NOTES ON THE McCLOUD RIVER WINTU and SLSPTlD EXCERPTS IFR,4 ALYXANDER S. TAYLOR'S INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA fdtted by Robert F. Heizer ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley, CA 947 20 1-973 NOTES ON THE McCLOUD RIVER WINTU and SELECTED EXCERPTS FROM ALEXANDER S. TAYLOR'S INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Edited by Robert F. Heizer ANTHRO I. NOTES ON THE McCLOUD RIVER WINTU Livingston Stone Introduction In 1872 Livingston Stone was instructed to proceed to California to there make arrangements to procure eggs of the Sacramento River salmon, to effect their shipment to various hatcheries on the Atlantic coast, and to estab- lish a salmon hatchery at some appropriate place in California. Between 1872 and 1880 Stone submitted an annual report of his activities, and it is from these that the following ethnological and historical notes have been drawn. The Reports of the Commissioner of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries in which Stone's accounts appeared can be found in certain of the larger scientific libraries of California, but they are quite inaccessible to ordinary readers. They have not been cited, to my knowledge, in any ethno- graphic monographs, and I know of them through the kindness of Dr. Donald W. Seegrist who called them to my attention. Stone tells how he happened to choose the lower McCloud River as the place to build and operate a salmon hatchery: San Francisco, California December 9 1872 "Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: In pursuance of your instructions received in July last, to proceed without delay to the Pacific coast, and make arrangements for obtaining a supply of salmon eggs, I left Boston on the 1st day of August, for San Francisco, with this object. As I was directed in your subsequent letters to obtain, if possible, the eggs of the Sacramento River salmon, I set myself at work at once to ascer- tain the time and place of the spawning of these fish, but singular as it seems, I could find no one in San Francisco who was able to say either where or when the salmon of the Sacramento spawned. Those best informed in regard to fishing matters, advised me to locate at Rio Vista, the chief salmon fishing ground of the Sacramento. This seemed practicable at first, but, on examination, the water at Rio Vista was found to be wholly unsuitable, and this place was given up. Fortunately, a short time after, I was introduced, through the kindness of Hon. B. B. Redding, a member of the board of California commissioners of fisheries, to Mr. Montague, the chief engineer of the Pacific Railroad, who showed me the Pacific Railroad surveys of the upper waters of the Sacramento, and pointed out a place on the map, near the junction of the McCloud and Pit Rivers, where he assured me he had seen Indians spearing salmon in the fall on -1I- their spawning beds. This point is one hundred and eighty-five miles north of Sacramento City. Following this clew, I proceeded to Red Bluff, the northern- most railway station of the California and Oregon Railroad, situated fifty miles from the McCloud River. From inquiries made here, I became so well convinced that the salmon were then spawning on the McCloud River, that as soon as supplies and men could be got ready I took the California and Oregon stage for Pit River ferryf two miles from the mouth of the McCloud. We arrived here at daylight on the 30th of August. Leaving the stage at this point we followed up the left bank of Pit River on foot, to the mouth of the McCloud, and continued thence up the McCloud River. At a distance of about two miles above the mouth of the river, we came upon several camps of Indians with hundreds of freshly caught salmon drying on the bushes. Salmon could also be seen in the river in such numbers that we counted sixty in one spot, as we stood at the waters' edge. It was evident that this was the place to get the breeding fish, and the next thing was to find water to mature the eggs for shipment. This was not so easy a task as finding the salmon, but we at last discovered a spring stream, flowing a thousand gallons an hour, which I decided to use, this season at least, and on the morning of September 1, 1872, the hatching works of the first salmon-breeding station of the United States were located on this stream. The location is about three miles up the McCloud River, on its left or western bank. It is one hundred and eight- five miles from Sacramento City; three hundred and twenty-three miles from San Francisco, via Pacific Railroad; four hundred and fifty-three miles from Portland, Oreg.; two hundred and seventy-two miles from Oakland, Oreg.; fifty miles from Red Bluff, Cal.; twenty-two miles from Redding, Cal!' (RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 168-169, 1874). The ethnological data are quoted verbatim and each excerpt is identified as to Report of the Commissioner (RC) for the year 18, page number, and year of publication (e.g. RC for 1875-1876, p. 936, 1878). The single most important ethnographic account of the Wintu is by Cora Dubois, Wintu Ethnography (University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 1-148, 1935). Stone's information adds a bit to Dubois' record of native culture as well as providing interesting information on Indian-White relations in the early\?seventies. Robert F. Heizer -2- The Indians. It will be remembered, perhaps, that last year a good deal of uneasiness was caused at the fishery and in the neighboring settlements by the threatened attitude of some gf the Indians to the north and east of the McCloud River. Nothing was apprehended from the Indians in the immediate vicinity of the fish- ery; but there were others at no great distance from us who were inciting their companions to make an outbreak, and we heard of frequent threats of mischief being made by the northern and eastern Indians, and by some restless spirits nearer home; and although the actual danger of an attack might have been very slight, it was perfectly apparent that the hostility to the whites, which then -extended from the Sierra Nevada range to the Missouri River, had reached the McCloud, and that many Indians not far from us had caught the infection. All this was entirely changed this year. It could be seen in the faces of the Indians. The universal uprising of all the Indians between the Sierras and the ; Missouri, which had been so long contemplated, and which was to have culminated in July, 1878, having been checked by the vigilance of the War Department, the -project seems to have been given up for the present, and the effect of it was felt even at this distance. The Indians who advocated an uprising last year were silent on the subject this year, and the air of insolence among the more lawless ones last season had entirely disappeared this season. Indeed, the Indians were never better behaved or more manageable than they were this year; and it is only justice to them to say that much of the success of our work here is due to their assistance. A large number (between twenty and thirty) of them are employed at the fishery every year, and they are very efficient and valuable assistants, particularly in handling the fish, drawing the seine, pick- ing over the eggs, and similar work. If we could not have the Indians to help us, it would be very difficult to supply their place. The Presence of Soldiers At The Fishery. We pass naturally from the Indians to the soldiers, although this year the soldiers were not needed to protect us from the Indians. They were, however, needed, and indeed, a military guard is needed here every year on general prin- ciples. It is not so much what the soldiers do when they are here that makes them available, as it is their presence on the premises. Their mere presence is a great help, because it preventstrespasses from *being committed, and, on the principle that a remedy that prevents disease is worth more than the remedy which cures the disease, it is an excellent thing to have soldiers on the reservation. For instance, it was habitual with the Indians to kill the spawning salmon before the soldiers arrived, and not only this, but . ba corner post of the reservation was twice torn up this spring by white men and thrown away. An Indian's horse was shot on the reservation, and one settler drew a shotgon on another in a quarrel, which might have terminated fatally. A settler also attempted to build a fence within the reservation, and the timber on the reservation was cut indiscriminately by outsiders before the soldiers -3- came. Nothing of this sort has occurred since the arrival of the military guard, and would never have happened at all had the guard been here at the time these trespasses were committed. I take this opportunity to acknowledge the courtesy of General McDowell in sending the guard to the Fishery Reservation immediately upon my application for it. Allow me to say in this connection that the Fishery Reservation ought to be extended at the earliest possible moment. Settlers are beginning to come to the McCloud River. They take up a claim, burn the Indian rancheries, shoot their horses, plow up their graveyards, and drive the Indians back into the hills, the ultimate result of which must be approximate starvation. Besides this, miners may at any time roil the river above the fishery by their mining operations, and thus ruin almost the last and only spawning ground of the Sacramento salmon. Fishermen may come in with their nets below the fishery, and by capturing the spawning salmon wholly destroy the usefulness of the United States salmon-hatching station at this place. These considerations make it highly desirable that the reservation be ex- tended at least far enough up the river to include the trout-breeding station, which has just been established four miles above the salmon fishery. (RC for 1879, pp. 699-700, 1882) The M'Cloud River Indians. The Indians themselv-es are a good-featured, hardy, but indolent race. I found them always pleasant, genial, and sociable, though, like other Indians, very sensitive when their pride was wounded. They at first adopted the plan of ordering all white men out of their country, and were the last of the California Indians to yield to the encroachments of civilization. Even now they are not slowi to say to the white stranger, "These are my lands," and "These are my salmon;" but the stern consequences of conflict with the whites have taught them to abstain, from any violent vindication of their rights. They will still always revenge a wrong murder of one of their kindred, but I think they are a well-disposed race and will not injure any one who does not first injure them. Every one told me, before my arrival and during my stay on the McCloud, that the Indians would steal everything that they could lay their hands on. I am glad that this opportunity i.s afforded me of bearing testimony to the contrary, which I wish to do very emphatically. I would trust the McCloud Indians with anything. We used to leave our things every day around the house, and even down on the river-bank, for weeks together, where the Indians could have stolen them with perfect safety, and where they would not have remained ten minutes in a white man's settlement, and yet I -4- not know of a single instance of theft of the smallest thing on their part, ing all our stay of two months among them. On the contrary, in one instance, Indian traveled six miles one hot day to return me a watch-guard, which he i n the pocket of a garment which I sold him, and which he might have kept th perfect impunity. And on another occasion, on the arrival of some gold n, when I had reason to expect an attack from white men, I gave the gold to of my Indians, and told him that I depended on him to protect that and me 11 morning. I slept soundly; and the next morning the faithful Indian handed the gold just as I gave it to him. I wish on these accounts to be very em- tic in saying that the charges against these Indians of being a race of eves, are untrue and unjust. With all their good traits, however, murder did not seem to have the ob- xious character that it has among more enlightened people. Almost every loud Indian we met had killed one or more men, white or red, in the course of s life, but it was usually because they were goaded to it by ungovernable lousy or revenge. It was not from motives of gain or causeless malice. The McCloud Indians live and sleep in the open air in the summer. In the riny season they build wigwams or huts of drift-wood and dry logs, which they habit pretty comfortably through the winter. In the summer and fall they live .minly on the salmon and trout which they spear. In the winter they live on the )ialmon which they catch and dry in the fall, and on acorns, which they gather in Asreat quantities in. the woods. They hunt with bows and arrows, with which they occasionally kill a bear, though a few of the more enterprising have rifles. p hey trap a very little, but the salmon of the river are so abundant that they t--are not obliged to resort to hunting and trapping at all, and do not do much of e.;ither. I have made this long digression about the McCloud River Indians partly because their presence here is so singularly connected with the abundance of the almon in the Sacramente River. Had white men come here, and required the salmon :for food, this main artery of the supply system of the river would have been ustopped; or had white men come and engaged in mining, as they have done on the Yuba and on the Feather and American Rivers, the spawning-beds would have been ;covered with mud and ruined, as in those rivers, and in less than three years the salmon supply of the Sacramento would have shown a vast decrease. The pre- sence of the Indians, therefore, as far as it implies the absence of the whites, is the great protection of the supply of the Sacramento salmon. (RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 177-179, 1874) Our Neighbors. Our neighbors were Mr. George Allen and wife, who kept the stage station a mile and a half west of the camp; the ferryman at Pitt River Crossing, four miles down the river, Mr. O'Conner, commonly called "Old Jack", who lived alone, four miles up the stage-road; Dr. Silverthorne, who lived with an Indian wife, seven miles from camp on Cow Creek, and Mr. Campbell, eight miles up the river, who also has an Indian wife. We had no other white neighbors within twelve or fourteen miles. We were surrounded by Indians, of course, this being an Indian country.. Concholooloo, the head-chief of the tribe, lived very near us on the bank of the river. "Jim Mitchell," the other chief, has a rancherie and "porum boss," | (council-house or theatre,) in the forest a mile and a half from the camp. There was a marked improvement this year in the disposition of the Indians towards our party. The first two years, 1872 and 1873, they regarded us with more or less dislike and suspicion. This year there was an entire change in them. They seemed to have learned that we were their friends, that we had a genuine con- sideration for their welfare and were opposed to anything like tyranny or oppressio and when I passed over to them the thousands of salmon which we caught and had used for spawning, their hearts were entirely won over, and I think that we now have as individuals the confidence and friendship of the tribe. They express their sense of the difference between us whom they call "the far-off white men," and the whites they have been accustomed to, by a saying they often use: Chocky yapitoo chipkalla; kelail yapitoo challa. "The white men near here, bad; the far-off white men, good." At all events I thought I noticed this year an entire change for the better in their disposition toward us, though it should be remembered, that all the time in the depth of their hearts they wish that the whole race of white intruders were cleared out of the country, and if this much-desired consummation could be accomplished with impunity all personal considerations for us would be sacrificed to the common good. Near our camp is the graveyard of their chiefs and magnates, where good Indian of the McCloud have been buried for centuries. The living members of the tribe are in constant fear lest we should dig up these graves for relics. This fear, caused without doubt by the casual remarks of our party on the subject, is well illustrated by the following unique petition brought to me one day, with great formality and seriousness. The Indian woman who brought it had employed some white friend to draw it up for her. It reads thus: "Shasta, September 11, 1874 "This is to certify that Mrs. Matilda Charles