (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912), Meta, Meta' (Watenran 1920). 6 Mo-rekl-w (Moo-rek). Village on north side Klamath River 2 mile below mouth of Cappell Creek.-CHM. SynonYmY: Mooris, Moor-i-ohs, Moo-ri-ohs, Morias, Mo-ri-ohs (McKee 1853); Morai-uh (Gibbs 1853); Mur-iohs (Meyer 1855); Moreo (Humbolt Times 1855); Moruk (Stevens 1868); Moo-ruck (Folsom 1885); Murek (Handbook 1907); Mo-reck, Mor-eck (Lucy Thompson 1916); Mu'rek, Murek (Waterman 1920); Moreck (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912); Moor-is; Mor-ri-ahs; Mo-ri-os; Mo-ri-ahs; Mo-rec; Morros; Moor-iohs (Daily Alta California 1851). Muh-rook-throov. Karok name for Polikla village at Ot-sep-por on north side Klamath River at mouth of Bluff Creek.-CHM. ct Naht-skoo or Nah===skoo (Nawt-skoo). Village on south bank Klamath about 1* miles above mouth of Metah Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Noht-scho (Gibbs 1853); Nox-co (Stevens 1868); Nats-koo (Folsom 1885); Nakhtskum (Handbook after Kroeber MS 1905 1910); Natchko (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912); Notch-co and Notchko (Lucy Thompson 1916); No xtskum, Nohtskum, No htskum, Nohxtska (Waterman 1920). Ner-er-ner. Their own name (used also by Polikla) for Poliklan tribe extending from edge of timber near Os-sa-gen (Gold Bluff) south to Trinidad and Little River.-CHM. Ner-er-nits. Name used for the Ner-er-ner by the polikla of Klamath mouth.-CHM. hi Ni-ge=-. Village on west side Klamath River opposite mouth of Blue Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Nai-a-gutl (Gibbs 1853); Nai-aguth (McKee 1853); Naagetl (Handbook 1910); Ni-galth (Lucy Thompson 1916); Na giL, Na:giL, NagiL (Waterman 1920). 0-ke-to. Polikla name for Ner-er-ner village at Big Lagoon. Synonymy: Oketo (Handbook -from Kroeber MS 1910); Ah-ca-tah (Lucy Thompson 1916); Oke to and 0-ke to (Waterman 1920). O-le-e-ken (0-la-a-ken). Former village on north side Klamath about 3 miles below Blue Creek. On Humboldt County side of county line and close to Hle-mek-wes. Named for 0-le-e-ken Bar, at the upper end of which it is located. -CHM. Synonymy: Auh-leek-kin (Lucy Thompson 1916); Rliiken-pets, Rli i ken-pets (Waterman 1920). 7 O-le'm. See Aw-lem. Olliq-uahs. (Word for Indians). J.B. Roseborough 1872; MS Hayes Scpbks, Bancroft Library. See Polik lah. 0-py3u-weg. (Ner-er-ner) village at southwest end of Big Lagoon near coast (Waterman). O k. Ner-er-ner name for their village on south side of Redwood Creek Lagoon from which Orick takes its name. -CHM. Synonymy: Arekw (Handbook 1907); Ore qw, Oreqw (Waterman O-ra=. (Ner-er-ner) camp site at junction of Prarie Creek with Redwood Creek; North of Redwood and west of Prarie Creek (Waterman). O-slegoi ts (Oslegoi ts, Oslegoits). Village on east bank Trinity 1+ miles above mouth of Bull Creek (Waterman). O-sloqw (OsloqW=, 0-slo q7, Oslo q=). (Nererner) village on east side of Big Lagoon (Waterman). Osmemo RL (OsmemoRl, O-smemo'RL). Village on east bank Trinity at mouth Bull Creek. Grew up after white invasion (Waterman). Os-sa-gen (Os-se-gen). Former village at Gold Bluff, on coast about 8 miles south of Klamath mouth. Northernmost village of Ner-er-ner.-CHM. Synonymy: Osse-gon Gibbs 1853); Ashegen (Handbook 1907); Os-sa-gon (Lucy Thompson 1916); Osegen, Osegen (Waterman 1920). O-tmekwo' R (Otmekwor, OtmekwR). Former (Nererner) village on north side of Redwood Creek Lagoon (Waterman). Ot-saL (O-tsa 1). Former village site on north bank Klamath about 1* miles above mouth of Tektah Creek (Waterman). Ot-sap. Former village on north bank Klamath just above mouth of Tuley Creek (Waterman). Synonymy: Atsep (Handbook 1907); Otsap, O-tsap, O-tsep (Waterman 1920). Ot-sep-por (Se-per-rah, Karok name). Village on north side Klamath near mouth of Bluff Creek.-CHM. Located by Waterman on south side i mile below mouth of Bluff Creek. Syny: Otche-poh (Gibbs 1852); Seheperrh (Gibbs 1853); Ut-cha-pas, Ut-cha-pah, Ut-chap-pah (McKee 1853); Ut-scha-pah (Meyer 1855); Atsepar (Handbook 1907); Otsepo r, Otsepor, O-tsepo r (Waterman 1920). 8 Ot-ta. Village on south bank Klaxmath across from and a little above Stah-wen. Not an old town.-CHM. Otwe go. Former village on south side mouth of Klamath (Waterman). sl h 0-yaw== (O-yo==-l). Village on north bank Klamath opposite mouth Ahpah Creek about 3/4 mile above Blue Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Oiyotl (Gibbs 1853); Ai-yolch (Report Commissioner Indian Affairs 1881); Yotl (Handbook 1907); A-yoL, AyoL, A:yo L (Waterman 1920); Jehehak (Randall MS Map 1866), (Waterman 1920). Pa'ar (Pa ar). Village on east side of north end of Big Lagoon (Waterman). Pah-hip-pre-e-kum. Karok name for Polikla village of Es-ser-er, which see.-CHM. Pegwola=. Former village on south side mouth of Klamath (Waterman). Pek-ta'ow. Village on south side Klamath on east side mouth of Trinity and opposite Wetchpek. Called E-toot-ko by the Karok.-CHM. Synonymy: Pectow (Stevens 1868); Pac-ta (Wilson 1875); Pekwuteu and Pekwututl (Handbook (from Kroeber MS 1905) 1910); Peck-toolth, Pec-toolth (Lucy Thompson 1916); Pe'k=tuL, PekO=tu'L, Pek-tuL (Waterman 1920); Porah (Randall MS map 1866), (Waterman 1920). Pek-wahn. Village on north bank Klamath at mouth Pekwan Creek about 1 mile above Johnson's.-CHM. Synonymy: Pak-wans (Daily Alta California 1851); Pec-quan (Gibbs 1853); Packwans, Pak-wan (McKee 1853); Pahk-wans (Meyer 1855); Pec-wan (Stevens 1868); Pek-wan (Powers 1877); Peek-wan (Folsam 1885); Pekwan (Powell 1891); Pe'kwan (Kroeber 1911); Pe kwan, Pekwan (Waterman 1920); Tirip'-ama (Karok name) (Handbook (from Kroeber MS 1904) 1910). Pekw--utuL. Waterman 206, 1920. See Pek-ta-ow. Pi Npa (PiNpa). Settlement on south side Big Lagoon (Waterman). Plet-kosom-ili. Pahtowat name for "Yurok" (=Ner-er-ner) village or camp at mouth of Little River near Trinidad Bay (L.L. Loud). Probably same as Mets-kaw.-CHM. 9 Po-lik-lah. Their name for themselves. (As spoken by Lucy Thompson and other members of tribe).-CHM. Synonymy: Poh-liks or lower Klamath Indians (Daily Alta California 1851); Poh-lik or Lower Klamath (McKee 1853); Pohlik- Klamath (Gibbs 1853); Po-lick Ai-li-qua (Taggart 1854); Allequas or Wood Indians (Meyer 1855); A-li-kwa (Contributions North American Ethnology from Gibbs 1852 1877); To-lick Si-li-qua (typog. error, History Humbolt County 1882); Olliquahs (Roseborough 1872- Hayes Scrapbooks, MS Bancroft Library); Pa-lik Ai-li-qua (typographical error, Bledsoe 1885), Pohlik (Royce 1899), Po-lick-las, Po-lickla's (Lucy Thompson 1916); Wood Indians (Meyer 1855); See also Yurok. Porah. Randall's MS map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See Peklu-tuL. Rek-woi (Rek-kwoi). Former village at mouth of Klamath River on north side (lowermost village), 1 mile below present town of Requa and near a big rock on present William Brooks place.-CHM. Synonymy: Rek-qua (Gibbs 1853); Re-quoi (Stevens 1868); Requa (Powers 1872); Ri-kwa (Powers 1877); Regua and Rikwa (Powell 1891); Rekwoi (Handbook 1910); Reck-woy, Reckwoy (Lucy Thompson 1916); Suf ip (Karok name) (Handbook from Kroeber MS 1904 1910). Rhakwa Indians. Term used by Meyer for Indians of lower Klamath River. Synonymy: Rhakwa Indians (Meyer 1855); Applied to Indians of Witchpek region. RLi iken-pets. See 0-le-e-ken. Sah-ah. Ancient village at fish dam on south bank Klamath River close to Ka-pel. Synonymy: Shaa (Handbook from Kroeber MS 1907 1910); Si-ah and Sy-ah (Lucy Thompson 1916); Sa'a, Saa (Waterman 1920). Sa-a== (Sa-eh=h, Sa-es==). Village on north side Klamath 11 miles above mouth of McGarwy Creek and opposite Too-rep.-CHM. Synonymy: Schaitl (Gibbs 1853); Shaitl (McKee 1853); Sa-ac (Stevens 1868); Sah-sil (Report Commissioner Indian Affairs 1881); Scaath (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation 1912); Si-elth and Si-alth (Lucy Thompson 1916); Sa'al, Sa'al, Sa al (Waterman 1920). S.c-per (Ser-per). Village on north side Klamath 4 or 4+ miles above Blue Creek or midway between Blue Creek and Johnson's.-CHM. Sche-perrh (Gibbs 1853); Seh-pur (Stevens 1868); Sur-pur (Report Commissioner Indian Affairs 1881); Susper (misprint) (Report Conissioner Indian Affairs 1889); Serper (Handbook 1910); Srpr (Waterman 1920). 10 Se-per-rah. Karok name for Polikla village Otsepor at Saints Rest. Ser-ra-gon (Ser-ra-goo-on). Village on north side Klamath li or 2 miles above Johnson's.