Empire, one of the old settlers of Shasta County, is now on a pilgrimage to the graves of their ancestors, and she prays Commissioner Stone not to disturb any of her friends and relatives who have gone the way of all flesh, and thus they will ever pray; by! "Her husband, "EMPIRE CHARLEY. MATILDA CHARLEY. "Their sister, KATE CHARLEY." (RC for 1873, pp. 466-467, 1875) The Indian Sentiment in Regard to Catching the Salmon. Our attempt to locate a camp on the river-bank was received by the ians with furious and threatening demonstrations. They had until this time cceeded in keeping white men from their river, with the exception of one tler a Mr. Crooks, whom they murdered a few weeks after I arrived. Their cess thus far in keeping white men off had given them a good deal of assur- ce, and they evidently entertained the belief that they should continue, like ir ancestors before them, to keep the McCloud River from being desecrated by presence of the white man. Their resentment was consequently very violent n they saw us bringing our house and tents and camp-belongings to the edge of river, and taking possession of the land which they claimed as their own, settling down on it. They assembled in force, with their bows and arrows, ,the opposite bank of the river, and spent the whole day in resentful demon- ations, or, as Mr. Woodbury expressed it, in trying to drive us off. Had thought they could succeed in driving us off with impunity to themselves, y undoubtedly would have done so, and have hesitated at nothing to accomplish ir object; but the terrible punishments which they have suffered from the nds of the whites for past misdeeds are too vivid in their memories to allow em to attempt any open or punishable violence. So, at night, they went off, seemed subsequently to accept in general the situation. Individuals fre- gntly said to me afterward, however, that I was stealing their salmon and cupying their land; but it was more as a protest against existing facts than an endeavor to make any change in the situation. Once, when I was walking one in the woods on the other side of the river, an Inian with a very for- dding aspect met me, and said in the Indian dialect that he wanted to talk th me. I expressed my gratification at having an interview with him, and we t down on the rocks, and the talk began. He was very much excited and very athful. He told me that this was his land, and that his fathers had always bed there, and that I had no right to be there. He said the salmon were his, ; that they belonged to his tribe, and that I was stealing his salmon. He ed by saying that the white men had lands and fish in other places, that the ians did not go there and steal their lands and salmon, and that white men ght not to come here and take what belonged to the Indians. There is room ogh in the world for the white men, he said, without taking this river from he Indians to live on. I confess that his arguments seemed sound. The whole panorama of the ian's wrongs and sufferings, as the history of this country portrays it, th the encroachments and injustice of the white man, and the gradual but rtain disappearance of the red man before the advance of civilization, seemed to come up before my mind, and I felt that though I was the representative of a |powrful and enlightened nation, I could not answer this poor, ignorant, indignant 2#vage before me. I did not try to answer him, but I told him I was hi.s friend; [ that I did not mean to take his land or his salmon; that I should go away in a 4ew months; that I only wanted the spawn of the salmon; and that thy Indianls nuighl have all the salmon as soon as I had taken the eggs. He was not satisfied or appesed, however, and left me in the same disappointed and indignant spirit with L ~~~~~~~~~~-7- which he met me. This spirit continued to prevail among the tribe until we began to take spawn and to give them the salmon. Then, when they saw that they received only kind treatment from us always, and food and medicine occasionally, and that we gave them all the salmon to eat, securing only the spawn for ourselves, they seemed to see things in a new light. The public sentiment, I think, became entirely changed, and was pretty correctly expressed in what an Indian said to me, about that time: "I understand,"f said he, "you give Indian salmon; you only want spawn; that all right'" (RC for 1873, pp. 408-409, 1875) On Sunday, May 26, an incident occurred which, though resulting in nothing of importance, seems to illustrate the uncertainty with which life in re- mote and unsettled regions like this is accompanied. About midnight we were awak- ened by the dogs barking violently in the direction of the hill behind the house. Upon sending them out to see what was the matter, they went about ten rods to some thick brush, and returned yelping. At the same time we could distinctly hear stone being thrown at them. It was dark. There was only one man in the house besides myself, and we only had one gun between us. With the exception of the hostler at the stage station, a mile distant, there was not a white man within three miles, We were in a country which we knew was often frequented by desperadoes, and where the stage has been robbed six times in a month, and where murders are not of un- frequent occurrence. It might be only one or two burglars in the bushes, but how did we know that they were not a gang of cut-throats who were taking advantage of our weakness to over-power us, and secure the money which is supposed to be at a government station like this. It was impossible to help thinking that if that wern the case, how easy it would be for a few determined men to set fire to the build- ings, and then to pick us off, one by one, as we endeavored to escape. That has been the fate of a great many persons in unsettled portions of California, and why should it not be ours? I follow out this line of thought merely to illustrate the uncertainty which attends this sort of life. In point of fact the only result was that we remained awake the rest of the night, and in the morning we saw where the men, whoever they were, had thrown the rocks at the dogs. That was all. A very natural sequel to this incident took place just a week later, and also illustrates the uncertainty which I have just mentioned. About nine o' clock one evening we heard a great deal of noise, accompanied with some quarrelling among the Indians about a quarter of a mile below the house. The noise continuing, two of our men started down the road to see what the matter was, and on arriving at the fishery stable found one or two men engaged in robbing a teamster who was stopping there over night. One or two shots were fired by our party, but the robbers escaped. We found, however, that the rascals had not only robbed the teamster of his money, but had taken from his wagon twenty demijohns of whisky, which they had distributed indiscriminately among the Indians. The result was such as no one can realize who has not been in an Indian country. The Indians were all more or less intoxicated, were very noisy and quarrelsome, and were inciti each other to make a descent on the fishery, and, as they expressed it, "t sweep -8- t clean with the ground." Our men, in the highest degree indignant at this t trageous villany of the robbers, armed themselves for the occasion and *dtermined to give chase to them that very night. They found them about day- iLght at an Indian lodge, and placing the muzzles of their revolvers close to #he robbers' heads, they captured them without resistance. One is now in the ate's prison, the evidence against him being conclusive. The other was dis- rged for want of sufficient proof of his guilt.. This furnishes another stance of our insecurity. It is true it resulted in nothing, but had the udians been sufficiently intoxicated or sufficiently bold to make an attack n the fishery that night, they could have carried everything before them. On the 21st of June a post-office was established at the fishery, which named Baird, after Professor Baird, United States Commissioner of Fish and isheries. During the first week in July an Indian named Chicken Charlie called me and said his father was going to die soon, and he wanted a coffin made. e made the coffin, and after a while, when they supposed the Indian was dead, 4,hey put him in the coffin and proceeded to bury him; but before they had -finished burying him he came to life again, and they took him out and waited a while longer. The next time he really died, and the following day he was buried rover again. (RC for 1878, pp. 744-745, 1880) On the 25th of March there was an eclipse of the sun, and it was a tter of great astonishment to the Indians that we were able to predict the y and hour, and even minute of its occurrence. A considerable number of ndians assembled at the fishery about the time of the expected eclipse, and re extremely pleased with the facility with which they could see the sun hrough the pieces of smoked glass which I had provided, and through which they tched the progress of the eclipse with great interest and patience. When the *clipse was at its culmination a large otter came out of the water just in front f the house, under the impression, we supposed, that night was approaching. During their visit we had a good many jokes with the Indians about their theory of the eclipse, which is that a "weemah" or grizzly bear comes and eats up the sun. >S; ~~~(RC for 1875-1876, p. 936, 1878) Se'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~9 The eclipse of the sun.-On the 29th of July an eclipse of the sun took place. I had told the Indians two months before that it was going to happen, and from that time till the day of the eclipse they came to me every little while to inquire how many days before the lgrizzly bear would eat up the sun,"| that being their explanation of the darkening of the sun at an eclipse. When the day arrived, twenty or thirty of them came to the fishery and looked at the sun with the greatest interest through pieces of smoked glass which we prepared for them; and which enabled them to watch the progress of the eclipse much better than they could do in their own way, which is by observing the reflection of the sun in the water. It is a great mystery to them how the white man is able to predict so long beforehand the coming of the "grizzly bear that eats the sun." On the 25th of March, 1876, an eclipse of the sun occurred, and, at the height of the obscuration, an otter came out of the water in front of the house, looked around, and disappeared. The Indians remembered it, and kept on the watch for the otter during the eclipse this year (1878). No otter came; but it was a singular fact that the next day an otter---the only one we saw during the season--swam down past the house and back again, and disappeared. I think that the Indians who saw these otters will always think that an otter, as well as a grizzly bear, is required to accomplish an eclipse of the sun. The Indian scare.-On the 21st of July an Indian messenger came in great haste from Copper City, on Pitt River, about eight miles from the fishery, with a letter from the superintendent of the silver mines there, stating that alarm- ing rumors had reached that place about large numbers of northern Indians having been seen on the McCloud, and that the people there had heard that the Indians were meditating an attack on their settlement; and asking if we knew anything about it. About the same time we read in the papers that the Pit River Indians had been making hostile demonstrations on their river. Our McCloud River Indians, who by this time had heard of the alarm at Copper City, were very much excited. We wrote back'to the superintendent that we thought there was nothing in it, and that there was no danger. The next morning, however, an Indian squaw told us that the Yreka and Upper Sacramento Indians were coming down to the McCloud to kill the McCloud Indians and what white men there were on the river, meaning ourselves at the fishery. We heard farther that Outlaw Dick, who murdered George Crooks here in 1872, and Captain Alexander, an Indian of very warlike disposition, had urged the northern Indians at a recent council to make a descent upon the McCloud and "clean out," as they expressed it, all the white men and McCloud Indians on the river. To add to the excitement, a Piute chief had visited our Indians the past week to stir them up to make war on the whites. Three days after, a McCloud Indian came down in hot haste from Alexander camp and told our Indians that Alexander had gone north to "call" his Indians, ans that they would be down next month to make war on the McClouds. Some of our Indians were very much alarmed, and for several days a good deal dejected over this news, and they told us stories of ancient fights that they had had with the northern Indians, and how the Modocs and Yreka Indians had made war on them and burned their children and carried off their squaws. All this occurred just at - 10- e time when the San Francisco papers were full of the murders and depredations t the Oregon Indians, and we began to think that there might be something rious in the excitement in our neighborhood. At all events, as we had only e rifle at the fishery I thought it prudent to be at least better armed, and cordingly telegraphed for arms and ammunition. The excitement, however, grad- flly died away. The Piute chief returned to his own tribe; the Oregon Indians gan to surrender and come in to deliver themselves up to the soldiers; the Cloud Indians recovered from their alarm, and about three weeks after the first citement they informed me that Captain Alexander and his Indians had changed * ir minds and were not coming. This was the end of our Indian scare, and after his we thought nothing more about it. We might not have been in any danger what- er. It is very likely that we were not, and yet when a few white men are in an Zdian country where the Indians outnumber them ten to one, as in our case, their iry helplessness creates a feeling of uneasiness if there is only the slightest spicion of danger. We did not know that we were in great danger, but we knew t if we were, with but one rifle among us, we were perfectly powerless to ert it; and that reflection was an unpleasant one in itself. (RC for 1878, pp. 746-747, 1880) List of Indian Words of the M'Cloud Dialect. Although it does not properly come within the scope of this report, I ke the liberty to append a few words of the dialect of the McCloud Indians, r the sake of preserving something of a language which will soon become tinct. Without expecting to save them, I picked up these words casually from e Indians last fall, (1872) while getting the salmon-eggs, and, meager as the st is, I believe it is the only collection of words of the McCloud Indians t has been made: Indian..... Wintoon Fish ........ De6ek-et. White man.. Yi-patoo Salmon ...... Noo-oohl No ......... 1llo Trout ....... Syee-oolott Yes ........ Ho Salmon-trout Wye-dar-decket Yes(emphatic) Urmano Salmon-eggs Poo-oop Very ....... Boo-ya Sacramento Choo-sus A great many Boo-ya white fish Large ...... Bo-ha-ma Male salmon Charrk Small ..... Koo-oo-tett Female salmon Ko-raisch Cold ...... Teem-ma Black salmon Choo-loo-loonoo-oolh Warm Pee-lar-ma - White . ....Aee-teppem i ~Live Mooruch-beer (emaciated) +< Dead . ....Min-nail salmon I, me, mine, Nett Late-fall Eee-par-teppett my salmon You, your, him, (Non ego) mutt McCloud Winny-mame hoo-oolh X ~~her, his, salmon hers -11- North ...... Wy-ee Grilse ........ K`o-rilsh East ....... Ptu-ey Salmon fry .... K6o-ootett noo-oolh South ...... Norrh Dorsal fin .... Kho- rohl West ....... Num Adipose-fin ... Toohw-keeh Day ........ Sannie Pectoral ...... All-ale-i-kobol Morning .... Horn-heema Anal .......... Ken-tec-kobol Evening .... No-monnie Caudal ........ Pwar-tolh Night ...... Ken-Jahnie Gills ......... Khar-nee Dark ....... Cheepy Man. Sleep ...... Keen-na Woman ......... Mohlee Sleepy ..... Keen-ka Boy........... We'etah Breakfast.. Himmar-bar Girl ........... Pochtl1ah Dinner..,... Sannie-bar Infant ........ Pickaninny Supper ..... Kenwannie-bar Wife .......... Poich-ta To-morrow.. Himmar Sweetheart .... Poich-ta Yesterday.. Lender Hand .......... Semm Head ....... Pll-yoak Foot .......... Semm Eye ........ Toohio Arm. Khee-dett Mouth o...... O o-ol Horse ......... Horse Face ....... Toom Cow ........... Cow Hair ....... Tom-moi Bear .......... Cheelkh One ........ Ket-tett Grizzly bear.. Wee-mar Two ........ Parr-la Hog ........... Hor-roichta Three ...... Pahn-oulh Deer .......... Nopp Four ....... Clow-ett Beaver ........ 6 So-chett Five ....... Sansigh Otter ......... MAme-t6olich Six ........ Set-panoulh Mink .......... Bies-syooss Seven ...... L6-lochett Coon .......... Ca-raillett Eight ...... Set-clow-ett Fisher (cat).. Yutpokos Nine ...... . Ketett-elless Water-dog Hec-sollett Ten ....... . Tickalouss (lizard) Bow ........ Ko-lool Water oozel ... Souir-sfnny Arrow ...... Nott Gun ....... Ko-lool To shoot ... Yoopcha To bring ...... We'rrell Will shoot Yoopcha To pay ...... Doo-ya (future) To give ...... Doo-ya Have shot.. Yoopcha To stand ... Hick-f-yah (past) To give ...... K6ot-ch Spear ...... Kay-ell To want ...... Squeea To spear ... Dfdt-ley To eat ...... Bar To spear... Noo-oolh didt- To be hungry.. Bar-squeea a salmon ley To drink ..... Boolah To shoot a Nopp-yo'op-cha Intoxicated ......Whisky-Boolah deer To drink Whisky-bar To catch .... Perri-mahn spirits To catch Syee-oolott To strike . ... Koopah a trout perri-mahn To chop .... K6opah House . ... Boss To steal ....Khi-yah - 12- River ..... Meme To remain ...... Pomadilly Water ..... Meme To reside ...... Pomadilly Salt ...... Welche To sit down to Keltnah Ocean ..... Welche meme, rest or bohama To buy ......... Poolah meme To work ........ Kleet-ich Sacramento Bohaima mime To be tired .... Klee-tich-et River To sew ......... Hooray Fire ....... Pohrr To skin ...... trriticha Bread ...... Chow-trass To skin a deer. Nopp irritcha Flour ...... Chow-trass To be afraid ... Khee-lup Acorns ..... Klich-ly To like ........ Hi-hina Wood ........ Chusse To love ........ Hi-hina Tree ....... Mee To kiss ........ Ell-choopcha Tobacco.... Lo-ole To swim. Meme-tulich Knife ...... Kelly-kelly To row (a boat) Meme-tulich Acorns Peurmalh To understand.. Tipna growing To know ........ Tipna Blanket .... Jackloss To know sap-beh Looking Ken-wiunas (Spanish) glass To talk .Teen Shirt ...... Winnem-coddie All*...**&*.. Komm Rain ....... Lo6o-hay Same ......... Pee-yanny Sand ....... Pomm Other side ..... Poo-yelty Country.... Pomm Opposite bank Poo-yelty miame Flowers .... Loo-lich of river Buckskin, Tay-ruch This side ...... Num-flty tanned Chief .Wee-ee Buck-eye(nut) You-nott Stars ... Kloo-yook Money... . . Pess-sus Straight ...... Kellar Mountain .... Bo-haima pil- Bye and bye ... P8p-ham yokh Black ... Choo-loo-lo Long .. Charrua White ........ K-yah Short .. Wor-ohter To have ....... Bemen Good .. Challa How. ....... Hen-n5nie Bad .. Chip-kalla` How many...... Hissart New (clean). Illa When .. Hessan Dirty ....... Boo-koolah How long ...... Hessan To see ...... Winn-neh Where ....... Hecky To come..... Widder Here ........ h-weh To go ....... Harra What ...... . Pay-ee Have gone ... Harra Say (tell me). Haid-die Will go ...Harra . I don't know ..... O-oo Stay ...Booha . One month; . .... Ketett sass Rest ...Booha . next month Sunday Sannie booha Thank you Cha 1la (rest day) (simply "good"s) A week .. Ketett sannie booha - 13- I don't care .... Hester Bring a salmon Mut widder net Deer-skin ....... Nopp-nickol to my house boss noo-oolh Deer-stew ....... Nopp-clummiss Good Indian ..... Challa wintoon North star ...... Wye-dar-werris Bad white man ... Chipkalla yi-patoo Sick (at the Tecklich- Do you want Mut winner sqeea stomach) koolah to see my gun? net kolool Thread ......... Thee-put Coming .... Well-'rbo McCloud River.. Winnie-mame Come in and z ll-ponah keltnah My land ........ Net Pomm sit down When you come.. Hessan mut San Francisco, Kell-ale pomm widder New York, or any Atlantic Ocean Kell-ale-poo-ay distant place, (f r east salt welkh mame (far-off land) water) Come again ..... Way-ni-worr-ry Good bye (the Harra-dar idea of going, simply.) Let us go; Harra-dar come on Moon ......... . Sass Spanish words used by McCloud River Indians These words are spelt as the Indians pronounce them. Much ......... Mo6ocha Cluster of Small ........ Chikeeta Indian lodges... Ranchery To know ...... Sah-beh Money .......... Pes-sous Man .......... Moochacha (RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 197-201, 1874) A List of McCloud Indian Words Supplementary To A List Contained in The Report of 1872 by Livingstone Stone All-ale, Up, world of good spirits Elponna, Come in Ar-kal, Gone, used up E-wear, I don't know how Ar-nouka, I don't care to ~ Furbiss, New Attle-nas, Tattooing Hareimar, To carry away Bar-widder, Come and eat Harliss-penarda, I don't want to go Barla, Irony, a joke (or) a Harpa, Father falsehood Harrardar, Good-by -beeda, To be in want of Hebarky, I guess so -14- Bew-wy, To be the matter with Hestarm, What's the matter? -bim, (an intensifier,) Very He-wy-hy, More Boolock too mah, Not big enough Hissarm, How much Chaw-awl, Cooked, done Hissart, How many Chee-oomay, To bury Hornda, A long time; (also,) Che-hammis, Ax always Chil-chilch, Bird Hoo-roo-chook, Needle Chilluk, Provoked . Kaiser, Quick Chinny, To take Kar, Cloudy Chin-ou-le barda, I'll take Kar-har, A great wind it by and by Khark, Insane, crazy Chippewinnem, Midnight Ki-ra-ma, Finished Chocky, Near by Kellar, Straight Choo-hay, To gamble Ken, Down Chorck, Wooden Kent-parna, To rise up Chuna, Dance Kette-wintoon, Twenty; (i.e. one Clarbooruck, Quartz Indian, all his fingers and toes.) Col, Lips Khal-lokh, Plume Colcha, Pleasant weather Khee-yay, Uncle Cou-yarda, It hurts me Khlark, Rattlesnake Dar-khal, Burned Klarmet, To give Darnal, Get out: Klaw-ma, To kill -de (a pronoun referring to Kleetich-liss-penarda, I don't want the speaker) to work Dee-ee, Yes, (very emphatic) Koorcha, Pig Dokhy, Chin Khlesh, Soul, spirit Doompcha, To bathe Kwee-yer, Sick Ello-de-hestarmin, Nothing is Len-darda, Long time ago the matter with me Leepida, (used only with Shonn, Stone maie; mame teepida; I am Shono, Nose thirsty.) Shoohoo, Dog Lor-e-ke, Over that way Shookoo, Horse Ma-art, Ear Soo-harna, Will you please? Man, Any one, (like the German) Sukey, To stand Markh-us, Leg Tabar, Gambling-stick Mi-ee, Foot Tar-kee, Hat. -minner, Cannot Tay-ruch, Tanned buckskin Mooty, To understand Tee-chellis, Squirrel Neechi, Nephew Tilteeta, To go visiting Nick-el, Skin -tole, In, (or) on, (or) among; Niss, Me, (objective case - e.g. mneetole, in a tree of nett.) Toon-makh, Bosom Now owse, Cloth Toon-oo, Black Nun---mna, True Too-too, Mother Oh-my, Enough Tu-lich, To swim Oo-koo, Yonder Wawtcha, To cry Oosa, Almost ,15 Waree-worry, Come again Oose-lenda, Day before yesterday Weh: Come here! Oose-poppil, Last year Werry-werry, Hurry up! Oo-yool, Grapes Wilner, To get up, (from bed) Puhn-ee tus, Handkerchief Win! Look! Park, Body Winne-harra, To go in search of Pee-echa, To make Winnem, Middle Pi-ee, Manzanita Winne-squeea, I want to see Poilarn, Little while ago Wittelly, Quickly Pom missima, Winter Wohar, Cow Pom-kenta, Down, world of Woor-ous, Fish-spawn bad spirits Ya-mutta, Trail Pooly, There Yar-loo, Quit. Poo-re war, Dark Yaw-lar, Snow Poo-tar, Grandmother Yay-lo-cou-da, Move away! Poppil,Year Yet-u-nas, Name Po-Po-oppil, This year Yilkh-mar, Heavy Poppum-Po-poppil, Next year Yolie, Now Sawny-winnem, Noon Yolie-poppum, Pretty soon See-ee, Teeth Yorkos, Gold See-okoos, To brush See-wy, Writing, letters &c. (RC for 1873, pp. 428-429, 1875) Answers to Queries Concerning the Sacramento Salmon, Given in the Order of Professor Baird's Printed List of Questions Entitled "Questions Relative to the Food Fishes of the United States`. (The capital letters indicate the topics; the figures refer to -- the questions) A.-NAME Question 1. What is the name by which this fish is known in your neighborhood? If possible, make an outline sketch for better identification. Answer: The salmon of the Sacramento River which are caught at or below Sacramento City are known by the name of the Sacramento salmon. The salmon which are caught above Sacramento City take the name of the stream or the locality at which they are caught, as, for instance, the salmon caught in the mill-brook near Tehama are called Tehama salmon. So with the McCloud salmon and Pit River salmon, although all these fish are the proper Sacramento salmon. The grilse is very often called the salmon-trout, which confusion of names is likely at first to mislead a new-corner. In every instance which came under my observation on the tributaries of the Sacramento I found that salmon-trout invariably meant only a salmon grilse, with the single exception of the wye-dar-deekit. (See No. 27 and No. 68 of the catalogue of specimens.) -16- The spawning male salmon of the tributaries is called the dog-salmon or ,-toothed salmon, and is supposed by the uninformed to be a different fish the Sacramento salmon, though it is the same in a different stage. The Indian names for the McCloud salmon in their different stages are as llows: Salmon ............... Noo-oolh Late "Fall salmon" ..Eee-par-teppem Male salmon .......... Charrk McCloud salmon ...... Winni-mame noo-oolh Female salmon ....... . Ko-raisch Young salmon fry ... K6o-oot'et noo-oulh Grilse. K6-riulch Salmon eggs........ Poo-oop Black salmon ......... Choo-loo- Salmon skin ........ No6o-oolh-irritcha loo noo-oulh Dead salmon ........ Min-nal noo-oolh White (emaciated) salmon. Aee-teppem (For outline sketch of salmon see drawings accompanying the Smithsonian specimens.) (RC for 1872 and 1873, p. 184, 1974) CAPTURE Question 71. How is this fish caught; if with a hook, what are the ferent kinds of bait used, and which are preferred? Answer: The Sacramento salmon is caught with nets, spears, Indian traps, .with the hook. In the smaller tributaries of the main river, as at Tehama, y are killed with shovels, pitch-forks, clubs, and every available weapon. sthe upper tributaries, as the McCloud, the Indians catch them in traps, nged to capture the fish going down the river exhausted, but not those ending the river. At the sources of the river, near Mount Shasta, they are ht by legitimate angling with a hook. Salmon roe is almost exclusively used bait. Some have been taken with the artificial fly. (RC for 1872 and 1873, p. 194, 1874) The supply of the Sacramento salmon has a singular natural protection ing from the fact that the McCloud river, containing the great spawning- nds of these fish, is held entirely by Indians. As long as this state of xgs remains, the natural supply of the salmon stock of the Sacramento may be Asidered as guaranteed. That this protection is one of no slight importance be inferred from the fact that the appearance of the white man, on the Ameni- and Feather rivers, two great forks of the Sacramento, has been followed by itotal destruction of the spawning beds of these once prolific salmon-streams, the spoiling of the water, so that not a single salmon ever enters these h.. ~~~~~~~~-17- rivers now where they used to swarm by millions in the days of the aboriginal inhabitants. I earnestly hope that the policy which has been pursued with the Modoc Indians, against whom a war of extermination is now going on, just north of the McCloud river, will never be adopted with the McCloud River tribe. It would be an inhuman outrage to drive this superior and inoffensive race from their river, and I believe that the best policy to use with them is to let them be where they are, and if necessary, to protect them from the encroachments of the white men. (RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 193-194, 1874) General Movements of the Sacramento Salmon in the Lower Parts of the River The prime salmon first make their appearance in the tide-water of the Sacramento, the early part of November. They are then very scarce, only three or four a day being at first caught at the great fisheries. They are at this time 18 cents a pound at wholesale, and 25 cents a pound at retail. They increase gradually in numbers, through November and December, and the retail price falls to 20 cents. By the middle of January they are somewhat more abundant in the bay, but few continue to be caught up the river. They remain scarce, or, rather, not abundant--more all the time being caught in the bay than up the river--until the 1st of March, when they begin to pour up the river in vast quantities. This flood of salmon lasts through March, April, and May, making these months the harvest months of the river fishermen, both because the salmon are plentiful and because they are in good condition. The run culminates the last of April, or first of May. They are then the most abundant. They fall off from this time gradually in numbers and condition through May, and become comparatively scarce in June and July, and the first part of August. Before the end of August a new run commences, and, to quote the fishermen's words, "the river is full of them." The quality of-this fish is very poor compared with the winter and spring runs, which circumstance, connected with their great abundance, makes them a drug in the market at this time. They can now be bought at 3 cents a pound, and even for less, as tons of them are thrown back into the river for want of purchasers. This abundance continues through September, the quality of the fish remaining very poor. In October the numbers fall off again and continue to lessen, till | the new winter run begins again in November. The following table, according to months, shows the condition of the Sacramento River, in regard to the salmon, at Sacramento: -18- Month Numbers Quality January Increasing, but not abundant Prime February Increasing, but not abundant Prime March Very abundant Prime April Very abundant Nearly prime May Falling off, but still abundant Nearly prime June Somewhat scarce Inferior July Somewhat scarce Inferior August Very abundant indeed Very poor September Abundant Very poor October Falling off. New run begins Very poor November Very scarce Very fine December Scarce Very fine General Movements, Etc., of the Sacramento Salmon in the M'Cloud River It will be seen by the previous notes that there are salmon in the tkLower Sacramento every month in the year. It is not so in the upper tributaries gof the river, as for instance, in the Little Sacramento, or in the McCloud. The ,salmon have stated times for arriving in the upper tributaries and for remaining ,in them, and at other periods of the year there are no salmon in these streams. The salmon arrive in the mouth of the McCloud in March, but are scarce n that month. In April and May they become plentiful but are not large, the erage weight not exceeding ten or twleve pounds. They remain plentiful rough June and July, during the latter part of which months they receive an cession from Pit River, the lower part of which river now becomes nearly serted by the salmon. In August, there is a large run of salmon up the loud, composed of larger fish. The salmon are now, in August, the largest most abundant of any time in the year in the McCloud. They begin to spawn the lower portions of the McCloud during the last half of August. By the' ddle of September the salmon begin here to die, and from this till the end of month they die very rapidly, and there are thousands of dead salmon floating the stream and being washed up to the banks. The bears now come down to river in great numbers to eat the salmon, and the Indians stop spearing and bear-hunting. About this time---the latter half of September--a new run of Imon makes its appearance in the McCloud, called the "fall run." They were by any means plentiful this year, (1872) but kept the river from being tually deserted by salmon for a month or more. During October there are no ;mon in the McCloud, except the few new-comers of the "fall run," and by the of November all the salmon are gone from the river except one or two indi- *al stragglers here and there. By this time the Indians have all their salmon edand packed away for winter. Some of the Indians have moved back into the s, while those that remain on the river have built little wigwams of drift ,to protect them from the winter rains, and have gone into winter quarters. .