-CHM. Synonymy: Ser-a-goines (Daily Alta Califormia 1851); Schre-gon and Serragoin (Gibbs 1853); Ser-a-goins, Siragrins, Seragoins, Sca-goines (McKee 1853); Ser-a-goines (Meyer 1855); Shrir-goin (Stevens 1868); Sri-gon (Powers 1877); Shrayg-ron (Folsom 1885); Shragoin and Sugon (Powell 1891); Shregegon (Handbook 1910); Surgone (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912); Ser-e-goin and Ser-e-goine (Lucy Thompson 1916); Srego n, Sre gon, Sregon (Waterman 1920). Shumig. Ancient Nerermer camp site at Patricks Point, 5 or 6 miles north of Trinidad (Handbook). Synonymy: Shumig (Handbook 1910); Sume (Lucy Thompson 1916). Shwufum. Karok name for village of Ka-nek (Kroeber). Si-gwets. Former settlement on south side Redwood Creek Lagoon, a little north of Or" (Waterman). Stah-wen (Sto-wen). hYillage on north bank Klamath about a mile above Sa-a==. Not an old town.-CHM. Synonymy: Stowen (Waterman 1920); Stahwin (Lucy Thompson 1916). Sufip. Karok name for village of Rekwoi (Kroeber). Sugon. See Ser-ra-gon. Surgoin. Randall's MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See Ser-ra-gon. Surpah. Randall's MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See See-per. Sy-ah. See Sah-ah. Tak-tah (Tek-tah). Village on south bank Klamath at mouth Tektah Creek about 1+ miles below Johnson's.-CHM. Synonymy: Sec-tow (Stevens 1868); Takta (Handbook 1910); Tec-tah (Creek) (Lucy Thompson 1916); Te kta, Tekta (Waterman 1920). "Ta-pel-o". 'Wiyot' (=Pahtewat) name for (Nererner) village at mouth of Luffenholtz Creek, a little south of Trinidad Bay (L.L. Loud). Probably Ta-wah-le-a. Tarep. Randall's MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See Too-rep. Ta-wah-le-a. Ner-er-ner name for their village on north side of mouth of Luffenholtz Creek. -CHM. 11 ch ch ch Taw=--ter (Aw-==-tar, To==-ter). Village on north bank Klamath right across from Haw-wa-goh.-CHM Ter-wer. Village on north side Klamath at mouth of Turner Creek (old Klamath Reservation), said to be 6 or 7 miles above present Requa.-CHM. Synonymy: Terwar (Taylor 1960); Terwer (Handbook 1910); Tr wr, Trwr (Waterman 1920). Te=kwr. (Nererner) campsite about midway between Patricks Point and mouth of Mill Creek (Waterman). Tes-wan. Hoopa and 'Hwilkut name for Ner-er-ner tribe on coast from Gold Bluff to Trinidad and Little River.-CHM. Tet-le-mus. Crescent City Huss name for Lower Klamath River tribe. Tiriplama. Karok name for village of Pekwan (Kroeber). T'mer-ra. Village on north side Klamath at Salmon cannery about half a mile below present town of Requa.-CHM. Synonymy: Mrh (Powers 1872); Tmr'i, Tmri (Waterman 1920). To-lick Si-li-qua (typographical error). See Polik-lah. Too-rep (Toor-rep). Village on south side Klamath about 7 or 8 miles above Requa and opposite Sa-a== at mouth of Tarup Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Tuh-rip (Stevens 1868); Too-rup (Report Connissioner Indian Affairs 1882); Turip (Kroeber 1911); Tu-rep (Lucy Thompson 1916); Tu rip, turip, Ru-rip (typographical error, Waterman 1920); Tarep (Randall MS Map 1866) (Waterman 1920). 1 Torah. Old village on west side Klamath close to Ni-geh= (opposite mouth of Blue Creek). Randall's MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). Tor-re. Ner-er-ner name for their village at Big Lagoon.-CHM. Tse kwel (TsekwTel). Village or house site on south bank Klamath at mouth just above WeLkwa (=Wes-kwa-o) (Waterman). Tso tskwi. (Nererner) village south of Stone Lagoon (Waterman). Tsurai (Tsurau) Waterman. See Cho-ri. Ner-er-ner village at Trinidad. Unuh. Village on Lower Klamath (Powers 1872). Probably Er-ner. 12 Wah-si. Village on north side Klamath River on present Cooper Place 2 miles above mouth of Cappell Creek.-CHM. Synonymy: Wa-a-sa (Stevens 1868), Wa'shoi (Handbook 1910), Wah-say (Lucy Thompson 1916), Wa'ase, Wa ase, Waase (Waterman 1920). kw Wah-sek=C=. First villa e on north side of Klamath below mouth of Trinity, X or mile below Martins Ferry.-CHM. Synonymy: Wuh-sis (Daily Alta Calif. 1851), Wah-sherr (Gibbs 1853), Wah-sher, Wah-si, Wich-sis (McKee 1853), Wi-uh-sis (Meyer 1855) not verified, Wah-sook (Folsom 1885), Wah-si ('18 Calif. Treaties' of 1852, 1905), Wakhshek (Handbook, from Kroeber MS 1907, 1910), Waseek (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912), Wa hsek, Wahsek ("site used to be called Teke tin", Waterman 1920). Wats-poos (Weitspus). Old name of Wetchpek.-CHM. hi 1 hi Waw-ke== (Waw-keh=, Wah-keh==). Village on south side Klamath opposite Hop-pa-oo and midway between mouths of Turwar and Waukell Creeks.-CHM. Synonymy: Waukel (Stevens 1868), Wakel (Report Commissioner Indian Affairs 1882), Wah-kell (Lucy Thompson 1916), Wakhkel (Handbook 1907), Wo' ke'l, Wo:ke'l, O'ke'l (Waterman 1920). Waw-ker-rah (Wah-ker-rah). Village on north bank Klamath hoo about 200 rods below Johnson's house. So near Was-tek==- as hardly deserving an independent name.-CHM. Synonymy: Wakhker (Handbook 1910), Wah-ker-ah (Lucy Thompson 1916), Woxkero, Woxke ro, Woxhke ro, Wohke ro (Waterman 1920). hoo 0 Waw-tek=== (Waw-tek =?). On north bank Klamath at Klamath Bluffs. Site of former Klamath store and post office (now Johnson' s) and close to Waw-ker-rah. Waw-tek was the home of ancient white people called Waw-ga.-CHM. Synonymy: Wauh-tecq (Gibbs 1853), Mauh-tecg (misprint, McKee 1853),, Waugh-tec (Stevens 1868), Wah-tek (Folsom 1885), Wakhtek (Handbook, from Kroeber MS 1907, 1910), Wauteck (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912), Wah-tec and Wah-teck (Lucy Thompson 1916), Wo xtek, Woxtek (Waterman 1920), Watek (Randall MS Map 1866, Waterman 1920). Weitspekan Family. Stock name (Henshaw and Mooney 1885; Powell 1891)=Yurok=Po-lik-lah. We 'iqem (We'=qem, We '=qem). Camp site on south side Klamath at mouth Roach Creek (Waterman). Wei tspus (Waterman). See Wats-poos. 13 Wekeswah. Randall's MS Map 1866 (Watenman 1920). See Wes-kwa-o. Welch-peh (misprint). Randall's MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See Wetchpek. Wer-er-ger. Village on north bank Klamath River, across from Met-tah, and a little above it.-CHM. Wes-kwa-o (Wesh-kwa-o). Former village on hill near mouth of Klamath River on south side opposite Rek-woi. The people need to come here to pray that salmon would come.-CHM. Synonymy: Weht'l-qua (Gibbs 1853); Wehtl-qua (McKee 1853); Wilsch-kow (Stevens 1868); Wirks-wah (Report Commissioner Indian Affairs 1881); Wetlko (Handbook 1910); Wealth-quow (Lucy Thompson 1916); We Lkwa, WeLkwa, We Lkwa= (Waterman 1920). Wetch-pek (Old name Wats-poos). Village on north side Klamath River opposite junction of Trinity.-CHM. Synonymy: Watch-pecks (Daily Alta California 1851); Weits-pek (Gibbs 1853); Wech-pecks, Wech-pecs, Wetch-pec, Wech-peks (McKee 1853); Witsch-piks (Meyer 1855); Weitspuk (Latham 1856); Weitspeek (Stevens. 1868); Witch-peck (Folsom 1885); Wait-spek (Powers 1877); Weitchpeck (Hallidie 1887); Weitspus (Handbook 1910); Weitchpecs, Weitchpec Indians (Rebellion Records 1897); Weitspuc (Kroeber 1911); Weitchpec (Lucy Thompson 1916); We itspus, We itspus, We itspus, Weitspus, (Waterman 1920); Ansafriki (Karok name) (Handbook from Kroeber MS 1904 1910). Wokkel. Randall MS Map 1866 (Waterman 1920). See Waw-ke-- Wood Indians. Term used by Meyer for Polikla tribe. See Polikla. Yak-tar. Village on south bank Klamath River at mouth of McGarvey Creek.-CHM. Waterman gives Yox=tr wroi as name of McGarvey Creek but says nothing as to a village at its mouth. ch Yaw==-ter (Yo-terr"). Village on south side Klamath about X mile above Pek wahn.-CHM. Synonymy: Yau-terrh (Gibbs 1853); Sock-ter (Folsom 1885); Yatuckets (Taylor 1860); Yokhter (Handbook 1910); Yocta (Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation Map 1912); Yo xtr, Yoxtr (Waterman 1920); Yotum (Randall MS Map 1866, Watenran 1920). Yuch-ar-rah (Yuruk-v-arara). Karak name for Poliklah, which see. Yurock Indians. See Yurok. 14 Yu-rok (Yu-ruk-war-rah). Karok name for Polikla tribe on lower Klamath River from Bluff Creek, 8 miles above mouth of Trinity River, westerly to coast; north along coast to Wilson Creek, and south nearly to Gold Bluff, where their relatives the Ner-er-ner begin. See Po-lik-lah.