~~~~~~~~~~~~ -19- From November till March there are no salmon in the McCloud River. (RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 180-182, 1874) [Extracts from Catalogue of Natural History Specimens Collected by L. Stone for the U.S. Fish Commission] No. 110. Dried salmon. This is a fair specimen of the dried salmon, which the McCloud River Indians live on chiefly through the winter. Most of the salmon used for drying are taken in August and September, when they are spawning or falling down the river exhausted, after spawning. They are then easily capture by spearing, or by traps. The spears are very long, and carefully made. The trap are merely baskets of bushes, placed at a fall or rapid, and winged on each side by a fence of stakes or bushes running at a slight angle up the river, so that the exhuasted fish coming down the river, finally find their way into the basket and are there trapped. The McCloud Indians do not try to trap the fish coming up the river, but only those going down, which is just the contrary of the principle of the white man's trap and nets. The Indians, very singularly, prefer the exhausted and dying salmon for drying to the fresh and prime ones. As soon as a salmon is speared or taken from the trap it is opened - the spawn always being saved as a luxury - and split and hung on a bush or fence made for the purpose, in the open air. In the dry air of California, the drying process is sufficient to preserve them without salt. The Indians never use salt in pre- serving their salmon, and will not eat salt meat of any description. When the salmon are sufficiently dried, they are tied together in bundles, and packed away around the sides of the lodges. These specimens were presented by one of the McCloud chiefs, and, repulsive as they seem, they represent the main support of the Indians during the winter, and are highly valued by them. No. 111. A deer-skin, tanned and dressed by the McCloud Indians. Used for making moccasins, and sometimes for clothes. Some of the deer-skins dressed by the McClouds are very white and soft. October, 1872. No. 112. Deer-skin blanket. Prepared and sewed by the McCloud Indians. This is the common blanket of these Indians. October, 1872. No. 113. Heavy buck-skin blanket. Tanned by the McCloud Indians. Large and heavy skins like this are used alone, as blankets. This one is nearly as large as the two sewed together of the last specimen. No. 114. Seeds, stalk, and leaf of plant used and highly valued by the Sacramento River Indians, for making thread and nets. It will be observed that it has a good fiber. Near Mount Shasta, October 10, 1872.1 No. 116. Nuts of the "fDigger"f pine. Highly valued by the Indians as foor October, 1872. No. 117. Soap-root. McCloud River, November, 1872. Used by Indians forl making brushes. - 20-| No. 118. Stones of which arrow-heads are made by the McCloud Indians. loud River, October, 1872. No. 119. Acorns and leaves of mountain live-oak. These acorns, together th the acorns of other oaks, form the next important staple of food to the ed salmon, among the McCloud Indians. The squaws gather them in great quanti- es, and make a kind of paste or soup of them, in which form they are eaten, ost exclusively. McCloud River, October 7, 1872. Contributed by B. B. Redding. No. 131. Salmon eggs. Dried by Indians for food. Esteemed a luxury. esented by Indian chief. McCloud River, California, October, 1872. No. 132. Arrows without points. Six specimens. McCloud Indians, loud River, California, October, 1872. No. 133. Arrows, with stone points. McCloud Indians, McCloud River, lifornia. Six specimens. October, 1872. No. 134. Arrows, with steel points. Two specimens. Sacramento River ians, (Upper Sacramento,) October, 1872. No. 135. Arrows, with glass points. McCloud Indians, McCloud River, lifornia, October, 1872. Six specimens. No. 136. Arrows. Pitt River Indians. Pitt River, California, October, 2 . No. 137. Indian bow, made by Con-choo-loo-la, chief of McCloud Indians, loud River, California. The bow is made of yew, and is covered on the back h salmon skin, which is prepared by a secret which the Indians will not dis- se. The salmon 'skin imparts a wonderful elasticity to the bow, which will back, when it is unstrung, seveal years after it is made. Con-choo-loo-la probably the last of the great chiefs of the McCloud Indians. No. 138. Sprig of yew, from the wood of which the Indians make their a. October 12, 1872. Upper Sacramento River. (RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 210-213, 1874) I tried three ways of capturing the parent salmon; first, by the Indian p; second, by a stake-net and pound; third, by a sweep-seine. The Indian p consists of a fence of stakes or bushes, built out into the river, at a 1l or rapid, in the form of a letter V, having the angle down stream, and a ket-trap at the angle. This method proved perfectly worthless, as of course must, for catching healthy fish, as this contrivance catches only the ex- 8ted fish that are going down the river, and none of the good fish that are \ ~~~(RC for 1872 and 1873, pp. 171-172, 1874) '~~~~~~~~~~~~ -21- [Extracts from brief daily journal of L. Stone] July 9.--Visit from Conchoolooloo, the Indian chief. July 13.--First photographs taken. All hands went to an Indian dance in the evening. Comet seen to-night for the last time in the evening here. August 5.--An unusual number of Indians about the camp to-day. Took a photograph of Conchoolooloo, the chief of the tribe. August 12.--All hands at work to-day in the tent on the hatching- apparatus. The Indians fish a good deal in the river about this time, at night, diving, themselves, for the salmon with a hand-net, which they use in the water with wonderful skill. August 18.--An Indian woman came to the camp for protection, being pursued by an Indian, whose brother she had killed. August 19.--The Indian in pursuit arrived in camp this morning, armed with a six-shooter. Danger of another murder. The Indian, after some flourish- ing of his revolver, was ordered to leave the camp, which he did. September 3.--Indians hold a large council in an immense underground council-house. September 13.--A party of Indians, on a pilgrimage to the graves of their ancestors, arrived to-day, and presented a petition, requesting us not to disturb the bones of the buried forefathers. (RC for 1873, pp. 468-470, 1875) - 22- II. SELECTED EXCERPTS FROM- ALEXANDER S. TAYLOR'S INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Edited by Robert F. Heizer - 23- FOREWORD Alfred Kroeber in his Handbook of the Indians of California (Bureau f American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 78, 1925) said that it would be useful to eprint Taylor's Indianology, that vast miscellany of ethnography, history, eology and gossip which appeared in the weekly California Farmer a newspaper, tween February 22, 1860 and October 30, 1863. When Kroeber wrote that inion in 1917 a great deal of nativeethnography and California history remained be published. Now, a half century later, we have ready access to more re- able information, as well as a greater quantity of good ethnographic and storical accounts, and the availability of these demonstrates how inaccurate d useless is much of what Taylor published. For his time, one hundred and ten years ago, Taylor must have seemed readers of the Farmer an informed and erudite person. Indeed, for his me, he no doubt was. But today we see that he had no sense of problem, and actically no basis for evaluating the information which came into his hands, ether this was some Spanish explorer's journal, the baptismal register of a anciscan mission, a newspaper article reporting the discovery of gigantic ehistoric human bones, or whatnot -- apparently everything that came to his tention might be quoted (often so casually that it is not possible to dis- ver what the original source was), or merely plagiarized. A serious shortcoming of the Indianology is the abundance (should we redundance?) of printing errors in names and dates. Taylor's copy was titten in longhand, and compositors must have had difficulty in reading his ript for aboriginal words. His copy was apparently not proofread, and the s-readings from poor original copy which appeared in the Bureau of American bnology's Handbook of American Indians (Bulletin No. 30, Part 1, 1907, Part 2, 10) have, so to speak, enshrined his (or the printer's) errors as veritable derings of names of villages recorded in mission registers and from which verts were drawn from 1769 to 1834. Actually, nowadays, nobody pays much ention to Taylor's toponymic renderings which appeared in The California mer and which were faithfully copied and mis-copied (at times mis-mis-copied) 4BAE Bulletin 30. Still useful, however, are his occasional identifications Chumash place names with toponymic renderings secured from Indians in the O6's. But, notwithstanding the above evaluation, there is a residue of lid, original fact about California Indian ethnography which only Taylor knew which he reported as best he could. A selection of what are considered to tuseful and for the most part original articles taken from the Indianology re reprinted below. - 25- Of Taylor himself, something is known. He was born in 1817 and educated in South Carolina and left home in 1837 for travel in India and South- west Asia. He came to California in 1848 during the Gold Rush. Until 1860, when he moved to Santa Barbara, he served as Clerk of the U.S. District Court in Monterey. Sometime before 1860 he developed an interest in California Indians and history, and he produced several long works which were printed in California newspapers (Cowan 1933; Powell 1967:3-11). Some of his writings, still unpub- lished, are in Bancroft Library, as is his own bound copy of the Indianology which has been used to extract the articles which follow. Taylor in 1864 compile a map showing the location of California tribes which is cited by Bancroft in the 1880's but not published until 1941 (Heizer 1941). During his late life Taylor was an honorary member of the California Academy of Sciences and a Corresponding Member of the Societe d'Ethnographie de Paris (Lucy-Fossarieu 1881:1). Taylor died at La Patera on July 27, 1876. Robert F. Heizer Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California References Cowan, R. E. 1933 Alexander S. Taylor, 1817-1876, First Bibliographer of California. California Historical Quarterly 12:18-24. Heizer, R. F. 1941 Alexandef S. Taylor's Map of California Indian Tribes, 1864. California Historical Society Quarterly 20:171-180. Lucy-Fossarieu, P. j 1881 Les Langues Indiennes de la Californie. Compte Rendu du Congres International des Sciences Ethnographiques, Paris, 1878. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris. Powell, L. C. 1967 Bibliographers of the Golden State. School of Librarianship, University of California, Berkeley. -26- C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S By Alex. S. Taylor THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA The California Farmer, March 23, 1860 * The following interesting letter will explain itself, and for which I ve to return my thanks to Messrs. Van Dyke and Taggart for their Kindness. Orleans Bar, Klamath Co., Dec. 3, 1856. Sir: Your note of the 9th ultimo, with the Vocabulary from Mr. Taylor Monterey, was duly received, but I have not had time until the present to ttend to your request. I have filled up the list of words from memory, or nearly so; but I ve no hesitation in assuring you that they are as nearly correct as it is ssible for me to represent Indian sounds by combination of English letters. I have been in the habit of speaking all these words; for the list re- ired, constitutes of course but a small part of this language. For the last x years, and even now, there are certain gutterals and aspirates, which I nd a difficulty in producing, and which can only be achieved by No. 1 organs speech, assisted by fine ears and long practice. You will see, I have been er the necessity of making a new list of words, in order to get room to *11 plainly. When I came on the river, the number of inhabited rancherias was 36. accompanying list comprises all that are now inhabited, within the bounds this tribe, from Bluff Creek to Indian Creek -- a distance of perhaps 80 l-es on the Klamath River. I have not thought it worth while to mention the s of the 'deserted villages'; let them pass away with their inhabitants. re are many 'suggestions, and explanations, with regard to the structure the language' that I could make, that I have no doubt would at least [be] eresting to your friend, Mr. Taylor. Hoping that you will consider this as complying with your request, I scribe myself, yours, respectfully. G. W. Taggart. :Walter Van Dyke Uniontown, Humboldt Co. (Qnoitted here is a long vocabulary of the Karok language which has been reprinted by P. de Lucy-Fossarieu, Les Langues Indiennes de la Californie. Paris, 1881.] F /~~~~~~~~~-7- List of Rancherias Woopum, Chee-nitch, Tuck-a-soof-curra, A-mi-ke-ar-rum, Sun-num, Sum-maun, Couth, Ish-e-pish-e, Soo-pas-ip, E-no-tucks, If-terram, I-yiss, Soof-curra, Pas-see-roo, Home-nip-pah, E-swhedip, Home-war-roop, E-nam, As-sif-soof-tish-e-ram. - 28- C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S By Alex. S. Taylor THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA The California Farmer, April 27, 1860 ePartial Vocabulary of the Indians near San Antonio Mission, situated in a ey of the Santa Lucia Mountains, about seventy miles southeast of Monterey. Spanish -- Questions. Indian of S. Antonio -- Ans. Buscas? dice tu madre? a oygo? da te iras? ta este media hecha la asa vendra? O. on San Antonio? de aquellos queres? Quidago cimchaue Busca Chaael. Quidago cimcic mati. Acopis sanec. Cax Lamia. Me Lemistom la juen lama. Hepit Liguia sepe San Antonia. Cueta petimalog. Me crememia ona long la crech. o tu te vayas as a ma te ira? emos de comer nosotros y a la tarde? dores malisenios? centro de la tierra? uscas al venir aca? ras quando morire? ien es esso coton? se los llevaron? Quesi layo la lamager taa Lemiconoja na caach. Chaumanel. Nepe Lugui lac. Quidago cimchaus lamicoe. Hoy moy na ail la ajar quien. Queta ma quissi lope. Cax lumne. to se iran? Cax la lania. :e la mule? 0 laua ma na mula. il o dolor tienes? Equech tipin. e dara el padre en n Antonio? Que la cimaich la padre loma San Antonio o quecicimaich. Ws dara el padre en in Antonio? Queci lo comaich la padre loma San Antonio. Note.--This partial vocabulary was made on the leaf of an old book, about p by Padre Baltazar Sitgar, at San Antonio Mission, in Monterey county, and carefully copied and compared. An Indian of this Mission, with whom I con- bd in 1856, about twenty-five years old, had a thick, heavy beard and mustache, -29- as much so as that of any white man, and he had the usual brown iris. An old native Californian, who was brought up at San Antonio Mission, tells me that these Indians could not converse with the Chal of the Mission of Soledad, thirty-five miles towards the north. A brother of this last, who also lived for many years at San Antonio, and is still living there, gave me the following memoranda of the San Antonio Indians. The Rancheria of the Mission was called Teshaya. The Rancheria of the Iolones was on the present Rancho Los Ojitos; Sapaywis was the Rancheria of the place now called Salqualco, after a Mexican town. There were other rancherias situated on the present places called Piojas and Copeta de Goronice. The name of the Rancheria of the site of San Miguel Mission was Chulam, or Cholami(?). These Indians spoke the same language as those of San Antonio, being only thirty miles to the southeast. Both Missions always contained Indians from the Tulare Lakes. The President of the Missions in 1822, Friar Jose Senan, states in his annual account that in San Antonio there were 834 Indian converts, and in San Miguel 926, and that, during the existence of the two Missions, 6,324 had been baptized. Indian names of the Rancherias of San Antonio, from the Mission books: Chacomex, Steloglamo, Texia, Zassalete, Lamaca (on the sea-shore); Chitama (in the mountains near the coast); Chunapatama, Cholucyte, Ginace, Zumblito, Tsilacomap, Atnel, Chuzach, Cinnisel (on the Montery River); Tetachoya or Ojitos, Quina or Quinada, Eimal (on the beach); Seama, Tecolom or now Rancho Arroyo de San Lorenzo of Rico ,Lima, Subazama, Iolon, Chuguilin (or San Miguelita) Men's names: Stapocono, etc. Women's names: Motzucal, Tacchel, Chiguiy, Cizacolmen. The Indian name of the Salinas river (head-waters) between San Miguel and Santa Margaritta, in San Luis Obispo county, was known as Sagollin. -30- C A L I FO R N I A N O T E S. B- Alex. S. Taylor THE INtDIANOLOGxY OF CALIFORNIA Second Series (Continued from the Farmer of Nov. 16, 1860.) I.--A. Sacramento Indians.--No. 4. The Indians of the Sacramento VJalley, and those of the Northern Sierra da, and of the Mountains to the West of the Sacramento. 48 XX.--The Indians of Santa Clara and San Juan Baptista Missions. ThIe Indian names of the Santa Clara Indians, taken from the Mission Books ptism, commenced 12th January, 1777, are as follows: Male--Saunim, Namagte, is, Tascalerae, Chaquisnusca., Cathipiche, Guatgenca, Cathipate, Saperis, eta, Tatlaye, Cloche, Julau, Tomojohm, Oscolcos, Riguis. Fema.le Names-- linglier, i4a,yaset, Iupan, Allama, Athiama, MB.ssette, Gensen, Usut, Etquislan, chignis, Fanjamn, Otomo, Osthomus, Soluem, Suissite. The Indian names of the heries are not given in this book. For the above I am under obligations to id friend, M. Acolti, of Santa Clara College. For the following short Vocabulary of Santa Clara, I am indebted to the Professor Mengariri, of the same College, who took it down (in 1856) from ld Chief born at the Mission, named Marcellino, and now about 70 years old. er Mengarini passed !many years among the Flathead Indians of the Rocky tains as a M4issionaryy, and is the author of a valuable and volum.inous Gramm.ar Vocabulary of tne ?lathead tribe not yet published: W4 INDIAN ENGLISH lIJDIAN lresh leaf maragi Fn ~~~suric1E bark rottoi t ~~~netaresh grass roreg, lappee, hunni *1 ~~~~~ne- suriclrc -3'1- ENGLISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN infant nepe suricl flesh, meat rish father appam dog chucho mother ananam bear or6sh husband macko wolf umugh, magan, loopequefio wife han'am deer uluf son innishim elk tiron daughter shininem tortoise aunnishonen brother tackam fly mumurigh little brother taushikbhem musketo homo shlci sister rananem snake eppigna, or k1urumish indians, people tavema bird shaklin head tagash egg tiva hair uri feathers zayo face (no word) wings wirak forehead rimmag duck shakkan ear rucshush pigeon arawa eye hin fish oyo nose us salmon chipal mouth wepperem sturgeon urak tongue lassegem name zushui. teeth siitem white noskomini beard eiekem red utchamin neelc rannaiem black mustuishmini arm issu blue chitkomini hand zalmes yellow cashrishmini fingers zonokram green chitkomini small finger kapishemn great wettel -32- LISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN Ls zurem small kushukmini dsr weawva strong ruishfeshmini tg corom old kuntach t hattam young zaresh Os cororn good orchishmini pno zujim bad ekt;mini rt minig handsome tshmet ood paiagem ugly sasrnoshmini village grawam alive Icamishmini ef captan dead ottone rrior achishmini cold kowi end areem warm lawa se gruwam I ettesh tle yasham thou mene zanulcam he arukshi w zawisemn we nakken lachaiem ye makkam fe cuchillo they nekam O walin this nepe es otbhem that waka oe zrepan all emmen aeco matteri many, much malclcamernen zavag who m&atto n ~~~tshmen - near emmesh tn corme today nesa ar ushi yesterday uikkani nr ~~~zugi tomorro-w ushish - 33 - ENGLISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN night moor yes ehe light coregiorno no ellekish darkness murtu one emhem morning ushistak two uttia evening u;yakse three kapan spring yuki itma four kattoash su-mmer lawa five mushio autumn imne six shakken winter cawilmaki seven kennetclc north wind wassar eight osatis south wind kanno nine zellektish east wind rage ten wesh west wind tiye eleven tingemaye thunder zaraak twelve utinaye lightning wilka twenty utiawesh rain amne thirty kappanwesh snow wakkan to eat ammai mene (I eat) hail wallnimatlish to drink weto mene fire sottb to run elektonkei water sea to dance tokenen ice pussuimakish to sleep ettini earth, land warep to speak nonoenti sea ka*lle to see himmoy river ru~ume to love nonowenti lakce ziprek to kill nimi valley urahah to sit chawrai hill, mountain uva to stand itmai isl and urshin to go achki | LISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN stone treke to come ayi salt awes to walk wattenti iron lawo tree tappor wood hoo The Indians of San Juan Baptista This Mission was founded by Padre Lasuen, on 21st June, 1797, on the site of the place called by the Indians Popelouchom. For the following names of Indians and Rancherias, I am under obligations to the 'ev. J. iMora. They were talcen from the old baptism-book: Names of Rancherias--Absayme, Yt'tseen, Iratae, Jeboaltae, Jasniga, Lithenca, Ansaimas, Xlvirca, Xisca, Utchuchu, Tipsistaca, Poitoiquis, Kathlendaruc, Onixaymas, and Pagnines. Names of i4ales--Cattiurny, Lassuet, Litchic, Tepere, Colsap, Rosmoyoc, Purchives, Muthuare, Xisca, Coguey, Chaisca. Female Names--Jassim, Nocnoc, Waglitio, Aimmex, Talale, Colox, Coasla, Chonera, Tossoux, Xotore, Manzuen, lMonocho. As before noted in this Indianology, a Vocabulary and Grammar was made of the language of the P;Tkutsunes of this mission by Padre Felippe Arroyo. ; ow many of the old Catholic Colleges, Libraries, Convents, and lMlissions, still existing in the Spanish Americas, and containing treasures of Philology, History, and Indian Homology, can only be known when a new race of people will subdue those countries. Father Acolti informed me lately that while he was studying in Rome, a Bishop from one of the La Plata Provinces assured him that there were still existing in the University of Tucuman or Cordova, formerly be- longing to the Jesuits, large volumnes of manuscripts of the old Fathers, contain- ing V[ocabularies, Grammars, and Histories of the Indian tribes and nations converted by them during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but which -35- have never yet been aired in the world of printers' literature--never had A puffing publisher--even unnoticed by such undivine poets as Southey. In La Paz of Bolivia, and in Quito of Ecuador, Lima of Peru, Mexico City, and elsewhere, these old friar-missionaries and scholars accumulated immense deposits of manu- scripts of their own writing, and of the printed treasures of mind of the learned of Europe, and which are still in the possession of the Governments thereaway. The College of Santa Clara, founded by the Jesuits in 1855, bids fair to become the most extensive as well as thoroughly founded and nourished of all the California Institutions of Learning. It is, so far, the most complete of ary in the State, though doubtless in a few years it will be subjected to great competition with active and wjell-arranged Protestant Schools of the same grade. -36_ C A L I F0 R N I A N O T E S. By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA (continued.) No. 7. Santa Ynez and the Santa Barbara County Indians. Vocabulary of the Indians living near Santa Ynez Mission in Santa Barbara t, taken by the Author, in April 1856, from an Indian man, thirty-five s old, born near the Mission. 3SH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN rits shoupa eagle unWc a.uehk Cal. quail iya ma ma eneik hawk hellek cheche sea-muscles taw chinkeav avelones tahya nt, child cheche fish alemu *r kocce dead, death shuclcshaw r hawhilc cold sutatah er Ickami very sheshalcwa er ckitces - one pakl s snochks tlwo eshko ohkwa three massec whead ehkcey four scunmu stoo five ehtepagas tuk six itishcau nahih seven etemassa th ~~~uekc eight rnalawa 3 ~~~alepui nine spa tooth ten cheahws k ~~~sshue eleven tayloo -37 - ENGLISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN arm waechae twelve masaescomu hand poh thirteen mas. ca-el pa.ka sky, heaven atapa twenty saw-yu sun alasha hundred cheahwaschea moon ah-y-ya eat aushun f ing,ers smemey drink ukume]. body es-amuck milk siutek leg ele wae walk a.lpahtar feet suoel salt conu grasshopper tuk ha acorns ek palish vulture slok ka. wa earthquake swayl-etd whale pah-hat eclipse shuk-shak-awaya heart. iyapis fighting eshtaush house, hut aap owl shakwa s rrow varrow hooting-owl muh-hu or tucolote bow ach canoe, boat tomolo breast soseya star ahkewcus seat of man loocha clouds toohoey flowers speyhe light shuksti rattlesnake celakhel darkness surlu poison-snake ha shap wind sakhuet black-snake peshosp air alapache horn-frog emey-kahaya rain ~~~stowoe lice shekash f~ire knue flea estaep smnoke tokho sandhill or crane pooloe crow bach eyebrows chanakoots-kosh -38- INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN huus eyelids wits twyk oah uncle kanish land shoup aunt 1camuk eshamel cousin noomumulk stayheaa strong wind sahkanono ooshlolumon sickness yokpatcchis rock hauep seed sahamun noname atole or mush of shuputish grass seeds stayic high friendship stropeit-essak tek bullrush stapan anger and hate sak a-tuk pe-it sweat kiss haloy jou meat sawhmut love chohoe rnuhheyeu where are you going? nu-kunla? ashka asphaltum wakau -squirrel ehmeu -liquid asphaltum ma-laack wuuh antelope shewi wieetse egg stumruy wawa duck olwashkola The rancheria of the Mission was known as Cascen or Cascil. Other ranch- were Mekewe, Sapelek, Seyuktoon, Kolok, Shalawa, Shopeshno, Nipoma and A rancheria close by the Mission of La Purisima was called Lipook. 9mnta Barbara were two rancherias called Ciyuktun and iasewuk. ,An Indian about twenty-seven years old says, that the San Buenaventura, Barbara, Santa Ynez and La Purisimna Indians, spoke nearly the same language. wtherias near the Mission of San Buenaventura were Cayuguis, at La Punta HaMhow at Jose Carrillo' s Rancho; Immahal, not far from t4ahow; Sapaquonil, 6 ~~~~~~~~~~-39-. on Jimeno's rancho, Casunalmo, at Rafael Gonzalez' rancho; Casnahacmo, at Santa Clara's rancho; Topotopow on Hernando Tico's rancho; Spookow, north of Mission on Beach; Tallapoolina, at the rancho Viejo, up the Santa Clara river from the Mission. The Indian informant was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular. The rancheria of the Mission of San Buenaventura was called Eshhulup. These Indians used formerly canoes made of wooden planks, and all lived in the vicinity of the ocean. The Indians of Santa Barbara county were generally among the best-looking and most ingenious of all the Missions. It will be remembered that in 1542 Cabrillo, the discoverer of California, was well received by these Indians, and mentions their having canoes of wood and trading with his ships for fish. About the year 1823 occurred a revolt of the Indians of Santa Ynez Mission, which occasioned the California government some trouble to put down. In July of the present year (1859) the Rev. Padre Rubio of Santa Ynez Mission College, stated to me that last year, while on a visit to the Tejon Reservation and the Tulare country, at least one-half of the numerous Indians he saw thereaway, were old neophytes or were M4ission-born Indians; and they told him many more were living on the Sierra further eastward. This seems to be the case also with the Indians of San Diego and San Bernardino counties. No. 8. The Island of Santa Cruz Indians, near Santa Barbara. Vocabulary of the Indians formerly living at the Island of Santa Cruz in Santa Barbara county, taken by Rev. Antonio Timeno, on 4th November, 1856, from a Christain Indian named Joseph Camuluyazet, aged eighty years, who was baptized byr Rev. Padre Antonio Ripoll, in the Mission of Sainta Barbara. ENGLISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIANl God Shup-e egg stumcowok wicked spirit louelou goose gwas ISH ItDIAN EJGLISH INDIAN alamuiin hawk leklekc zn hemutch sea-muscles nirmloak-tchuch ulucuchu river do cleh 1 lulemesch avelones teeah ant, child cucho fish layesh or ceske white alapupew her osloe black lastepeen and pakueneu red lissloo alwitanie blue lastepeen chouwitawn yellow liskeghen ghter pautchma-laupon green liskeghen thor rnitchmoss great, big innoo or mitchmite small, little gooch-jew Indian kayalayeou strong aughwashahala-law pispulaoah old a-coochew r toffooll young alalushook oe pastaitch good yaya head pigstshe bad anysnems pasthoo handsome sihienolaug-hew ishtono ugly aughlewy tisplesoose dead alocopoke th pasaotch death taarmish oSgue isheloue cold aktaw -rd chatses -warm, hot lishsherk ish chasa I n.o_oh paslcelick thou pee-ee W ~~~passpoo he woo-ta -41.- ENGLISH DMIAN ENGLISH INDIAN hand passpoo (plural) we mee-tche passpoopoo Indian shoes ichenmoo you hiewoo-tah bread ill.ocushe they the same pipe, calumet escalekel this thuyou sky, heaven nowwonee that iehtwo sun tannum all tehtwokeh moon ouy many tala-ketch fingers patchwat-checoo oo much the same nails jisekwy who cho-oh body alapamy (plural) near kaham alalapamy belly patchcueash today mantey leg patch-nimel yesterday poa-ah feet patch-nimel(plural) tomorrow maktechal pateniminimel toes pa.tchyouk-cucucho yes yuatuah bone ik.ukie no anishtuo grasshopper . panawashoo east tits-owah whale puclue (plural) aghebuclue west paskpielaw heart scueyash north mileemon blood aughyoulish south minawan town, village awatchmoo one ismala chief ghotah two ischum warrior atchitchchuch three mnaseghe friend paughken (plural) four scumoo paughaken house, hut pawayish five sietisma -42- SHE INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN yhush six sietischum twopau (plural) seven sietmasshugh twotwopau *e kiewoo eight malawah e, boat tomolo nine spah acklicke ten kascum fannem eleven tellew t listhaw twelve masighpascumoo ht aughemy thirteen is. 12 & 1 rlcness swawitepun twenty ischumpas-quascum ning kissassin twenty-one isas. 20 & 1, and is (hap) ning alatop twenty-two isas. 20 & 2 ring stivamaueken thirty masighepasquash- cum rater swieh forty scoomopasquash- cum nd gacoglclou fifty seitischumnas- quasheum htning scuntou sixty seitischumnas- quasheum ooughgohone hundred cashcumpas- quashcum n siwo-pfao eat asstah oughtoffoe drink chakmil the same run keewawih re neh dance namakulan tw kuigim go alahe r ~~yus sing alachuwatch seua-otter uckpaush sleep nayool . ~~~~~~~~~~-43- ENGLISH INDIAN ENGIISH INDIAN water nihie speak hiloolou earth, land nimisoup see naptil sea nutewaugh love ooyouwanish river oolam (plural) kill namalawan oolulam lake skijjiteenace walk keloualoual vall.ey stouahic} salt laughpye hill anuloowyah mud-terrapin tecke or tortoise mountain shilletupun fly ooloopou-ouk island skowin muslketo leegheghe stone, rock wah feather scappah tree pown wings swastecks wood the sanme oats assuck leaf hulucappa mustard? stappan? bark sletchel acorns misshe grass swoelle salmon cowwotch herb the same name paththay pine-tree torrol aff'ection shaughteenono flesh, meat schormoon to sit pisknehigh oak cohush to stand cahkan dog wootchoo (plural) come nappiet wootchwoetchoo fox clcnigh earthquake swellen snake phschosh eclipse aniskillywashoo bird iwlalienenon shark on;yokoo -44- SANTA BARBARA anish Names Former Indian Names Distance from the Mlission ''do la Mission ssion site Tanayam about ssas Otenashmoo " 2 miles aguita Cashwah gI 3 " tonio Silpoponemew ' 4 " 56 ~Escumawash " 6 " guel Saughpileel " 6 " ra Alwaththalam " 7 " ita Chuah " 6 " da de las Armos Texmaw " 12 " Wolote Helapoonuch " 15 " Pueblos Mickiewee " 18 gg da del Corral Kaughii ' ?2 " rcos tMistaughchewaugh " 25 " noerning the Islands of San liguel, San Nicolas and Santa Rosa, not a native a. Islands is now to be found in or near this Mission, nor one who could information of them. ng the Indians of Santa Barbara exist some traditions that do not extend than one century, which is not to be surprised at on account of being in civilized state of gentilism before, and consequently, no care taken to em to posterity. Those received from their fathers, and grandfathers, w; but of their great-grandfathers and ancestors, they can scarcely know About the passing of ships, they know nothing more than from time to Fing one pass at a great distance. en the Franciscan Missionary Fathers arrived in California, they found Fof Indians scattered along the Coast, from San Diego to the bay of San co, and varying in number to about two thousand, in each of the larger -4 5 tribes. They enlightened them with the light of the Gospel, and founded for them the Missions to be seen at the present day. They were of a generous, and generally docile nature, copper-colored, and highly favored by the Omnipotent Arm in strength and other corporeal qualities. The boats they then used were canoes cut out of trees, or made of timber joined with chords, and these tarred (with asphalte?) and not capable of carrying more than four persons. Their houses were not made of stone, but of timber and reeds, in a bee-hive shape. Along the coast and islands each tribe generally spoke a different language, but understood sufficient of their neighboring idioms for the purpose of com- merce. With regard to grammatical construction in their language, it is super- fluous to say they knew it not. The foregoing vocabulary of Santa Cruz has been taken from one of its natives. Take notilce that it has to be pronounced like E-nglish, as it has been so written, and accurately, as the gutteral sound of the language would permit. The Indian name of the island of Santa Cruz was Limooh or Limoo-eh. For the island of Santa Rosa the name was Hurrmal, that of San Miguel was Two-a-can, that of San Nicola.s was Ghala.shat. Por the foregoing vocabulary and notes the compiler is indebted to the kind- ness of the Rt. Rev. Teodoro Amat, Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Monterey. The Indian, who gave the information, did not know the names of ellc, wolf, beaver, squirrel, hare, duck, pigeon, tufted quail, nor the term for one thousand. An old American resident of Santa Barbara informs me that the Santa Barbara islands were pretty thickcly populated in the early part of this century prior to 1816. They had such bloody wars amnong themselves, for the fishing-grounds of each island, or each rancheria, that the priests had them all brought over to the mnain land and placed in the Missions of Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, San 3uenaventura, Santa Ynez and La Purisima; but that ver:y few, if any, are now left in the se vricinities . 