- CHM. Synonymy: Eurooks (Sacramento Daily Transcript 1850); Youruk (Gibbs 1853); Eurocs (Powers 1872); Yu-rok (Powers 1877); Eurok (Gatschet 1877); Yurok (Gatschet 1890); Yuruk-v-arara (Kroeber 1911); Yorok (Davio 1925); Yurock Indians (Oakland Tribune, Apr. 16, 1927). 15 RANCHERIAS OF THE MIDDLE KLAMATH RIVER, I Comparison of lists given by Gibbs MS map 1852, and Journal in Schoolcraft III, p. 151, 1853; Redick McKee (Ind. Agt.), Sen. Doc. 4, Special Session 161, 194, 211, 1853; Carl Meyer, Nach dem Sacramento, 282, 1855; A.S. Taylor (after a letter from G.W. Taggart to Walter Van Dyke, Orleans Bar, 1856) in California Farmer, March 23, 1860; C.Hart Merriam, MS Vocab. obtained on Upper Klamath, Oct. 1 and 2, 1910. YUROK Gibbs, 1852,53 McKee 1853 Meyer 1855 Taylor 1856 Merriam 1910 Otche-poh Ut-chap-pah Ut-scha-pahs Ot-sep-por Ut-cha-pah Muh-rook-throov Ut-cha-pas (Karok name) Sehe-perrh (possibly a Karok Village) Se-per-rah KAROK Gibbs, 1852 McKee 1853 Meyer 1855 Taylor 1856 Merriam 1910 *Oppegoeh (map) *Up-pah- *Up-pa-goines Woo-pum Woo-pum n Oppegach (jrn.) goines Op-pa-goi Up-pa-goine (Yurok name) Sa-vow-ra Shah-woo-rum Sa-ron-ra Sa-wa-rahs Sah=--woo-rum Sa-vour-as Su-wur-ram Cha-ma-ko-nec Tshei-nik-kee Cham-ma-ko- Tscha-wa-so- Chah-me-knee- nec nihs nutch Cha-ma-ko- nees T'shah-nee (map) Chee-nah Te-shun-neek Tchai-noh or Cheina Tschih-nahs Skeina (Journ.) * Yurok name. 16 KAROK Gibbs 1852 McKee 1853 Meyer 1855 Taylor 1856 Merriam 1910 *Cock-o-mans Coc-co-mans Pa-nom-nik Coc-co-man Cok-ka-mans Pah-nahm-neek Coc-ko-nan & Yu-sah (Chief= Pa-nam-o-nee) Kah-tee-pee-rah Kah-te-pe-duc (Azocrs?) T'cheh-nits Chee-nitch Chee-nitch T'sof-ka-ra Tuck-a-soof- curra *Oppe-yoh (Jrn.) .*Op-pe-o(s) Asha-nahm-ka Chief=Ya-fip-pa Ahs-sah-nahm- (Map) kar-ruk (Ya-phip-pa' s) Tish-rawa *Eh-qua-neck *He-co-necks (Joum.) Ke-ko-neck Woon-whar-ruk Oon-harik (map) Chief = On Salmon River (Hopa's) Hou-a-puck-if-ma *Eh-nek (Journ.) *In-neck A-mi-ke-ar-rum Ah-ma-ke-ah- Mik-iara rahm *Sche-woh *Si-wahs, Sewah Isshe-pishe-rah Chief = Ish-e-pish-e Ish-she-pish Es-se-pish-ra Sun-num Kah-ose Sum-maun Couth ch Yutoo-ye-roop Soo-pas-ip Yu==-too-e- re-pah *Yurok name. 17 KAROK Gibbs 1852 McKee 1853 Taylor 1856 Merriam 1910 Hakh-kutsor-Yurok name (Kroeber) Os-se-puk E-no-tucks In-noo- ak-kutch Kwat-te=- (A-Kwah-te) Ook-rum-ke-rik If-terram Ish-e-rahm-he-ruk Een-peet Ip-poon-war-rah I-yiss I-yeech-dim or I-ye-e-thrim (at I-yess Bar) Soof-curra Thoof-kah-rom Te Pas-see-roo Pus-se-roor-re eh Home-nip-pah 'Hoom-ne-pah-- Oo-ri-e Oo-roo-hus E-swhedip Ish-we-dip-te ch AhC=-rah-hah-soo-ruk Oot-ke ch Tah-sah="-kahk Home-war-roop Hoo-mah-ro Tin-hoom-ne-pah E-nam x In-nom or E-nahm ch h Yu-=-t oo-e-re-pah (moved from vicinity of Salmon River, probably after fire of 1852). 18 KAROK Gibbs 1852 McKee 1853 Taylor 1856 Merriam 1910 Ik-ku-re-rus-so Kus-am-we-rok As-sif-soof-tish- e-ram (At or near A-the-thoof Indian Creek). 19 RANCHERIAS OF THE MIDDLE KLAMATH RIVER, II (Names and localities obtained by CHM unless otherwise noted). YUROK Name for themselves Karok name Locality Ot-sep-por Muh-rook-throov NW side, mouth Bluff Creek Se-per-rah (possibly a Karok rancheria) SE side, opposite mouth Bluff Creek (Gibbs); at Saints Rest (CHM) KAROK Name for themselves Yurok name Locality Woo-pum Op-pa-goi NW side, Red Cap Bar Sah!-'--woo-rum Aperger (Kroeber) SE side, 2 miles above last (near Moutn. Boise Cr.) Chah-me-knee-nutch Possibly Oler SE side, 1 mile below Tshei-nik-kee (Gibbs) (Kroeber) Camp Creek. 'Te-shun-neek Olegel (Kroeber) NW side, at mouth (T'shah-nee of Gibbs) Camp Creek. Pah-nahm-neek Coc-ko-man (McKee) NW side, at Orleans & Yu-sah Koomen (Kroeber) Bar. Kah-te-pe-duc SE side, 1 mile below Orleans. Che-nitch SE side, below mouth of Cheenitch Creek. T'cheh-nits (Gibbs) SE side, about a mile above Orleans. ?;T'sof-ka-ra Possibly Witsogo SE side, a little above -> | ~~~~(Kroeber) Che-nitch. -20 KAROK Name for themselves Yurok name Locality Ahs-sah-nabm-kar-ruk Op-peos (Chief= SE, 3 miles below Asha-nahm-ka (Gibbs map) Ya-fip-pa) (McKee) mouth of Salmon (CHM); at mouth Salmon River (Gibbs). Ah-ma-ke-ah-rahm NW side, opposite Ahs-sah-nabm-kar-ruk. Kah-te-meen Apyu (Kroeber?) SE, at junction of Oon-harik (Gibbs) Salmon, E side, north (=Woon-whar-rak) of Salmon (on Salmon River). Ish-she-pish Sewah, Chief Es- NW side, a mile or more se-pish-ra (McKee)? N of mouth of Salmon Kepar (Kroeber)? River (Gibbs): opposite mouth Salmon River probably moved after fire (CHM). Kah-ose (Gibbs) burnt 1852 SE side, opposite Isshe-pishe-rah (Gibbs). -~chto Yu==too-e-roop-mah SE side, just N of Yutoo-ye-roop Isshe-pishe-rah (Gibbs); (Gibbs) NW side, at Wingate Bar, probably moved after fire (CHM). Ah-ma-ke-ah -rahm E-nek, name for SE side, directly opposite Mik-jara (Gibbs) lower part of Yutoo-ye-roop (Gibbs). village; (Kroeber); (Ah-ma-ke-ah-rahm is on Tumitl, name for NW side 3 miles below upper part (Kroeber) mouth of Salmon River; probably moved after fire of 1852 (CHM). Os-se-puk NW side at Ten Eyck. In-noo-tuk-kutch NW side 1+ miles below Reynolds Creek. Ah-kwah-Ae SE side, opposite last. Kwat-tec NW side at Reynolds Creek. SE side, at Halverson' s. Qok-rmke-rik SE side at Stenshaws. 21 KAROK Name for themselves Yurok name Locality Een-peet SE side at Sandy Bar. Ish-e-rahm-he-ruk NW side at Flowers Flat, opposite Een-peet. I-yeech-dim or NW side at I-yess Bar, I-ye-e-thrim 1 mile below Rock Creek. Ip-poon-war-rah SE side at Dutch Henry's (="resting place") opposite I-yeech-dim. Thoof-kah-rom NW side at mouth Rock Creek. Te SE side, 6 miles below Dillon Creek. Pus-se-roor-re SE side, 5 miles below Dillon Creek. ch 'Hoom-ne-pah== NW side at Dillon Creek. Oo-ri-e SE side at Thomas Mine. OO-roo-hus NW side at Cottage Grove. Ish-we-dip-te NW side at Swillup Flat. ch Ah-==-rah-hah-soo-ruk NW side at Meligan's Bar. Oot-ke NW side at Sneeden Bar. Hoo-mah-ro SE side at Ferry Point. ch Tah-sah===-kahk NW side, opposite Hoo-mah-ro. At-gn-hom-nip-pan NW side at 'Franks', 3i Tin=--hoom-ne-pah miles below Clear Creek. In-nom or E-nahm NW side, at mouth Clear Creek. ch Yua=-too-e-re-pah NW side at Wingate Bar. Ik-ku-re-rus-so NW side of Indian Creek, * ~~~~~~~~~little above Happy Camp, mouth Doolittle Creek. 22 KAROK Name for themselves Yurok name Locality Kus-am-we-rok (Fishing Camp) SE side, about 6 miles below Happy Camp. SE side, mouth Elk Creek. A-the-thoof (Kah-rah-ko) Happy Camp. 23 KAROK (ARRAR) TRIBES AND VILIAGES Adatars. Name used by Kelsey for Karok. Ah--chah-e-pan-nitch. Village on north side Klamath River on a small creek about i mile below Woopum.-CHM. ch Ani-=-hah-soo-ruk (Ah-hah-soo-rup, Ah-hah-soo-rook). Village on west side Klamath River at Meligan's Bar, 3f miles below Oot-ke. -CHM. Ah-chip-che-an-ke. On east side Klamth River just above mouth of Carter Creek.-CHM. Ah-kwah-te-ve, Ah-kwah-tev (A-kwah-te, A-ko-tev). On northwest side of Klamath at mouth of Reynolds Creek.-CHM. Ah-ma-ke-ah-ralhm (Ah-mak-ke-ar-rahm, Amaikiara, A-mi-ke-ar-rum, Micarrah (Roseborough 1872), Mik-iara). Village on northwest side Klamath River 2 or 3 miles below mouth of Salmon. Great place for drying salmon. The 'Jump Dance' held here.-CHM. Ah-ook-ne (Aukni, Dixon). Village shown on Dixon's Shaste map (1907) as on east side Klamath River opposite Happy Camp. Ah-poo-roo-wah-ne. Insignificant suburb a little south of Ah-sun-nahm-kar-ruk. -CHM. Ah-se-pahk. A few houses on lower part of same flat with Sum-se-re-he-rik and only about 200 yards from it; hardly worthy of distinct village name.-CHM. Ah-show-roo (Asouru, Dixon). Village shown on Dixon' s Shaste map as on north side Klamath River, apparently at junction of Portuguese Creek. Ah-sow-co-we-yu. On east side Kla1th River in angle south of mouth of Salmon River. -CHM. Ahs-so-kah-ko-kum. On northwest side Klamath River close to river and under Pook-rahm, which is high up on bench.- CHM. Ah-sum-mahm (Sum-maun, Sumaun). Large village on west side Klamath 200 to 300 yards above Ah-ma-ke-ah-rahm on same ?fLat. A favorite salmon fishing place.-CHM. Inhabited * n 1856 (Taylor). 24 Ah-sun-nahm-kar-ruk (Ahs-sah-nahm-kar-ruk, Ah-sum-nahm-kar-ruk, Asha-nahm-ka (Gibbs map 1852), Shanamkarak, Ya-phip-pas). Village on southeast side Klamath River about 2 miles below mouth of Salmon River and opposite Ah-ma-ke-ah-rahm. Shown on Gibbs map of 1851 as on both sides of river. Probably the village called Op-pe-o by the Polikla.