46< lThe islands off the coast of Santa Barbara, San Diego and Los Angeles ies, are San Miguel, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Nicolas, Santa Barbara, Catalina and San Clemente, and they are mentioned by Cabrillo in 1542, as -inhabited, and by Viscaiuo in 1602, as (some of them) being very populous. ta Catalina, Viscaino's vessels stopped several days, and were treated by ians with great hospitality. The historian of the aepedition mentions stence of a rude temple and worship of the sun by the natives, and of an black crow (probably the Condor), which was an object of great veneration them, and on the shooting of which by a Spanish soldier, the Indians set Rwf'ul hoiwl ins' of tLrernor v rkmr ' ir,eneration of the Great Bi3rd oi at America seems to have been universal among the Californis Indians; a nce will be found made to this subject in Dr. Herman's Ornithological Notes tenth volume of Railroad Reports. Great havoc was committed on these island tribes by the Indians of the main and those from the Northwest. We believe these Northwest Indians were s and others, in the employ of the Russians of Bodega and Sitka, in search sea-otters, fur-seals, and avelones, who used to make raids on their own t. In Hugo Reid's account of the Indians of Los Angeles county, published Los Angeles Star,-- in 1852, it is stated that the Missionaries gathered | ies from caves on the islands of many of the San Clemente Indians, between 1833, and had them decently buried, and what was singular every one of s were found with a double row of teeth, both on the lower and upper jaw. * this statement is can only be ascertained by disentombing the bodies, it seems, were buried either at San Gabriel, San Diego, or Juan Capistrano |In one of the raids of these Kodiak Indians they are said to have killed xrIndian on the island of San Nicholas except two or three women; and only | time ago appeared an account in the California journals of one of these ; ~~~~~~~~-47 - females (or the last inhabitant of the island) having, with great difficulty, been takcen off by the old California hunter, George Nidever, and carried to Santa Barbara in a semi-demented state. An American otter hunter, who has been engaged among the Santa Barbara Islands for the last six years, and who has visited every one of the California islands, from Cedros island to the Farallones, informs me that the remains of the Indians in the Channel islands, from Santa Catalina up, indicate a very numerous population of Indians. There are supposed to be no Island Indians left now, neither on the main land, or elsewhere, certainly none at their former homes. On all these islands, he says, the remains of their huts, and signs of rancherias, from sea-shells, are very abundant. He says, in coming down from the North, in winter, the island of San Miguel, alias San Lucas, alias Juan Rodriguez, alias Isle Possession, alias San Bernardo, where Cabrillo, the dis- coverer of California, in 1543, is said to have died, would be, without doubt, the first one reached by such vessels as the old navigators used. (California Farmer -----, 1860) -48- C A L I F O R N I A N 0 T S. By Alex. S. Taylor. THEt INDIANOLWGY OF CALIFORNIA Third Series No. 44 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of i4ay ?4, 1861. ;<- ~~~~~~IX. --I. San Francisco Bay Indians Vocabulary the Indians living near San Francisco Delo,res Mission, San Francisco taken by Adam Johnson, Indian Agent, in 1850 (vide Schoolcraft, vol. ?, from Pedro ALcantara, an Indian. INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN imhen skin patah ratichma sent ohplush sheeneesmuc wolf myall maid catina cr suleek fat saherah child ocluushcush hare wahren or ahpah snake presunfrau or ahnah muskrat yahneua ,band makhe rose peewishmowacma hahwah flower teewish cenesuc polecat yahwee hter cahnimen deer potah sther taheah horse lakah Hter olchane fly momunh San ~~uc o-tanicrna - feather swahrah man lascarmen white lascahmin .oolee black sholcohte oolae red chitcohtee -49-, R:NGLISH INDIAN ENGLISH INIDIAN scalp oolee great, big ahniks ear tu o rus small, little ochirchush eye rehin strong enonumish nose oos old uniach mouth werper weak potostee tongue insselc good hersha teeth se.eei bad eete heard oolee handsome hoirshah neclk lani ugly eeleh arm rasul live, life iska. shoulder shlush dead, death hurwishta hurwes back che 1kee cold cawee bread shetnen warm, hot inhwee pipe, cal.umet rucoorn I cabnah tobhacco oyn thou rmane anlcle lee ekmen he wache sky, heaven reneme or oosel she wache sun ishmen we wa.che moon colma. you or ye macum finger teenochra sour suta nails te*er they necumsa breast ri.tea sweet oeechee body wabrah this anpahoelichnena-moo or napahint bellyv mene all ketee leg pomee these necummalcak naval tornd. who mato heel hahtah part tu4renamum - 50O- H INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN macas near ne a ki trice today inhahle huralce yesterday yahrisktuc mene tomorrow narish serah yes kenh pahyan , what kintu enan we ahwee village yunakin what persen mateplsa.h metush to eat ahmush paper drink ewahte rreckeue run ahcamleha abehe dance irshah .hut rewah to go leul pahwig sing harwee Opannua spealc alemshirlee Loth painy see ahtemhimnah tepah to hear atemtuhe irahe kill meme boat wahlee walk atahmapa heukia salt ahwish aqwek bitter erra puhe tortoise anuniskman puhe fly motnuah ne or - feather swahrah *s- ~mo- er wings reteemua ? rt~~nyne salmon trout -cheric g ~~~hucistuc what thing hinte pisah i ~~~~~~~-5'- IJNGLISH INDIAN ENGLISH INDIAN late wahrap far off nuhuen evening uecarne by-and-by yawash year arshish perhaps yaw.hcarne wind puyare never ah kwa carne lightning wilcahwahrap above renernoo thunder puhrah under ootam rain ahahnau within meweetoo snow puh ut without cahre hail] wacan something te ta tree fire roreiahen nothing ah kcin tra crow oteehish on peshah water see.ee in the slcy noshahrenemoo ice purchu in the house nosha ruwah earth, la.nd wahrep to eat ahmuah sea see.ee to drink ohwate river Orrush to lau-ii o0'im. oslern sprins! OJ water u''' to Luril La1tihahicee eke see- ee to hear atenrituhe strearm ohru sh to strilke atemaster v7alley or plain pahtue to think atemshalahiutus hill hee ak to call hi ye iountain heeyah to live we tee s.tone, rock ereclc or ahni to die huerwine tree hu;yah to tie hetah limb ar-ranne eating ahmne barkc sheeme you are mnesne grass yah.erah I am that I am cah_l flesh, meat rees.ahrish - 52- NOTES ON THE ABOVE FThe tribes of Indians upon the Bay of San Francisco, and who were, after its lishment, under the supervision of the Mission of Dolores, were five in number: washtees, Chlones (called in Spanish Costanos, or Indians of the Coast), s, Romanons, and Tuolomes. There were, in addition to these, a few small s9, but all upon the land extending from the entrance to the head of San isco Bay spoke the same language. tSAt the time of the establishment of the Mission these tribes were quite num- The infoimation contained in this was obtained from an aged Indian at ssion of Dolores, named Pedro Alcantara. He is a native of the Romanon ..and was a boy when the Mission was founded, which, according to Humboldt, n 1776. The language of these Indians appears to be entirely irregular, and ed by no rules or analogies. ;Theyr had no name for God or Evil Spirit: knew nothing of their origin, nor hey any tradition in regard to it. They knew only that they were born, and they would die. "Pomee" was the name given to the shin, or lower part of eg. All the bones of the foot, as well as the ankle, were called "lee-ekmen". h was a knife made of stone. "Whlee" was a sort of raft made of rushes or the only boats used by the Indians. The only clothing worn by them was Feechelout--usually made of rabbit or muskrat skins. "Aqwek' was the name * large stars or planets; the small and nebulous stars were called "moch ts." "1Wahrap," the Indian word for "late," was, literally, "sunset.$' They names for the seasons. "Theka" was dust. All the metals were called by u of "Ereck," stone. They had no maize, and consequently no name for it. Indians knew nothing of Agriculture, but subsisted by hunting and fishing. - n" was bread made of acorns. The establishment Of the Missions, in which Indians were taught the Spanish language, is sufficient reason why the of~ animals introduced by the Missionaries should be only known by the ..~~~~~~~~~~~ 53- A RELIC OF BYGONE TIMES. Wdalking, some time since, in the vicinity of Black Point, we passed over towards the high point of land, which forms, we believe, the intersection of .Hyde and Beach streets. It is a dreary sand-driven place, with scarcely a habitation near, and overlooking, with a precipice of forty or fifty feet, the waters of the Bay, which surge and moan at the rocky base. This locality is said to havre been the site of an old Indian rancheria, and the circular fire- burnt spot on the bare.place at the summit, with quantities of decayed fish-bones and crushed shells mixed with the sand, seem to warrant the tradition. Here the aborigines, previous to the American occupation, evidently held simple festivals, and congregated at stated periods to keep up their primitive custom of fish feasts and "big drunks." T.ne march of civilization has already overshadowed their scattered numbers, and even this indication of their former presence will soon be obliterated. As we stood moralizing over this deserted spot, one of the types of a deca- dent and fast departing race, and mused upon the law of progress which has decreed their gradual but certain extinction, our attention was attracted to the edge of the precipice, where the recent rains had loosened the soil, and tumbled a large cake of-e'arth to the water's edge below. The removal of the soil had exposed to view a skeleton, which lay revealed to the light of day, as if in mockery of the festivities that had once been held. The defunct--evidently one of the Indians who had resorted here in the olden timqes--had been buried with his feet toward the north, perhaps to signify that he had come from that direc- tion; as, in former times, emissaries of the great Northern tribes used to resort to the New Ailiaden Inine to procure cinunbar, which they used as a pigrnent. The earth had so fallen as to leave the legs protruding precisely as they were when the body was interred. No doubt there were others of the aboriginal inhabi- tants buried there.--(Alta, Cal., iarch, 1860.) - 54- CA L I FO RN IA NO TE S By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Third Series No. 61 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of Nov. 1, 1861. XI*.--K. MISCELLANEOUS. "Skirting the feet of the Sierra Nevada, from the point where I struck, * to Mono Lake, i's a beautiful region, the home of several small Indian is, and seemingly one of their favorite places of abode. A reservation -hsre been set apart for their use; a portion of which, at least, should thfully preserved to them as a permanent home. Numerous creeks come rfrom the mountains, flowing with a rapid current over white gravelly los. The water is always icy cold and clear as crystal. A line of pine r follows many of these streams far into the plain. There is also willow, a few scattering poplars, along their banks. Some of them are large, ng branches of the river; others, mere rills, losing themselves in the dry porous earth, irrigating a considerable patch about the place where they pear. Most of these streams are shallow, and after leaving the mountain es, have banks but a foot or two high. This admits of their being easily d aside for irrigation, a purpose to which they are extensively applied * Indians. These tribes cultivate a small white root of an oval shape, the size of a cherry. It.grows like the onion, sending up three blades bear a blue lily-shaped flower. When roasted, it looks and tastes like am, being very palatable and nutritious. It strongly resembles the root uh in use among the Indians of Oregon and British Columbia, called the is. Besides this, these Indians have a species of wild onion (amole), - 55- with a variety of other roots which they cultivate for food. In irrigating they conduct the water some distance through ditches and little aqueducts made of dirt. The surplus water flowing over the land below these patches of roots has caused much grass to grow along these creeks, consisting of clover, blue- joint, and bunch-grass. Cattle are very fond of these, and fatten upon them rapidly. There is also a coarse reed-like grass growing here from which the natives press the juice and boil it down into sugar (or panoche). These tribes are attached to the whites, and serve them with the greatest readiness. Thev will follow a party all day for the sake of camping with them at night. The chief has authority to give away the grown-up children, which he will do for a trifle to persons whom he thinks will use them well. The boys are bright little follows, and go cheerfully with those to whom they are given. The only animals owned by these people are a few small ponies, which they ride without saddle or bridle, and generally two at a time. They are diminutive, but tough and docile creatures, and are principally used for moving camp and packing game, their owners being no great riders. Of game there is here a good deal--chiefly hare, with some sage-hens, and a few deer and sheep in the mountains. The hare are mostly caught in nets, and by other devices common among the Indians. They have but few guns, the usual implement of the chase being the bow and arrow, in the use of which thev are much more expert than that of firearms. For warlilce purposes they have very little need of weapons of any kcind, being apparently not at all given to these pursuits. More harmless and quiet beings I have never seen. They are also honest and industrious, never attempting to steal or purloin the least trifle, while they engage in any kind of work required of them with the greatest alacrity. They have a deep regard, almost awe, for the whites, curioulsly inspecting everything appertaining to them, aind d3esiring to loarn their mod1e of doing things. Thle me3n are well be- havedl, and thle womenl mode3st andl shy of strangers. T'hey drco ;s rnostly ln r.tbbiL - 56- Ikins, a sufficient number of which are sewn together to make a cloak or Lanket-like robe, their chief article of apparel. Of late they have got to sing the cast-off clothing of the whites, and the males can be seen attired n every species of garb kcnown to civilization--the same being in every style f fashion and stage of dilapidation. The savage nature of these tribes has evidently been tempered by inter- ourse with Christianized men at some former period. That these were the tholic `issionaries before spolcen of, is shown by the use they 'make of anish terms. They call themselves Indianos, and designate the loading man 'nngst themselves or the whites, Capitan. Comprehending what we were after, th that wi shn. to ingratiate themselves with the white man common to all ferior races, they assured us that there was mucho plata, bastante oro, etc., the mountains to the west. Knowing how much these assurances might have rung from a mere desire to please us, and how apt these people, in recurring past observation, are to mistake mica, pyrites, or other substances having mretallic luster, for the precious metals themselves, we declined to under- ke a journey of exploration in the direction indicated. .~~~~~~~~~~~~5- CA L I FO RN IA NO TE S. By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Fburth Series No 131 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of April 17, '63. XXIII .