-CHM. Ah-tish-num-hun-ne. On Indian Creek at junction of East Fork (place called Sedros).-CHM. Ah-wish-ve-he-rah. On west side Klamath River a little above Carter Creek, but on opposite side.-CHM. AkonileL. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on northwest side Klamath near Happy Camp. Probably Ah-the-thoof but wrongly placed on map. A-kwah-te-e-ve. Village on northwest side Klamath River a little above mouth of Reynolds Creek. -CHM. ch Aperger. Polikla name for Karok village Sah=-=-woo-rum. -CHM. Apye- (Waterman), Apyu (Kroeber). Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on east side Klamath 3 or 4 miles below U-ko-nom Creek; and by Kroeber as Polikla name for north part of Kah-te-men. Aranimokw. Polikla name of Karok village near Red Cap Creek (Kroeber). The village opposite mouth of Red Cap Creek is Woo-pum.-CHM. Ar-rahr (Arara, Arrahl, Arrar, Karuk-v-arara, Ara, Arra-arra, Arr-Arra (Gibbs map 1852). Their name for themselves. The 'Karok' of Orleans Bar region call themselves Ar-rahr and some Tf them say there should be an 1 at the end, making it Ar-rar=. Some double it, making Ar-rah-ar-rahr.-CHM. Asouru. Village shown on Dixon's Shaste map as on north side Klamath River apparently at junction of Portuguese Creek, May possibly have been Shaste rather than Karok, but probably Karok. As-pev-ne-te-hatch. Village on north side Klamath just above mouth of Bluff Creek. Last and lowermost village of tribe.-CHM. As-si-e-pen. Insignificant suburb a short distance north of Ah-sun-nahm-kar-ruk. -CHM. A-sut-tan-nan-nitch. Village on east side Klamath River or 1 mile above Thomas Creek.-CH. 25 A-the-thoof (Ah-the-thoof, As-se-soof-oo-oo-nuk, Asisufuunuk, As-sif-soof-tish-e-ram). Village on northwest side of Klamath River at Happy Camp, at junction of Indian Creek with Klamath (original site on east side Indian Creek in present town).-CHM. A-tin-hom-nip-pah (Tin-hoom-nip-pah). Village on northwest side Klamath River (at 'Franks") 24 - 3 miles below mouth of Clear Creek.-CHM. Aukni. Village shown on Dixon's Shaste map (1907) as on east side Klamath River opposite Happy Camp. Cahroc (Car-rock, Ar-rahr = Karok Arra = Pehtsik). Tribe on Klamath River from Bluff Creek up 90 miles to Happy Camp. See Karok. Car-rook Ar-rah (Bledsoe, Indian Wars, 146, 1885). See Karok and Arrar. Caw-sh-man (of Lucy Thompson). Polikla name for village of E-ke-rik-e-ra-en, now called Pah-nahm-neek, at Orleans Bar. See Ko-ko-man. Chah-me-knee-nitch (Cha-ma-co-nee (Daily Alta California 1851), Chah-me-knee-notch, Cha-ma-ko-nec, Cham-ma-ko-nec, Cham-ma-ko-nee, Cha-ma-ko-nees, Chawakoni, Chimikanee (Roseborough 1872), Tsha-wa-co-nihs, Tschei-nik-knee). Karok village on south side Klamath river at Wilders, opposite Te-shun-neek (about 14 miles below Orleans Bar).-CHM. Chainiki. See Tshei-nik-kee. Chee-nitch. (Chee-nah (McKee 1851, 1853), Chee-nahs (Daily Alta California 1851), Chee-neetch, Che-nutch, Chinits, Cheenich (Roseborough 1872), Chee-nitch, Tcheh-nits). Karok village on southeast side Klamath River just above Orleans Bar bridge and below Chenitch Creek.-CHM. Denakwate-lak (or Gura-dalil-rakwe-lak). 'Wiyot' name for Karok language (Kroeber MS, Loud). E-dum-ne-he-ruk. On northwest side Klamath River at Lord's on Horseshoe Bend.-CHM. Eh-kwa-nek (Eh-qua-nek, Ikwanek, He-co-neck, Ke-ko-neck). Polikla name for Karok village Kah-te-meen. Eh-nek (Ehnik, Enek, In-nek, Enek). Polikla name for Karok band at junction Salmon and Klamath Rivers. Yurok name for lower part of village of Ah-ma-ke-a.h-rahm (Kroeber). 26 Ehnikan (=Karok). Stock name (Henshaw and Mooney 1885). E-ke-rik-e-ra-en. Original and proper name of village at Orleans Bar commonly called Pah-nahm-neek.-CHM. E-nohm'thoof Kah-rom. Old town on bench where reed lives?.- CHM. E-nahm (In-nom, Inam, E-nam). Village on northwest side Klamath River at mouth of Clear Creek. Still inhabited. -CHM. Enek. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for Ah-ma-ke-ah-rahm, but wrongly located. See Eh-nek. E'n-pet (Een-peet). Village on southeast side Klamath River at Sandy Bar (mouth of Sandy Bar Creek), 3 miles below Ip-poon-war-rum.-CHM. E'n-sho-ruk. On east side Indian Creek 2' miles north of Happy Camp.-CHM. E-vah-rut-te-de. Village on southeast side Klamath River opposite Os-se-puk.-CHM. E-wah-pe (Oh-wau-kee). Upper Shasta name for tribe at Happy Camp on Klamath River.-CHM. Also Konomeho name for Karok.-CHM. Gura-daliL. `Wiyot" name for Karok Indians (Kroeber Ms - Loud). Gura-dalil-rakwe-lak (or Denakwate-lak). "Wiyot" name for Karok language (Kroeber MS - Loud). Hakh-kutsor, HaLkutsor. Polikla name for Karok village Os-se-puk (Kroeber). Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on east side Klamath, near place called 'Bucket Ranch.' His map indicates Hoo-mah-roo, but location probably wrong, as Kroeber identifies it as Os-se-puk. Hav-rahm-man-nik. On southeast side Klamath River at Halversons (Harley Ranch).-CHM. He-ko-nek (Ke-co-nek, He-ko-neck, Hiqwonek (Waterman 1920), Eh-qua-nek, Ikwanek). Polikla name for Karok village Kah'-te-meen. Hoom-ne-pah (Hoom-ne-pah, Hem-ne-pahk, Home-nip-pah, Homnipa). Village on northwest side Klamath River at mouth of Dillon Creek. -CHM. 27 Hoom-wah-roo (Hoom-war-roo, 'Hoo-mah-ro, Hoo-mah-roo, Home-war-roop, Homuarup). On southeast side Klamath River at mouth of Titus Creek (Pumpkin Hill), about opposite Ferry Point, 1 mile below Tin-hoom-nip-pah.-CHM. Ho-par-is-ish-a-rahm. On southwest side Elk Creek about i mile above Malones (approximately 10 miles from Happy Camp). (Ish-rahm = salt lick, deer lick).-CHM. ch Ahz==-wah-hitch, 'Hwah-hitch. On southeast side Klamath River about 1 mile above Albars.-CHM. 'Hwah-nip-ne. On northwest side Klamath River just above and close to Ah-rna-ke-ah-rahm.-CHM. Ift (If-terram, probably misprint for Is-herram). Village on Klamath River (Taylor). See Ish-e-rahm-he-ruk. Ik-ku-re-rus-so (Ik-koo-re-rus-so). Fishing camp on west side Indian Creek i mile above Happy Camp, between Doolittle and Perkins Creeks.-CHM. Im-poo-ruk. On southeast side of Klamath River in loop of Klamath River 1 mile east-northeast of Happy Camp and opposite Reeves Ranch.-CHM. Im-thaht-wer-nim-mahm. On northwest side Klamath River at (or below) mouth of Bluff Creek.-CHM. (mar-rahm = long). In-nahm, In-nom (E-nahm). On northwest side Klamath River on bench just above (north of) mouth of Clear Creek.-CHM. In-noo-tuk-itch (In-noo-tuk-kutch, In-no-tuk-kutch, Inotuks, E-no-tucks). On northwest side Klamath River about + mile below Reynolds Creek and 1 mile above Teneyck Creek.-CHM. Ip-poon-war-rum (E-poon-war-rum, Ip-poon-war-rah). On south- east side Klamath River at Albars ranch above Sandy Bar, opposite I-yeeth-rum.-CHM. Ish-rahm-he-ruk (Is-se-rahm-he-ruk, Ish-e-rahm-he-ruk, If-terram, Ift). On northwest side Klamath River at Flowers Flat, opposite E'n-peet but slightly below.- CHM. Ish-she-pish (Ishipishi, Ish-e-pish-e, Isshe-pishe-rah). On northwest side Klamath River opposite Kah-te-meen, at head of Ish-she-pih-she Falls (long rapids) .-CHM. Yurok name, Sche-woh (Siwahs, Sewali). A former chief = Es-se-pish-ra. 28 Ish-she-rahm-so-wah. Former small village on south side Klamath River just below mouth of Whitmore Creek.-CHM. Ish-we-dip-t (Ish-swe-rip-te, Ishwidip, E-swhedip). Village on northwest side Klamath River on upper part of Swillup Flat, at or above Elliott's.-CHM. I-yeeth-rum (I-e-se-rim, I-ye-se-rim, I-yeech-dim, I-ye-e-thrim, Iyis, I-yiss). On northwest side of Klamath River at or above I-yeeth Bar (about a mile below Rock Creek). Still inhabited.-CHM. (Yeeth=different). Iyis. See I-yeeth-rum. John's Tribe. Tribe of "Klamath Indians" 15 miles from Scotts Bar (Cartwright 1875). Kah-hah ar-reh. Name used by Orleans Karok for Happy Camp Karok.-CHM. Kah-ah-mo-nits, Kah-o-mah-nits. Po-lik-la (Yurok) name for Karok at Orleans Bar.-CHM. Kah-ose. On southeast side Klamath River, opposite Ish-she-pish. Burnt in 1852 (Gibbs map). Apparently on site of present Kah-te-meen (not mentioned by Gibbs). Name Kah-ose not given to me.-CHM. Kah-pah-rahm. Former village on ridge near copper mine on branch of Red Cap Creek about 5 miles in air line from mouth of Red Cap Creek.-CHM. Kah-rah-ko-hah (Kah-rah-ko-hit, Kah-rah-ko). Branch of Karok tribe on Klamath River from Sciad Creek down to Happy Camp and on Indian Creek. Their name for themselves.