--VI. --MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA. Santa Barbara Indians--Names of their Rancheries. The following are the names of the Indian camps, or rancherias, which are ken from the books of the iMission of Santa Barbara, commenced in 1786 by thers de la Suen, Antonio Patera and Christoval Oramus, to wit: Guainonost, esiabanonase, Jaynaya near the Mtission site, Salpilel on the Patera ranch, jiman near the windmill of same farm, Huelemin Geliac near the little island same farm, Inojey, Tequepis near San Marcos--very populous; Humalija, Cascile f Refugio); Lintja, M'{iguihui (y Dos Pueblos); Lisuchu, M4asohal (in island of ta Cruz); Gelo (the islet of Patera); Cuyamus, or meso; Lageay, or La.co; nihuay (Los Gatos) Cajpilili; Missopeno, or Sopone; Maja.layghua, near Los jitos; Coloc, near the Rincon, or at Ortegas; Alcax, in La Goleta; Hunxapa, wathalama (estero of Goleta); Sayokinck, near Rio Burro; Calahuasa (Santa ze); Snihuax, Fuililoc, Yxaulo, Anejue, Sisuch Cajats, Lugups; Alican, or nada Ma. Ignacio; Sasuag.el, in Sta. Cruz Island; Gleuaxcuqu, Chiuchin, Layeayamu; nahuani, of Santa Cruz Is; Eljman, or Lan Marcos; Sihuicom. Men's names: taqu, Mumijant, Napaita, Camilajtee, UmpnAm, Hucahuil, Axamuat, Mishuyet, licomaxuit, Sanapatset, Nayayatsit, Setchuoyot, Salziamuset, Sagimunatsee, .yasee. The name of their great cemetery was called Partocae, or Paltocae, n the Mlesa of the sea, near the Asphaltum beds, of Goleta. Chapulis, or rashopper, was called Tue; the Condor, Pugawek; the Antelope, Chiulu; and the Sl hewr. So~ne necounts of these tribes may be seen in Constanzos Exploring ounev of 1770, who had with him Padre Junipero. Their language seems to hAive |been the same as at the time of Cabrillo' s visit, in October l15i42. -59-. The Larva Fly Food of the Indians of the Western Slopes, west Wallcer's and Carson Rivers, and and Owen's Lakes. This singular species of Indian food is thus described in the Mariposa Gazette of December 1862: "The Indians, I might say, are friendly, and that is about all, though they have not, as yet molested man or beast. They are fine looking Indians eyes large and projecting. IL?] ,'generally stout and healthy. They appear to be well supplied with "fly fruit" (I don't know what else to call it) which is furnished them, as you are aware, by the fly of Pbno Lake, and which can be seen in swarms and falls upon the Lake at all seasons of the year, except winter, busily at work supplying Watta with his regular grubs. The fly-fruit is gathered about the places by the Indians, and prepared for use. They store it away in baskets underground, till wanted; they then take it, shakce out a portion of the dirt, and make soup out of it that lay over any ox-tail I ever struck. The soup is rich and oily. The fruit, before being cooked, looks like the daric China rice. It certainly is a wholesome diet. Indians, dogs,coyotes, and everything about the Lake, are as fat as butter, and I am ..... in a ? myself." -60 C A L I FO RN I A NO TE S. By Alex. S. Taylor. 'THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Fourth Series No. 134 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of May 15, '63 XXIII.--VI.--i4ISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA. Further on the Santa Ynez Indians. venerable California lady, of lively memory, the proprietor of the Santa nch, a few miles distant from the `4ission of Santa Ynez, gave me the ng information in April 1863. She had resided over thirty years at and e Old Mission, where her husband had been in charge as Corporal, Serjesint, or Domo, since about 1825. They had brought up a large far-nilv of children the most of whom are living and respectably settled in life. There used seven Captains of Rancherias living on the ranch she now owns, when the founded Santa Ynez, some sixty years ago. In a fine alameda of cotton- in the valley near her house, was the great Council-Grove of the seven rias, and they were always engaged in war with their neighbors, and had e dogs. The rancheria near the house was called Situcho, from their god, s a dog; who, thev believed, rose from the large spring in the willows, her family do now all the washing. The cemetery, a few yards off, on this sa close by, was very large and old. The Indians used to bury their dead sitting down, and inclosed in a box made of flat sla s of hard clay-stone, ich were interred with the deceased his mortars, beads, war implements, stone s, etc., and then covered over with another flat stone, making a regular cher of cunning for-mation. Another piece of stone was then placed at his like the whale-bones in the cemetery of Partocac, of the Goleta rancho, Santa Barbara. The Santa Ynez Indians had similar cemleteries at the Kalawassa :~epis, in the upper part of the College ranch, further up the river of Santa - 61- The Remains of the California Giants. When she was living at the Mission, the old soldiers and Indians used to tell her of the bones of the Indios Gigantes, dug up near, or at, the Indian cemetery, close to the M4ission 'ieja of La Purisima, destroyed by an earthquake, many years ago. The ruins of the Old Mission may still be seen about two leagues from the present P.Lission. The remains of these giant Indians were held in great veneration by the first converts of Santa Ynez, and Purisima, and they, and the old soldiers, used often to talk of them as very large, curious, wonderful, and to be greatly feared. Soine of the Indians or soldiers, many years ago, disin- terred some of them, but it made such a noise that the Padres had them buried again, and forbid their being disturbed. The truth of their being there, there is no doubt of. They were said to be twice as large as ordinary men, but she cannot say if they were petrified or not., -62- C AL I FOR NI A NO0T ES. By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFVRNIA Fourth Series No. 139 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of June 19, '63 XXII.--VI.-MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA. The Reese River Indians. The aborigilnees of the Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation, ided into many subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name and occupy- atract of country varying from 20 to 50 miles square. Their country is rdred on the west by the Pi-Utes, the Edward's Creek mountains, some 20 mniles t of Reese River, being the dividing line. On the east it extends to Ru.by ley, where it joins on the territory of the Goshoots, the Bannocks being their ghbors on the northeast. The latter are notorious rogues, it being a portion this nation that Col. Conner found 'It necessary to punilsh so severely last fall, of their number beilng shot at one time for their previous bad conduct. The hoots are a better behaved people, and but for the instigations of the rmns and other evil disposed persons would probably never have molested the ites. Both the Bannocks and Goshoots speak a language somewhat different from *Shoshones. Subordinate Tribes---The Toquimas. What may properly be considered the Reese River country, being the extensive hey and mountain slopes adjacent to that stream, is inhabited by several dif- *rent tribes of Indians, each subject to its own chief, numbering from 300 to souls. The most southern of these little communities of which much is known .:~~~~~~~~~~~~.3 of their territory, either for mining or other purposes. It was in this spirit they drove back Veatch and Hubbard while prospecting in that section last fall. The Temoksees. A friendly tribe, living about 30 miles south of Jacobsville, who, though themselves afraid of the more warlike Toquimas, received the fugitives into their camp, and covered their further retreat the next day. The Temoksees number only a hundred or two, all told, and though mixing in friendly intercourse with their northern and western neighbors, keep clear of the Toquimas, who seem to be generally on as bad terms with the surrounding tribes as with the whites. Tutoi and his People. The most influential man in these parts amongst the aboriginees, as well as extensively known by the whites, is Tutoi, a chief residing not far below Jacobsville, anid whose territory reaches from that of the Terusksees ten miles south to the boundary of the To-so-ees, some 30 or 40 miles north of that place. He is a middle-aged man, having regular features and a light complexion; speaks a little Einglish, and dresses after the manner of the whites, with whom he and his tribe have always been on excellent terms. The boys, who alone are employed as domestics, are remarkable for their quickness and docility, and with anything likce good management the whole race can be made extremely serviceable to the whites. Like the Pi-Utes, they are not only anxious for instruction in the arts of civilized life, but desire to have lands set apart for their permanent occupation and use, their great ambition being to learn how to raise grain and cattle. The -To- so-ees This tribe, joining, as has been said, the territory of Tutoi on the north, are said to be a sad set of rascals, being in good part made up of fugitives andi outlaws from the adjoining tribes.--(Eve. Bulletin, M4ay 1863. - -64- White Indians--Cotton in South Utah. the southern boundary of Utah exists a peculiar race of whom little is They are said to be fair skinned, and are called the "White Indians"-- e eyes and straight hair, and speak a kind of Spanish language differing ,other tribes. I am also reliably informed that they live in large settle- and are not nomadic as other tribes, build houses, cultivate farms, raise and are not without considerable mechanical skill, evinced by manufactories rs kinds of rude and homely, yet useful implements. Last summer a delega- .f this strange tribe visited this city, and on their return Brigham sent them missionaries, and it is now surmised that he has gone thither on a 1 exploring expedition. This year, 1863, the Mormons took out, as I am informed, from 40,000 to pounds of Deseret grown cotton. South of here this cotton is being cul- ed in large quantities and of excellent quality. It is said that this year will be collected not less than twenty pounds to each inhabitant in the tory--which at an estimated population of 50,000, would give 1,000,000 lbs. eth article. This is quite an item, and if the war continues will soon grow an important article of export from Deseret. As yet, I believe, there are or no cotton mills in t-he territory of Utah.--(Salt Lake Cor. of the S. F. Eve. etin, May 1863. NOTE TO THE FOREGOING, June 1, 1863.--The White Indians spoken of in the oing correspondence of the Bulletin, are doubtless and Mquis, a similar liated pueblo of Indian tribes in Western New Mexico, situated directly south .Great Salt Lake, on the confluents of the San Juan, Colorado Chiquito, Grand d Green rivers, which are branches and sub-branches of the Great Colorado. is district of country is partl;y in Utah, east of the Salt Lake mountains and oring the western portion of the new Colorado territory and remarkably - ~~~~~~~~- 65- healthy, well watered and adapted to pastoral pursuits. The ancient pueblo district occupies the greater portion of western and southwestern New Y,lexico from the Utah and Colorado territory lines to the banks of the Gila, and where cotton was found to be in cultivation by Coronado and his officers in his New Mexican expedition of 1540, i. e. throughout these pueblo Indian settlements of the branches of the Great Colorado of the eastern portions of the ante 1840 Alta Cali fornia. The Toquimas, Temoksees, Tosoees and other so-called Shoshone and Pi-Ute nations of the south frontier lines between Utah and New Mexico and the eastern Sierra Nevada lines of California State; as the Monos, Washos, Cosos, Catagos, etc., as yet but little kcnown in ethnological history; seem also to be affilia- tions or anciently outlawed tribes from the pueblo civilizations of the ante Columbian New isIexico and Alta California. Of none of these tribes or nations of Western New Mtexico or Southern and Western Utah have we any other philological material than vocabularies contained in the worlcs of Hale, Gallatin, Schoolcraft, and the officers detailed in the Railroad volumes. The latest, and in many respects only accounts of them may be found in the annual communications of the Indian agents to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washington, and contained in the volumes of his yea'rly Reports from 1856 to 1862. The Washos, Monos, Cosos, Catagos, etc., are evidently, from their name, affiliated tribes of one great stock stretching fromn Southern Oregon to the Gulf of California, whose connections,; antecedents, and status ought to be more carefully attended to by the officers of the Indian Department. Mlany white persons must now be well conversant with their language and dialects, and the compilation of a grammatical essay and a diction- arv of a thousand words would be the work of not more than a month or two by any intelligent person. The mercantile value of such a work among the savans of Paris, London or 1?erlin to be sure is not more than fifty dollars, but the honor to the author of such a labor and treatise muist be his greatest reward, or rather his love of the subject. -66- C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S. By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Fourth Series No. 143 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of July 17, '63. XXIII.--VI.--MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA. The Indians of San Buenaventura Mission in Santa Barbara County. 23 April, 1861. This Mission is situated about thirty miles south of the Mission of Santa ara, at the mouth of a fertile valley opening into the Pacific Ocean. The ildings are not over a mile from the seashore and can be plainly seen by sing vessels. They are all now in a state of decay and ruin. The old ranch- as of the Indians covered some of the finest lands in the country, including valley proper of San 3uenaventura river, and the plains of the Saticoy or nta Clara river, southwards of the Mission and extending over several valleys rallel to that of Saticoy, which all run up north and east into the country m the ocean coast. The whole of the country must have been populous in ians before the arrival of the Spaniards, say in 1600. The following are the names of its old rancherias, taken from the Mission oks at our visit in April 1861. The Mission was founded by Padres Junipero rra and Pedro Benito Cambon on the 31st of March, 1782, as stated in the first k of Baptisms by P. Junipero. It was dedicated to "San Buenaventura Cardinal, shop and Seraphic Doctor" tiempos 1234. In the church is preserved his effigy. saw no good paintings as in Santa Barbara. On the 6th of March, 1805, died, the Mission, Padre Pablo Mugartequi, 69 years old, one of the companions of nipero. Names of Rancherias . M!iscanakca, name of the Mission site. Ojai or Aujay, about ten miles up an Buenavent river. Mdugu, on the coast near sea on Guadalasca rancho not far -67- from the point so called. Itatillija, up the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which MLission also had h.atilija Indians. The lNlatdlija Sierra separates the valleys of S. Buenaventa andi S. Ynez. Sespe was on the San Cayetano rancho of Saticoy river twenty mniles from the sea. Nupu and Piiru were on the arroyos of those names which came into the Saticoy near Sespe. Kamulas was higher up above Piiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish namne as spelt on some maps) on rancho of t.hat name. Somes or Soomo near hills of that name. lIalico, range of hills south of' Sorno. Chichilop, Lisichi, Liarn, Sisa, Sisjulcioy, Malahue, Chumpache, Lacayamu, Ypuc, Lojos Aogni, Luupsch, iliguigui, and Chihucchihui were names of other ranch- erias. An old Indian A-lcalde living at Saticoy, named Luis, who is now 65 years old and was born andnc baptized at the iiission (bv Father Jose Senan), told rme that the two curious, round, woodless grass-hills, near the river below Saticoy, not far from the sea-shore, are called in Indian by the name o. Daspa.laoo o the snall one and Masallaloo for the large one. These hills look like immense mounds. The lower Los Angeles road runs between then. Ishgua or Ishguaget was a rancheria of fine-looking, yellowrish-w^Thite, red-cheeked Indians, who lived near the mout.h of the Saticoy river and not far from the beach. Probably the sailors of Cabrillo (1541) and of Viscaino's vessels in 1602 had something to do with the fairer complexion and better character of the Indians of all the vicinities of the Santa Barbara channels. Small clams (edible) and fish are very abundant at the nouth of the Saticoy. Tueneme was a rancheria on the ocean coast a few miles south of the Saticoy river. Tapo and Simi were rancherias on the present Noriega rancho of Simi. Saticoy is the name of the existing rancheria (now of sormee 90 Iniians, little anid bia) on the lower part of the Santa Paula, or Saticoy rancho, about eight miles from the sea, near some fine springs of water not far from the rWaer, and3 near the high) road going up the valleys; the soil around it is remnarkably| f'ertile. -68- Indian Names of Men. Pamascucase, Teminav, Sitapienihuan, Giliacuit, Sulalmahui, Cuahue, Nujay, ta, ?umachuit, Sacpalayuze, Siesacucahimehuit, Chaplihuijahichet, Chapac, and nat. These are from the Mission Padron books. Old Luis told me his n name was Chapaka. Women's Names. Yacumu, Iultimelene, Chatutmehuc, Guatanmehuc, Giliamicut, Alilaliehuc, uc, Alachu, Aluluayeulelenet, and Guaucasum. These names bear affinities hose of Santa Barbara, St. Ynez, and Purisima. M: i4upu, Sisa, and 4ugu were the most populous rancherias. Old Luis, who was rly a Mission Alcalde, and is considered Chief of all the remnants of the on Indians, tells me that he has some 40 subjects at Piiru, and about the number at the Canada in San Buenaventura valley and at Aujay in that ty. The Indians still consider him their head man in all these parts. -old man is considered by his patrones the More, as an honest old fellow, sober and very religious. He has a small good house at Saticoy, and many |rts about him, and always goes neatly dressed. He showed me an earthen or jar, holding more than a gaUon, which he says the Santa Rosa Island ans used to commonly make before the Padres removed them (1810-20). The re and shape of this jar is precisely that of the jars or ollas of the Gila r and Chihuahua Indians figured in Bartlett's work on the Mexican survey, hold, say, two gallons, and well made. It is not glazed. There was also a lar shaped and sized olla made of the soapstone of Santa Catalina Island, h could be easily cut with a knife. This soapstone was dug out like mortars. utensils were mde of it.