-CHM. They are called Kah-hah ar-rah by their relatives of the Orleans region, and Kah-te-roo by the Shasta.-CHM. O-Kah-rum-ke-rik. On northwest side Klamath River below I-ees Bar (2 miles or more below Flowers Flat).-CHM. Kah-te-meen (Katimin, Sege=, Polikla name, Waterman 1920). On southeast side Klamath River at north base of Sugarloaf, opposite Ish-she-pish, just above mouth of Salmon.-CHM. Kah-te-pe-ruk (Kah-te-pe-duk, Kah-te-pee-rah, Katipiama, Kah-tee-pee-rah). On southeast side Klamath River about 1 mile below Orleans.-CHM. Kah-te-roo (Katiru). Shasta name for Kah-rah-ko-hah, which see. 29 Kah-tsah-ve-nahs. Soo-lah-to-luk name for Karok tribe at Orleans Bar. -CHM. Ka-nah. Hwilkut name for Karok and Polikla. -CHM. Karok (Kahroc, Karoh, Kahrok, Cahroc, Kyrock, Krock, Kworatem, Coratem, Koratem, Quoratem, Orleans, Car-rook, Kahruk). (Name meaning "up river") in couon use for stock. Karouck. Of Somes Bar (Dances), Cedarville Record, Calif., Feb. 6, 1955. Katiru. Name used by Dixon for tribe on Klamath River from Sciad on to Happy Camp, who he regarded as Shastan. See Kah-te-roo. Ke-nas. Hwilkut name for Karok.-CHM. Ke-nus. Hoopah name for the Karok.-CHM. Kepar. Yurok name for Ish-she-pish-e. Ko-che-e-e-ve, Ko-che-e-va (Ko-che-e-vah). On northwest side Klamath River at Spinks, about opposite mouth of Rodger Creek.-CHM. Ko-che-ve-se-ar-rah-kum. On southeast side Klama.th River at mouth of Spinks Bend (or Loop) about 4 mile above Rodgers Creek.-CHM. Ko-ko-man (Co-co-man, Koomen, Kokaman, Caw-ah-man, Coc-co-man, Coc Ka-mans (Daily Alta California 1851), Coc-ko-man, Coc-ko-nan, Cock-o-mans, Cok-ka-mans). Koomen = Polikla name for village of Pah-nabm-neek (Kroeber). Pa-nam-o-nee was said to be a chief of Ko-ko-man. See Pah-nahm-neek and E-ke-rik-e-ra-en. Koomen, Ko'omen (Waterman 1920). Polikla name for village of ''Panamenik' (Kroeber). See Ko-ko-man and Pah-nahm-neek. Koos-re-pish ah-mi-yow. On northwest side Klamath River a little south of mouth of Camp Creek.-CHM. Koo-ye-ve. Small village on northwest side Klamath River opposite mouth of Whitmore Creek (a little below).-CHM. Kouth (Couth). Karok village on Klamath River (Taylor). Probably in vicinity of Salmon River. Not to be confused with Thoof-kah-rum. Kus-am-we-rok. Fishing camp rancheria on southeast side Klaxnath River, said to be near mouth of Buzzard Creek about 6 miles below Happy Camp. -CHM. 30 Kwat-te=h. Village on northwest side Klamath River just above Reynolds Creek, 5 miles below Halverson's.-CHM. See A-kwah-te-e-ve. Kwe-ahts-wah. Shaste name for village on south side Klamath River at Grider's Ranch (v or 3/4 mile west of Sciad Creek but on opposite side of Klamath).-CHM. Kworatem. Proper spelling of Quoratem and Coratem, the Polikla name for the place at mouth of Salmon River (word Kworatem not Karok.-CHM). Ma'a. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village shown on his map in position of Ah-sow-oo-e, which see. Mah-rook-throov (Mu-rook-throov). See Yu-rook-throov. Not a village. Mik-iara. On east side Klamath, opposite and slightly above Ish-he-pish. Burnt in 1852 (Gibbs map). Present village Ah-ma-ke-ah-rahm is on west side of Klamath about 2 or 3 miles below mouth of Salmon.-CHM. Muh-rook-throov (Mah-rook-throov). Village on northwest side Klamath River at Bluff Creek.-CHM. Yu-rook-soof. Name of Bluff Creek. Orleans Karok say no village there. Naastok. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on east side Klamath 3 or 4 miles south of Salmon. Apparently Ah-sah-nahm-kar-ruk. Nahm-war-roo. Acorn camp on northwest side Klamath River on west part of Spinks Bend.-CHM. Num-nav-voo-noo-pe. On Indian Creek at Forest Ranger Station, 6 miles north of Happy Camp.-CHM. Ahf-tah-rahm, Off-tah-rum (Af-tar-rum). On southeast side Klamath River on small flat just below Stenshaws.-CHM. Ohetoor (Ohetur). Yurok name for Karok village opposite and below Orleans Bar (Kroeber), probably Kah-te-pe-ruk.-CHM. O-kah-rum-ke-rik. Village on northwest side Klamath River below I-ees Bar (2 miles or more below Fowlers Flat).-CHM. Olegel, O-legeL, OlegeL (Waterman 1920). Polikla name for Karok village at mouth of Camp Creek (Kroeber). This village is Te-shun-neek.-CHM. Oler. Yurok name for Karok village between Orleans Bar and Red Cap Creek (Kroeber). 31 Ook-rum-ke-rik, Ook-rum-ke-ruk. On northwest side Klamath River a mile or two above Stenshaws (just above Flowers Flat).-CHM. Oo-ri-e, Oo-rah-i (O-ri-e). On southeast side Klamath River at Thomas mine, north side mouth of Thomas Creek and nearly opposite Cottage Grove.-CHM. Oo-roo-hus. On northwest side Klamath River at Cottage Grove (Aubreys) on lower part Swillup Flat.-CHM. Oos-e-ve. On northeast side Elk Creek opposite Ho-par-ris- ish-a-rahm.-CHM. Oos-se-ne (Ussini, Dixon). Village shown on Dixon's Shaste map (1907) as on west side Klamath River opposite Indian Point and about 31 miles easterly (a little north of east) from Happy Camp. Oot-ke (Oot-kev). Village on northwest side of Klamath River ch at Sneeden Bar, 1l miles below Tah-sah==-hahk, opposite mouth of Independence Creek.-CHM. Oot-too-shoo (Uttutsu, Dixon). Village shown on Dixon's Shaste map (1907) at or near old Fort Goff, on north side Klamath River about 2' miles east of Nolton and believed by him to be Shaste. Op-pa-goi=- (Opegoi, Oppegach, Oppegoeh, Op-pe-o, Oppe-yoh, O-prgr, Oprgr (Waterman 1920), Redcaps, Up-pa-goine(s), Up-pa-goines (Daily Alta California 1851), Up-pah-goines). Polikla name for Karok village of Woo-pum on northwest side Klamath River, opposite mouth of Red Cap Creek.-CHM. See Woo-pum. Op-pe-o (Op-peos, Oppe-yoh). Polikla name for band near junction of Salmon and-Klamath. Chief, Ya-fip-pa (Gibbs and McKee 1853). Probably Polikla name for Ah-sah-nahm-kar-ruk. Os-se-puk (Ashipak). Village on northwest side Klamath River at Teneyck. 1 mile below In-noo-tuk-itch.-CHM. Called Hakh-kutsor by the Yurok (Kroeber). Ot-sep-por (Otche-poh, Ut-chap-pah, Ut-chapahs (Daily Alta California 1851), Ut-cha-pah, Ut-cha-pas, Ut-scha-pas, Uchapa, Atsepar). Yurok name for Bluff Creek.-CHM. Also name of village on northwest side Klamath River at mouth Bluff Creek (Gibbs). Called by Karok Muh-rook-throov, which see.-CHM. 32 Pah-nahm-neek (Panumna (Roseborough 1872), Pah-nahm-neek and Yusah, Pahnamenik, Pa-nom-nik, E-ke-rik-e-ra-en, old name, CHM ME). The Ye-rah-he-ve or New Year Ceremony of the Karok is held here about the end of September. There is a sweathouse here. On northwest side Klamath River on flat at present Orleans Bar.-CHM. Called Koomen by the Yurok (Kroeber). Pa-nam-o-nee was chief of Coc-ko-man band (McKee 1853). The proper name of the town is E-ke-rik-e-ra-en. -CHM. Pah-se-roo-ver-rah, Pah-se-roo (Pus-se-roo, Pah-se-roo-oo-rah, Pus-se-roor-re, Pas-see-roo, Pasara). On southeast side Klamath River about 5 miles below Dillon Creek.-CHM. Pahtch-ech-e-rish, Patch-e-e-rish. On northwest side Klamath at Oak Flat nearly opposite mouth Buzzard Creek, and on upper (north) side Oak Flat Creek.-CHM. Peh-tsik (Patesick, Pate-ricks (Daily Alta California 1851), Patih-rik, Pech-ic-las, Pech-ic-las, Petch-ic-la, Peh-tsic, Petit-sick, Peh-tuck, Pehtuck). Po-lik-lah name for tribe and stock on Klamath River from a little above mouth of Trinity to above mouth of Salmon (Gibbs 1853; Lucy Thompson 1916) = Kah-rok = Quoratem. Pook-krahm. On northwest side Klamath River on high bench (Sanderson Ranch) 2 mile below Sah-voo-rahm on opposite side. Quoratean Family. Stock name (Powell 1891). Quoratem (Coratem, Kworatem). Yurok name for tribe at mouth of Salmon River. Rayoik. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village 'Ayis' on west side Klamath (by his map 7 or 8 miles below Happy Camp). If intended for I-yeeth-rum, location is wholly wrong.-CHM. .n Redcaps. See Op-pe-goi=. Red Cap - mentioned by Gen. John E. Wool Aug. 10, 1855 - H.R. Doc. 76, 34th Cong. 3d Sess. p. 91, 1857. Sah-mi. Kah-rah-ko-hah village on north side Klamath at mouth of Sciad Creek. Claimed by both Kah-rah-ko-hah and Shaste.-CHM. ch ch Sahl==--woo-rum (Sah-voo-rahm, Sah==--woo-rum Sa-vou-ras (Daily Alta California 1851), Sa-vou-ra, Sa-vour-ras, Sa-vow-ra, Savorum (Roseborough 1872), Sa-von-ra, Sa-ron-ra, Sa-wa-rahs, Sawuara, Sogorem, Shah-woo-rum). On south side Klamath River just below Boise Creek and about 4 miles below Orleans Bar (2 miles below Wilders and opposite Won-we-ruk)..-CHM4. (Called by the Yurok Aperger - Kroeber.) 33 Salmon River or Coratem. See Koratem. Sege= (Segwe-). Given by Waterman as Polikla name for Kah-te-meen but wrongly located. Se-per-rah (Sehe-perrh). Village on northwest side Klamath River at place called Saint's Rest, 1 mile below mouth of Bluff Creek.-CHM. Lowermost village of Karok or Middle KlamathcAribe (Gibbs). Yurok. See Ot-sep-por. Called Sam-tah-=-kah-kah by the Karok.-CHM. Se-te-pitch. Kah-rah-ko village on north side Klamath at mouth of Thompson Creek.-CHM. Se-rah-rah-a-pen. On northwest side Klamath, just below mouth of Reynolds Creek.-CHM. A little above E-no-tuk-ketch. Shegoashkwu. Yurok name of Karok villages below Orleans Bar (Handbook). She-woh (Se-wah, Sche-woh, Shegwuu, Si-wah). Yurok name for Karok village Ish-she-pish, near junction of Salmon and Klamath Rivers. Chief, Es-se-pish-ra (McKee). Sit-tip-koor (Tcitatowaki of Dixon). On northwest side Klamath River at mouth of Thompson Creek (Nolton) on Big North Bend Klamath River.-CHM. Soof-yu-roo-kum. Village on north side Klamath River across gulch from Sah-voo-rahm..-CHM. Ah-soo-pa-is-ip-hahn, Soo-pas-ip (Supasip). Boat landing 4 mile above Ish-she-pish, to cross to Kah-te-meer.-CHM. Given by Alese S. Taylor as village on Klamath River inhabited in 1856. Sum-se-re-he-dik., On northwest side Klamath River on same flat with Ossepuk and 1/2 to 3/4 mile below In-noo-tuk-itch (about 1 mile above Teneyck Creek?).-CHM. Sun-ne-pah. Former small village on Sandy Bar on northwest side Klamath River about opposite mouth of Pearch Creek (about 1 mile above Orleans).-CHM. Sum-mahhm (Sun-num, Sunum). Small village at mouth of Nelson Creek.-CHM. Inhabited in 1856 - Taylor. ch Su-wur-rum (Sah-=-woo-rum). On northwest side Klamath River at Big Bar, 2-3 miles below (above?) Red Cap Creek. Error - See Sah-voo-rahm. 34 Tah-kah-soof-kah-rahn (Tsof-ka-ra, Tuck-a-soof-curra, Taha- soofcarrah). On southeast side Klamath River about v mile above Pearch Creek, a little above Chee-nitch. Not to be confused with Thoof-kah-rum at mouth of Rock Creek.-CHM. Tahk-re-pah, Tah=h-re-pahk. Camp on dance ground near mouth of Clear Creek on northwest side Klamath River. Not permanent village.-CHM. ch ch chc Tah-sah==-hah-ahk, Tah-sah-==-hahk (Tah-sah=h=-kahk, Tas-sa,?-hahk). On northwest side Klamath River opposite Hoom-wah-roo.-CHM. Tcitatowaki. Dixons rendering of Shaste name for Karok village Sit-ip-poor, which he believed to be Shaste. See Sit-tip-koor. Te (Te-e). On southeast side Klamath River about 6 miles below Dillon Creek, and 1 mile below Pah-se-roo-rah.-CHM. Te-he-roo-kum. On southeast side Klamath River just below Te. Te-shun-neek (Tshah-nee, T'shah-nee, Tsano, Tchai-noh, Skeina). On northwest side Klamath River at mouth of Camp Creek, on north side.-CHM. Te-waht-ok (Te-wah-tok). On southeast side Klamath River at mouth of China Creek (Indian Point), about 4 miles due east of Happy Camp.-CHM. Thoof-kah-rum (Soof-kah-rum, Soof-curra, Thoof-kah-rum). On northwest side Klamath River a little above mouth of Rock Creek.-CHM. Not to be confused with Tah-kah-soof- kah-rahm (T'sof-ka-ra) on southeast side river several miles below, between Camp Creek and Salmon Creek.-CHM. ch- Tin-hoom-nip-pah (At-tin-hom-nip-pah, Tin=h-hoom-ne-pah). Village on nbrthwest side Klamath River about 2+-3 miles below mouth of Clear Creek (at Frank's).-CHM. See A-tin-hom-nip-pah. -CHM. Tish-shahn (Tish-rawa, Tishrawa (Gibbs). On north side Salmon River just above its junction with Klamath River.-CHM. Ti-yees. Former village on southeast side Klamath River about 12 mile below mouth of Red Cap Creek. -CHM. Too-e (Tui). Yurok name for Karok village on west side Klamath between Orleans Bar and Red Cap Creek (Kroeber). Too-e-ke-rik. Insignificant suburb on same flat or bench with Ah-sun-nahm-kar-ruk. 35 Too-yu-yook, Too-yuk (or Too-e-yook, Tooyook, Roseborough 1872). On northwest side Klamath River a short distance below Koos-re-pish ah-mi-yow and just below Ullathorn Creek.-CHM. "TsanoL. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on west side Klamath 8 or 10 miles below stream apparently intended for U-ko-nom Creek. Tshah-nee (Gibbs Map 1851). Given me as Te-shun-neek, which see. Tshei-nik-kee (Gibbs Map=Chainiki of Kroeber). Southeast side Kliamth River below Orleans Bar. Probably same as Chah-me-knee-nitch, which see. Tsof-ka-ra (Gibbs Map). Southeast side Klamath and little above "Tcheh-nits" (=Chee-nitch). Given to me as Tah-kah-soof-kah-rahm, which see. TunoiyoL (TunoiyoL). Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on east side Klamath about 2 miles north of Salmon. Up-pah-goines (Up-pa-goines (McKee 1853; Daily Alta California 1851), Up?pa-goine). Band near Red Cap Bar. See Op-pa-goi= = Yurok name for Woo-pum. kUssini. Village shown on Dixon's Shaste Map (1907) as on west side Klamath River opposite Indian Point and about 31 miles easterly (a little north of east) from Happy Camp. Ut-cha-pah (Ut-cha pahs (Daily Alta California 1851), Ut-chap-pah, Ut-scha-pahs, Ut-scha-pahs, Uchapa). Probably Yurok name for band near mouth of Bluff Creek. If location is correct, must be village called Muh-rook-throov by the Karok. See Ot-sep-por. Uttutsu. Village shown on Dixon's Shaste Map (1907) at or near old Fort Goff on north side Klamath River about 21 miles east of Nolton and believed by him to be Shaste. Wah-hah-e-wah. Shaste name for Karok village on south side Klanath River at Brickleys, about a mile east-southeast of Sciad Creek. Easter-nost village of Karok.-CHM. tsets. Given by Waterman as Polikla name for village on nrthwnest side Klamath a few miles south of Salmon. Apparently Koo-ye-ve. -CHM. 36 Wetsitsiko, Witsogo. Polikla name of Karok village between Salmon River and Orleans Bar (Kroeber). Polikla name for Klamath village, probably Tsofkara (Kroeber). (Tsofkara not to be confused with Thoof-kah-rum.-CHM). Witch-ah. Old village on southeast side Klamath nearly opposite mouth of Wilson Creek (slightly below).-CHM. Woon-har-ruk (Woon-whar-ruk, Oon-harik). On north side Salmon River, about 1 mile above Somes and 3 miles above mouth of river. -CHM. Won-we-ruk (Woon-we-ruk). Large village on north side Klamath River opposite Sah-woo-rahm.-CHM. Woo-pum (Woo-pum, Woo-pum, Wopum). On north side Klamath River opposite mouth of Red Cap Creek, 3 miles below Sah-voo-rahm. The lower fish dam was at or near Woo-pum.-CHM. Polikla name Oppegach, Oppegoch, 0-pa-goin. Ya-phip-pas. See Ah-sah-nahm-kar-ruk. (Yu-frip-pah was a man (now dead), not a place or village.)-CHM. ch Yu==-roop-wah-woo-noo-pah. On southeast side Klamath River at junction of Elk Creek (south side mouth of Elk Creek).- CHM. ch ch -ch Yu=-thoo-e (Yu-=--thoo-e-re-pah, Yu-=-tooe-re-pah, Yutoyara). On northwest side Klamath River at or near Wingate Bar, above mouth of Wingate Creek.-CHM. ch ch - Yu==-too-ye-roop-mah, Yu=-:-too-e-roop-mah (Yutoo-ye-roop, Gibbs Map 1852). On southeast side Klamath River, just above Kah-te-meen and hardly distinct from it (above mouth of Salmon). Formerly on opposite side Klamath River just above Is-she-pish; burnt in 1852 (Gibbs Map).-CHM. ch Yu==-nahm, Yu-hoo-nahm. On east side Klamath River below mouth U-ko-nom Creek.-CHM. Yu-e-te-he-ruk. On south side Salmon River at Somes Bar (people all dead).-CHM. Yu-sah. Old time nickname for Pah-nahm-neek, the proper name of which is E-ke-rik-e-ra-en.-CHM., Village on northwest side Klamath River at Orleans Bar. Yu-sah-hah-rim. Camp on dance ground near mouth Clear Creek, on northwest side Klamath River. -CHM. 37 SHASTAN TRIBES, BANDS, AND VILLAGES* Not including the Atchomawe and Atsokawe Ab-se-kow. Shaste village on Scott River about 19 miles below Ft. Jones.-CHM. A-chit-ter-rah-kah. Shaste village on river flat on southeast side of Klamath River 2-3 miles above mouth of Shasta River, behind a mountain called Round Hill on the maps but locally known as Black Mountain. The Shaste Indian name of this mountain is Mah-ho-rik or Mah-ho-witch.-CHM. ch ch A-=-te-roo-witch-e-rah (Ahc==-te-doo-witch-e-rah). Shaste village on Moffit Creek on east side of Scott Valley, below Hah-soo-ri.-CHM. Ah-ah-wah. Shaste village on south side of Klamath River below Hamburg (at Camp R ). Hamburg dialect. Location not definitely fixed.