- I basket-pans and vessels the :[ndians here awa;y mnake of reed, are exce- gly elegant, light, and durable. They made the best in the country in former ils. He also showed me a basket jar or bottle precisely of same figure, shape, tf ~~~~~~~~-69- and size as the jar or olla, about 12 inches high with a mouth three inches in diameter and without a lip. This basket-bottle was handsomely made likce the basket worlc of a demijohn, and the inside was lined with asphaltum so that it could hold water. They are sometimes made of the straw of grasses or tules, as are the pans, seed-sifters, etc. The Messrs. More, who own the Saticoy and San Cayetano ranchos, are pro- prietors also of P part of the Island of Santa Rosa, where they have had several thousand head of cattle running for some years past. They inform me that Santa Rosa contains a great deal of good land with abundant water. They say it must have been very thickly populated with Indians in the old times, as the sites of their rancherias are scattered numerously over the island. They are surrounded with heaps of the shells of clams, muscles, aulones and other shell-fish, and also broken pottery, broken metates, mortars, etc. The mortars of Santa Rosa were very handsomely and well made, of a kind of slatestone or blue granite. They are altogether different from the clumsy mortars of the upper country or Sierra Nevada Indians. They are commonly found at this day at all the Indian huts in Santa Barbara county, and amnong many Spanish families. They are very durable and are said to have been worlced by flint and other tools made of jaspar, chalcedony, agate and other silicated stones, which are very abundant in these parts. The pestles are smooth and particularly well made, some of them 18 inches long. The Metates of Santa Rosa. At Saticoy we saw a metate weighing about 200 lbs, made of a reddish compact sandstone very commonly seen in the hills around San Buenaventura and the Saticoy valley. Old Luis and some of the half-breed vaqueros of Aore told us it came from Santa Rosa Island, whil.e others said it was made by the former Indians of the old Mugu or Muguigi rancheria near the sea and close to where the Sierra de Somo comes down to the ocean near the boundary of Los Angeles county. Others -70- ed to think it came from the Arroyo Piiru or Peyrou rancheria. Two smart ueros of More assured us they had often seen broken metates on Santa Rosa lnd and broken ollas (jars and pottery) on the sites of the old rancheriss, t these said metates were not always of redstone, but generally of a blaelc- ne, softer than those of Mexico which the Saticoy people never use, and belong_ to the old Mission. All the Indians (some without doubt) seemed to say that e metates were made both at Santa Rosa Island and in the vicinity of Saticoy, fore the padres came to California. We are inclined to believe that this is .fact, and that the metate is an indigenous utensil of the Indians of the Santa rbara channel. It should be here noted that the southern hills of the rancho Simi are often called the Sierra de Santa Rosa And they abound in sandstone, licated and volcanic stones. These Santa Rosa Island metates (black) were ller and lighter than those brought from Mexico, and were not of vesicular salt like the Mexican ones. The large red sandstone one of Saticoy was con- ye like that of Mexico, stood on three short, stout feet, about three inches gh, and were made to incline down like the Mexican. It was about four inches ck-16 inches broad and 30 inches long. A similar red sandstone metate is ill preserved in Santa Barbara. It ought to be here noted that some of these d 'netates are depressed in the middle of the concave, i. e. they are lower in e middle than at either end. The word Metate, Luis says, has always been used the Indians of the channel and they have no other word for it. Two millstones of black vesicular basalt formerly belonging to the Mission, re at Saticoy, and the Indians told us they were made for the Padres, in the lden times, by the Piiru Indians, whose country is bounded by the tIatillijah nore of Santa Ynez and the San Emnedio range of the Tejon. The Indians said hilstones and grindstones used to be made also in the hills of the Dierra de lmo, and other ranges southward and eastward, which is likely to have been the ;ae. At Saticoy we found a San Fernando Indian working at his blacksmith - 7'1- trade, Pand could make very good sDurs, bits, etc., for horses, besides anything in the blacksmith line such as Mexican workmen can do. He had built up his oi,n rurnace, and made man y of his tools--his bellows were American. - 72- C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S. By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Fourth Series No. 144 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of July 24, '63. XXIII.--VI.--MISCELLANEDUS ADDENDA. The Indians of San Buenaventura Mi ssion in Santa Barbara County, 23April, 1861.--Continued. The Indians of San Buenaventura mission still living number not far from souls--they live in the rancherias of Anjay or Ojai, Saticoy and Piru and nowledge old Luis as their head man, chief or Alcalde--they are very thrift- s and dirty generally, but some of them keep themselves very tidy. They are tilar to the Indians still living in the upper part of Santa Ynez valley and er parts of Santa Barbara county. There are two of them near Santa Barbara (north of it), one at the Cienigitas and another at the Canada Marie acia of the Patera farm, also two others near Sta. Ynez mission, called chuma and Kalawassa. In these places they live apart from the white people their own huts and houses, and are very jealous and suspicious of strangers. me of their old-fashioned, oval, conical straw huts, capable of holding from * to five families, are still used by them, w,hile others use adobe huts shingled rstraw covered. They still live on muscles, acorns, fish and grass seeds. A ticoy Indian we found making a stew of boiled wheat and clams. These small ams are of delicious taste when properly cooked; they are very plentiful on e shore, where the San Buenaventura and Saticoy rivers empty into the ocean. ese Saticoy Indians had the pure Indian nose, mouth, hair, eyes, etc., the same s Other Indians of California; old Luis and several others were, however, small de people, like many of the Aztec Mexicans. We know several of the old MLission lnians of Santa B3arbara county who can read, andl use their own Spanish prayer .books . The valley of San Buenavrentura or ivliscanaka, is separated from that of ~Saticov by a steep sierra, nearly impassable for horsemen except in certain -7 3- oasses; it must be over 2000 feet high. At the Mission this ridge comes nearly down to the sea. 'The mission valley is about a mile wide at the mouth, but narrows for a few miles further up and then widens out. Going south you meet a narrow, shelving plain, sloping to the sea, andc keeping on the Los Angeles road for seven or eight miles, this pl.ain grows wrilder, until it is seen stretching across the Saticoy river and along the ocean for ovrer thirty iiles; a dead flat plain, comring down to the sea. These plains andi vallevs run up laterally to the eastward, the hills rising abruptly from the plains in a '>ighlv singular manner, and covered with a rich coating d F fine grass, sustaining great heards of cattle and other stock. The Saticoy valley runs on fro.n the se, towards San Fernando iAission for over fifty niles, andl contains abundance of excellent soil, good water, and a healthy, temperate climate--the only drawbaclcs of this country are the scarcity of timber and the plague of grssshopper-locusts--a bona fide specie of the migratory locust. But it can sustain a n'&pe:ous population, a s everything grown in the United States can bte Prown t,he're. -74 C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Fourth Series No. 147 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of Aug. 14, '63. XXIII.--VI.--MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA. The Indians of San Buenaventura Mission in Santa Barbara County, 23 April, 1861.--Continued. NOTE OF 15 JUNE, 1861. cherias or Pueblos between Point Mlugu and Pt. Conception, mentioned by brillo in 1542. The following names mentioned by Cabrillo, as I have ascertained lately m the old Indians, are still so called by them as they were in 1542: Xucu or Shacu, on the Ortega farm, near RLncon Point; Missisissepono, on el Gonzale's rancho, on Saticoy river, near sea, sometimes called Pono; oc, near Carpentaria beach. Mugu, below Saticoy some 30 miles, near the sea; Anacbuc or Anacarck, near * islet of La Patera, near the sea shore. Partocac or Paltacac, the Indian cemetery on the Mesa of La Patera, near a; Aguin, at the Beach of Los Llagos Canada; Casalic, at the Refugio playa d Canada; Tucumu or playa, of Arroyo Honda. Xocotoc, Cojo or Cojotoc, near Pt. Concepcion; Pt. Concepcion, Cancac or acac, or Cacat. The following of these rancherias we had located by the old Indian Martin, i sixty years old: Janaya above the Mssion; Salpilil, on the Patera; Aljiman, near the ndmill of La Patera; Geliec, near Islet of La Patera; Tequepes, in Santa Yne alley; Cascili, in the RefJugio playa; Miguihui, on the Dos Pueblos, Sisichii, Di Ek, Peblos; Maschal, on SantaXCruz Island; Gelo, the Islet of La Patera; f ~~~~~~~~~-75- Cuyamu, on Dos Pueblos, also Cinihuaj on same rancho; Coloc, at the Rincon; ,Alcax, in La Goleta; Allvatalama, near the La Goleta Estero; Sayokenelc, on the Arrovo Burro; Partocac Cemetery, near Sea bluffs of La Goleta; Humali.ju, of San Ternando I4lission; Calla Wassa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez Milission; Sajcav, in Los Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lucuyuma, in the same Island, dated Nov. 1816; Nanahuani and Chalosas, was also on same island. Eljrman was on S3n da,rcos. Xexulpituc and Taxlipu, were camps of the Tulares. The narnes of these camps were from all portions of the present county, as it appears from this old Indian's testimony, which is conformable to that of other persons. Opening an old ante-1767 Indian grave. In ihTay 1861, we opened one of the graves at the Cemetery of Portocae situated on the iVTesa of "La Galeta y Paterall overlooking the sea shore. We found in it two mortars of from two to three gallons capacity, and a small one holdin. eight ounces which an Indian told us was used to make atole for infants, grind t.obacco, etc., made of sla.te. The large mortars were well made, of bluish stone, and similar to those in use by the Mission Indians. The grave contained 3panish beads, of glass small flint knives, an old knife made from an iron hoop, and indian shell money. The body was laid with its head to the Nlorth. The bones except t'hLe skull we much decomposed. The bones of whales were set at the head and feet, and the graves were about four feet deep. Some of these .rticles were presented to the California Acadeny of Sciences. Metates, I am told, r re of ten found in the cemeteries of the Santa Barbara county Indians. -76- C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOWDGY OF CALIFORNIA Fourth Series No. 146 of whole Series; continued from Farmer of Aug. 7, '63. XXIII.--VI.--MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA. Indians of San Buenaventura Mission in Santa Barbara County, 23 April, 1861. ntinued. Snake Charming. The Indians of Saticoy, and several parts of Santa Barbara county further , understood the art of Snake Charming, similar to the people of the East ies. They would capture a rattlesnake and secure him in a safe place. The rmers would then fast five or six days, in the meantime using a strong decoc- n of the Yerba de Viboro or rattlesnake antidote, and bathing their bodies h the decoction also; it is said they chewed the herb, also, as the California ueros still do when in danger of rattlesnakes. They would then commence to ch the snake to dance and come to them, using calls and such rude music as y practiced. Finally, they would teach the snakes to wind themselves around c charmer' s neck, arms, and body, and even allow themselves to be bitten with unity. The rattlesnake is an object of great admiration among all the Indian bes of California, and its habits are well known to them. A friend assures that when he was a boy, a Santa Inez Indian called him to see a queer fight tween a rattlesnake and a horned frog, in which the snake was the victor and llowed his enemy entire. His triumph was but short-lived, however, as the vely and desperate frog, put in such a hole's corner, went to work and eat s way out of the stomach of the victor, and run off, leaving the foe dying nd completely hors du combat. -77- C A L I F O R N I A N O T E S By Alex. S. Taylor. THE INDIANOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA Fourth Series No. 148 of whole Series, continuing from Farmer of Aug. 21,'63. XXIII ---VI---MISCELLANEOUS ADDENDA The Cemeteries and Sepulcher's of the California Indians. Near the sites of all the old rancheries of California, may be found a cemetery of the neighboring clans for the burial of their dead. Some thirty f these are still well known in the county of Santa Barbara. They all assimi- late in appearance. That of Kalawassa, five miles above Santa Ynez Mission, on the riverbank, may answer for a description of all of them. This cemetery covers a space of about twenty acres, and is covered with the head and bo:dy stones over the separate graves of each defunct Indian. Each grave is about three feet from the other; the stones are these waterworn by the river; large ones being for the head and feet. There seem to have been several hundred bodies buried here. The cemetery is on a gentle slope, and answers to the description of some of those of Central America. The bodies are found very old and decayed, and with them (as we have witnessed) large and small mortars and pestles, sandstone metates, beautifully worked slate saucers, shell money, flint arrowheads, flint knives, sandstone dishes two feet long, perforated slate pipes a few inches long, and other smaller utensils of the household. The bodies are sometimes found inclosed in a wall of round or of flat stones, and some of them seen to have been interred at whole length, while others are said to be found sitting down; the latter is still the custom among many tribes of California Indians, from Cape St. Lucas to Shasta. Near the cemetery of Tekepis, six miles from Kalawassa further up the river, there are two large sandstones, three or four feet in diameter, flattened on the top and set in the ground, which are covered with circles grooved in the stone, and seeming to represent the figure of the sun or moon. Some of the mortars will hold five gallons and are as well worked as if by a stonecutter. Some of the pilas or saucers were beautifully made of black slate, cut sharp with the knives or scrapers of flint, agate, or jasper, so abundant in all the mountain districts. Many of them still remain in the different missions, being used by the old missionaries to hold the holy water blessed by the priest for the use of the congregation and set in the wall near the church door. A collection of Indian utensils of household, war, and ornament, would be very curious and interesting. (Note, May 1863,.) - 79-