-CHM. A-ha-ke-took. Old Shaste village on western edge of Shasta Valley 2 or 3 miles southwest of Gazelle and close to the mountains, where Willow Creek comes out. (Named for the Indian bean, Ah-ha-ke.) Doubtless same as Ah-ha-keet-ah-mah. -CHM. "Ahawaswig". Shasta village shown on Dixon's Shasta Map (1907) high up on Shasta River directly west of Mt. Shasta, which would place it between Sisson and Weed. Not obtained by me.-CHM. Ah-hah-hah. Shaste village on south side Klamath River 1 mile below mouth of Shovel Creek (between river and wragon road). The house of Henry Spanis now stands on the rancheria site.-CHM. Ah-ha-keet-ah-mah. Shaste village on Willow Creek at base of Scott Mountains, 3 or 4 miles above Gazelle. Doubtless same as A-ha-te-took. The tenminal word ah-mah means houses and is frequently attached to village names.-CHM. Ah-ho-wuk-kah. Shaste village on south side of Klamath River on a flat west of the mouth of Big Hamburg Creek. -CHM. 1Unless otherwise stated, all names are in the Shaste language as spoken in Shasta and Yreka valleys and Upper Klamath Canyon. Shasta villages are listed and mapped by R.F. Heizer and T.R. Hester, Shasta Villages and Territory. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 9:119-158, 1970. 38 Ahk-na-mah. Shaste village on Willow Creek in a tongue of Shasta Valley at base of Scott Mountains southwest of Gazelle, and about half a mile above A-ha-ke-took.-CHM. Ah-mah-is-se. Konomehoo name of Kah-hoo-tin-e-ruk village on Petersburg Flat, on south side of South Fork Salmon River, 4 miles above Cecilville.-CHM. Ah-me-soo-ish. Name for themselves used by the Hamburg Shaste; includes those on north side of Klamath River called Wah-te-roo by the Shasta Valley and Upper Klamath Shaste.-CHM. A-ho-te-da (Ah-ho-te-da-e, A-hoo-te-da, Ahotida'e, Ho-te-day). Place name (in Shaste language) for northwest part of Shasta Valley, especially about Montague. Has been used also in tribal sense. The inhabitants are called A-hoo-te-da-et-soo-ish (written Ahotire'litsu by Dixon) but only in a geographic - not a tribal - sense.-CHM. Ah-pah-rah-oo-chi-rah (Ah-par-rah-hoo-oo-chi-rah, Ah-pi-rah-ho- cha-rah). Shaste village at Callahan's ranch at south end of Scott Valley. Same as place name.-CHM. Ah-po-ne (or Ap-po-ne). Large Shaste village on Shasta River 2 or 21 miles northwest of Montague, on west side of Shasta River. This part of Shasta River was called Ah-po-ne; the upper part, near Gazelle, was called Ahs-tah.-CHM. ch Ah-rah-==-e (Araxi). Village at mouth of Grider Creek on south side of Klamath River, shown on Dixon's Shasta Map of 1907. May be Shaste name for Karok village of Kwe-ahts-wah, given me as situated at this point. (Dixon's map is not clear as to exact location but Dixon writes me that it was, Grider Creek). -CHM. Ah-re-kwe. Konomehoo name for their village on south side Salmon River opposite mouth of Little North Fork, at or near Ahlgren Schoolhouse. Highest up of the Konomehoo villages, there being none at Sawyers Bar. -CHM. Ah-ro-a-re-ho-rah. Shaste village in Scott Valley, on the big flat near Ft. Jones. Ah-roo is the name of the northern or black cottonwood tree.-CHM. ch Ah-ro-wah---hah-kah-ro-sah. Shaste village on the large island on east side of Scott Valley (near center) about 8 miles above Ft. Jones.-CHM. Ah-show-roo ("Asounu"). Village shown on Dixon's Map, 1907, on north side Klamath River, apparently at mouth of Portuguese Creek. Probably not Shaste but Karok. Not obtained by me. 39 Ah-soon-nah-ko-witch-e-rah. Shaste village on pine flat on south side Klamath River a short distance below Kopko dam. (A Portuguese lives there now.)ChNamed for the yellow or Ponderosa pine. Ah-soon-nah==.-CHM. Ah-soo-pahk (Ash-sho-pahk, As-soo-pahk, Ussopag of Dixon's Map). Shaste village at Scott Bar (whose name it bears) on Scott River.-CHM. Ah-soo-rah (Asurahawa, error). Large and important Shaste village on Bogus Creek 4 miles above its junction with Klamath River. Cedar bark from the old houses may be seen there yet. Named from Bogus Creek, Ah-soo-rah, which in turn was named for the pale manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida). The inhabitants were called Ah-soo-rah-ah-choo-ish. -CHM. Ah-soor-a-how-wah (possibly Wah-soor-a-hah-wah). Shaste village at Klamath Hot Springs at mouth of Shovel Creek in Klamath canyon--the easternmost village of the tribe. The inhabi- tants were called Ah-soor-ah-hah-wah-choo-ish, or Ah-soo-rah-how-wah choo-ish. The old village Ah-soo-ra-how-wah was on the south side of Klamath River, on the flat on west side of Shovel Creek (site of present Beswick Hotel) at Klamath Hot Springs, in a grove of large northern cottonwood (Populus trichocrapa). Named from Shovel Creek, which bears the same name.-CHM. Ah-soo-ri (Hah-soo-ri). Old Shaste village on Moffit Creek in Scott Mountains 9 or 10 miles from Ft. Jones. A large rancheria. Named from Moffit Creek, Ah-soo-ri'.-CHM. Ahs-tah (or Ah-stah, Asta, As'-tah). Shaste village on Willow Creek at Gazelle, in western edge of Shasta Valley. Name same as that of Willow Creek at Gazelle.-CHM. Ah-wah (Awa of Dixon). Shaste rancheria on north side Klamath River at Quigley's ranch (on small creek near bridge), and east of Oak Bar about 4 miles below Ko-ho-wi-took. Named from place called Ah-wah or Ah-wan.-CHM Near whites? Ah-wah-kah-kahtch (or Ah-wah-kah-hatch). Shaste village on east side of Scott Valley about 4 miles southeast of Etna (near McBrides).-CHM. Ah-wi'-mah. Shaste summer salmon fishing camp on Klamath River at mouth of Shasta River.-CHM. Ah-wuk-hah. Old Shaste village on north side of Klamath River at mouth of Cottonwood Creek about 2 miles south of Hornbrook. Name same as that of Cottonwood Creek. -CHM. 40 Am-mah-hah-wuk-kah-wah. Konomeho name for their village on bluff on east side Salmon River, on south side Crapo Creek (place now all mined out).-CHM. Ah-mut-ak-we (Amutakhwe). Hoopa name for "New River Shasta" (Kroeber, Dixon, Merriam). Probably same as Kah-hoo-tin- e-ruk.-CHM. Ap-sok-kwe-o (Ab-suk-kwe-ah, Ahp-sahk,kwe-wah, Ap-sok-kwe-o). Shaste village and place name at Etna Mills in Scott Valley (on site of Union Flour Mill).-CHM. A-ras (A-rahs, Eras, Er-ras). Shaste village on flat on south side Klamath River at Klamathon bridge, on wagon road from Ager and Thrall to Hornbrook.-CHM. ch ch Ar-rah==-hah (Ar-rah-ah-=). Shaste village at site of present HawkincKille, on Yreka Creek. Its inhabitants are called Ar-rah==-hah choo-ish.-CHM. Ar-rah-hah-rah-chi-to-atch-ah (or Ar-rah-hah-rah-chi-ko-kut- ted-de-kway). Shaste village at hot springs several miles east of Chi-ri-wah, on Little Shasta Creek. The place may be the hot Soda Springs on the Terwilliger Ranch about 2 miles east of Little Shasta postoffice. The long name refers to the antics of the bubbling boiling water.-CHM. Ar-roo-took. Shaste rancheria on small creek about 1 mile above poor hospital at Yreka. (There were others along this creek whose names I did not get.)-CHM. "Asouru". Village on north side Klamath River, apparently at mouth of Portuguese Creek, shown on Dixon's Shasta Map, 1907, and supposed by him to be Shaste, but probably Northern Karok. -CHM. Atch-ah-wah-pahk (Ahts-ah-wah-pahk). Shaste village at head of Moffit Creek near Gazelle Mountain in Scott Mountains. Big rancheria. Named from the nearby mountain. There used to be a Deer Fence there.-CHM. A-te (Ate). Modesse name for tribe on Squaw Creek south of Mt. Shasta and extending northeasterly=Wi-muk of the Wintoon;=Okwanutsu of Dixon.-CHM. Called Oo-chah-hah-roo chah-wish by Shaste of Yreka Valley.-CHM. At-tik-kah-ap-se-rook. Shaste village on Scott River a few miles above Scott Bar.-CHM. At-tik-kah-ha-tat-so. Shaste village on north side of Klamnath River at the old railroad crossing near mouth of Jenny Creek. Taht-soo is the Shaste word for sand.-~CHM. 41 Chah-=-wahtch. Konomehoo name for their village on Salmon River just above Sawmill Gulch (about 1/2 or 3/4 mile above Bonalys).-CHM. Chah-hahk-tok. Shaste village on south side of Klamath River on a flat 2 miles below Beaver Creek.-CHM. Chah-hah-took. Shaste winter camp in a long cave at base of cliff on north side of Klamath River opposite Klamath Hot Springs meadow. The Hot Springs are called Cha-cha-took; the word for cave is Chah-ne-lwah.-CHM. Chah-ho-wah. Shaste village on Willow Creek in mountains about 4 miles above Ager and 11 miles above E-cho-hah-ka. Chah-ho is the Shaste name for the fever bush (Garrya). -CHM. Che-poo-sah-took. Shaste rancheria on small creek at Caldwell ranch, about 2-i- miles southerly from Yreka (on west side of road).-CHM. Chi-ri-wah. Shaste village at junction of Little Shasta Creek with Shasta River, near the little hill at Montague, on northwestern border of Shasta Valley.-CHM. See also 'Ikahig'. Chi-wah-ho-tok. Shaste village on south side Klamath River nearly opposite (but a little below) Koo-tat-soo.-CHM. ch Choo-pah==-took. Shaste village on north side Klamath River below Ik-lkweek and now under water from Kopko dam. Choo-pah is the Shaste wvord for fawn, a young deer.-CHM. Cho-pahn-na. Old Shaste village about 4 miles south of Yreka and 1 mile south of Kwiknoo, near a small reservoir.-CHM. Cho-pah-wah-how (Tso-pah-wah-ho). Konomehoo name for their village on south side South Fork Salmon River about 1 mile below Yocumville (Orcutts).-CHM. E-chah-tah-is. Achomawe name for tribe on Upper McCloud River. (Doubtless the Wi-muk of the Wintoon; Okwanutsu of Dixon.) -CHM. E-cho-hah-ka. Shaste village on Willow Creek about 2 miles above Ager. E-choo-te is the Shaste name for a spring of water.-CHM. E-doo-i-soo-ish (E-roo-i-choo-ish). See It-o-wi-soo-ish. 42 E-eh (E'eh, E-oh). "Tribchin Scott Valley," (Gibbs and McKee). Probably error for E=n, the Shaste name of a place on Scott River above Scott Bar.-CHM. E-kah-ruk (E-kah-rah-kah choo-ish). Name used by the Shaste of Yreka and Shasta valleys and Klamath Canyon for related tribe north of the Siskiyou Mountains.-CHM. Ek-pe-me (Ek-pi-me, Ekpimi). Name given by Jeremiah Curtin as the Ilmawe name for the Shaste tribe. But the Modesse Achomawe (who are closely related to the Ilmawe) gave me Ek-pe-me as their name for the Wintoon.-CHM. Em-mah-kwit-te. Shaste village on Willow Creek at Ager. Name same as that of the locality.-CHM. Em-muk-kah-kah-hah-pahs (Am-muk-kah-kah-pahs). Shaste village at Tom Orr's place, 8 or 9 miles southeasterly from Yreka on road to Gazelle.-CHM. E-roo-i-choo-is (E-doo-i-soo-ish). Name used by Shaste of Shasta and Yreka valleys for Scott Valley branch of tribe. Same as It-to-wi-choo-ish.-CHM. E't-sah-kah-re-he-wah. Old Shaste village on Moffit Creek on east side Scott Valley (exact location uncertain). Possibly same as Is-sa-kwah-pah.-CHM. Not verified in 1919. E't-sow-ootch-e-rah (E't-sah-ootch-e-rah). Old Shaste villa 9i in Scott Mountains high up on Duzel Creek, above Ip-sah==- wah-kow (under Skukum Rock, It-sow-che-rah).-CHM. Et-tah-kah. Shaste village on north side Klamath River 12 miles above Horse Creek.-CHM. Ha=h. Shaste village on southwest side of Scott River a little below Wahtch-ah-he-mnah.-CHM. Hah-na-poch. Old Shaste village about 32 miles south of Yreka (about half a mile south of Kwik-noo).-CHM. Hahs-ko-wah-na. Shaste village on south side Klamath River 3 miles below Horse Creek.-CHM. Hahs-nit (or Hahs-neet). Large Shaste village on small flat of same name on north side of Klamath River about 2 miles below Henley.-CHM. Hah-too-ke-wah (or Hah-to-kwe-wah, Hah-to-kwa-.wah). Name used by the Shaste of Shasta Valley and Upper Klamath Canyon for the Wintoon tribe south of themselves on Sacramento River. Though given me as Wintoon, may be Dixon's Okwanutsu, called Wi-muk by the Wintoon. -CHM. 43 Han-now-took. Shaste deer camp, and mountain of same name, in Scott Mountains. Highest-up camp on Moffit Creek.- CHM. He-kah-tok. Shaste village on flat on north side of Klamath River a little below (opposite) mouth of Scott River.- CHM. ch He-wa-ah (or He-wia-ah==, "Ihiweax" of Dixon). Large Shaste village on Shasta River just below mouth of Yreka Creek (4 miles below Yreka and near electric power house).-CHM. Ho-a-te-took. Shaste village on north side of Klamath River, 6 miles below Beswick and 3 miles below wagon bridge. Now under water from Kopko dam.-CHM. Hoo-wi-e-took. Konomehoo name for their village on north side South Fork Salmon River at mouth of Indian Creek.-CHM. Hoop-po-ho. Konomeho name for their village at junction of Plummer Creek with South Fork Salmon River. Uppermost and southernmost village of tribe.-CHM. How-te-te-oh ("Hudedut", "Wowtetch", misprint). Village of Tekelma tribe at Rogue River Ferry, Oregon, members of which were visiting Shaste Indians in Scott Valley in 1853 (Gibbs). Humbug tribe. (San Franicsco Weekly Bull. 1867 - from Yreka Journal). I-dah-kah-ri-oo-ke (Ida-kara-wak-a-ha, Ida-ka-riuke, Idakariuke, I-da-kar-i-waka-ha, Idakariwakaha, I-do-ka-rai-uke). Name of former chief applied to his band in Shasta Valley. Not a village name.-CHM. Id-doo-kwi. Shaste village on north side of Klamath River on east side of -mouth of Camp Creek.-CHM. I"-kah (Ailka, Ika, I-ka, I-e-kah, T-ka misprint). Large Shaste village at Hamburg on south side of Klamath River. Named from the locality, I"-kah. (Not to be confused with Wi-e-kah, the Shaste name of Mt. Shasta, nor with I-kIa-ruk, a name sometimes loosely applied to the members of tribe in Shasta Valley.)-CHM. E-kah-heg ("Ikahig"). Shasta village showa on Dixon's Map (1907) in angle of junction of Little Shasta Creek with Shasta River. Dixon write me that it "was on (Shasta) river by small hill back of Montague."-CHM. 44 I-ka-ruk (I-ka-nuck, I-ka-ruck, Ika-ruck, I-kar-uck, Ikaruck). Shaste band in Shasta Valley, named after a chief. Not a village name. Ik-e-rah-koot-soo (Ikirakutsu). Shastan tribe on Stewart and Rogue Rivers, Oregon (Dixon). Ik-kweek. Shaste village on north side Klamath River below Ho-a-te-took and likewise under water from Kopko dam.-CHM. "Ikwahawa". Shaste village shown on Dixon's Shasta Map (1907) as at present Jacksonville, Oregon. ch Ip-sah==-wah-kow. Shaste village on Duzel Creek above Moffit Creek in Scott Mountains. Big rancheria. Former home of full blood Scott Valley Shaste woman known as Mrs. Ruff, who was raised at Koor-took.-CHM. "Iqusadewi". An Achomawe and Atsulawe name for Okwanutcu (Dixon). Ir-oo-i-tsoo (Iruwaitsu, Iruaitsu, Iruwai, Scott Valley Indians). Locative name for Scott Valley Shaste, from Ir-roo-i, Indian Creek. Given by Dixon as one of his four divisions of the main body of the Shasta. Dixon gives also Wiwehawakutsu for Scott Valley Shaste. See also It-to-i-choo-ish.-CHM. "Irutatiru". Shaste village shown on Dixon's Shasta Map (1907) as well up on Little Shasta Creek. The only village known to me in this region is Koo-roo-tah-tah-kah. -CHM. Ish-she-te-ahm-mah (Ish-sheet-ah-mah, Icui of Dixon=Ish-shu-e). Shaste village at Oak Bar on Klamath River. The place name of Oak Bar is Ish-shu-we.-CHM. Ish-she-to-ah-wah. Shaste village on north side Klamath Canyon just below Hamburg (in Hamburg dialect).-CHM. Ish-she-yow-wut. Shaste village on south side Klamath River across from mouth of Beaver Creek.-CHM. Ish-shom-pe (E-sahm-pe, E-shom-pe, E-shum-pe, Icumpi, Ish-shom-be). Old Shaste village on north side Klamath River at Gottville. A large Indian graveyard there. Name same as that of locality.-CHM. Is-sa-kwah-pah. Old Shaste village on Moffit Creek--2 or 3 miles below Duzel Creek on east side of Scott Valley. -CHili. 45 Is-se-put-chup. Konomeho name for their village on bluff on east side Salmon River, on north side Crapo Creek.-CHM. "Itaiyax". Shaste village in Scott Valley shown on Dixon's Map as 9 or 10 miles southwest of Ft. Jones. (The only rancheria_tanown to me in this neighborhood is Ah-ro-i.ah==-hah-hah-ro-sah.-CHM.) It-sah-kwah-he-hoo-rah. Shaste village on south side of Klamath River across from Fall Creek.-CHM. "Itsa Wehetiraga". Shaste village shown on Dixon's Shasta Map (1907) as at junction of Stewart River with Rogue River, Oregon. It-shah wit-te wuh-kah. Shaste village on north side of Klamath River opposite mouth of Big Humbug Creek. It-shah (or It-shaw) is the Shaste word for rock.-CHM. It-te-wh~l 9 hiJ, 11 7I _3-a> C. Hati{iam' ja flagae Idla lo 71 n rbs fnrhr Clfri 3b 1 0 b\(ro ezr16: a ) e lh\% < lk 11.l \ -X 52 ? 10 20 3m 40 50 1 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C. Hart Merriamls map of languages~~~~~ a lo 1 and tribes of northern California~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ % Ch.. 4 b (From Heizer 1966: Map 5). See~~~~~~~~~~~ d % opposite page for key.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 10 20 30 40 50~~~~~~~~~~~~~