CHAPTER 3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS E. Conte, P. 1V Kirch, AlI.I. Wleisler, and A.J. Anderson For reasons made clear in Chapter 1, referenced to the WGS84 datum. Sites on J.7 ,) our approach to fieldwork in the Mangareva, Aukena, and Akamaru were plot- N Mangareva Islands during our first two ted on a set of advance sheets of the new topo- field seasons has been extensive rather graphic survey of French Polynesia (1:50,000 "b than intensive. Our strategy has been scale) kindlyT made available to us by the Ser- j to sample-through both surface re- vice de Urbanisme, Pape'ete. (Unfortunately, connaissance and test excavation a such topographic maps are not available for diversitv of locales on most of the major vol- Taravai or Agakauitai.) In Atiaoa Valley and at canic islands. lntensive studies of particular lo- Atituiti Ruga, on Mlangareva, we used plane calities and extensive excavations at specific table and telescopic alidade to map architec- sites are anticipated for future phases of the tural features in detail. Other maps were made project. In this chapter, we present the results using compass, tape, and hand level. Structures of survey,s and test excavations in 2001 and were cleared, described, and photographed us- 2003, organized geographically so as to integrate ing both black-and-white (120 roll film, 35 mm), observations on surface sites, relevant environ- color slide (35 mm), and color digital cameras. mental features, and the results of tests in se- Coring operations were desiogned to investi- lected sites. We begin with the largest and cen- gate whether there were cultural deposits tral island, MIangareva, and proceed to the present in coastal beach ridges on Mlangareva smaller islands within the lagoon. and Akamaru islands, especially at depth. The equipment consisted of a Dormers Hand drill- FIELD METHODS ing rig with 6 m of aluminum rods, a 75 mm Field methods followed procedures widely sand auger, and a 75 mm Jarret loam auger. applied in Polynesian archaeologyT. Sites were Test excavations (typically 1 in2) were car- located whenever possible using a Garmin XLI 2 ried out following cultural and natural stratig- GPS receiver, with Universal Transverse raphv, and all sediment wvas screened through 5 MIercator Projection (UTMI Zone 8) coordinates mm and 3 mm mesh for recoveryT of small fau- 34 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA nal and floral elements. We systematically col- at Mlanu-kahu (inland of Rikitea) by a road (for- lected: (1) flaked stone; (2) invertebrate remains; merlv7 a foot trail) that passes over the ridge to (3) bone; and, (4) charcoal or other carbonized Gatavake. The southeastern coastline is the plant remains from both the 5 and 3 mm screens. most protectedl and incorporates the principal Stratigraphy was drawn and described after the bay7 and valley of Rikitea, where the adminis- completion of each test unit, with Munsell soil trative center is located. Rikitea's centrality ex- color charts used to record soil color. Sediment tends back into traditional times, as the site of samples were taken of each stratigraphic unit the most important marae (We Kehika) and resi- for laboratorv analyses. Standardized recording dence of the high-ranked chiefs. Rikitea is shel- forms were used during excavation, and all tered by the towering cliffs of Auorotini, and samples were both uniquely numbered and ref- the colluvial slopes offer good agricultural soil; erenced to layer (couch)e) and level (niveau). Ex- ample freshwater makes the low-lying, hvdro- cavations were documented with black-and- morphic terrain behind the Rikitea beach ridge white photographs, color slides, and color digi- suitable for taro irrigation (Tercinier 1974). tal images. All materials from excavations or There is as well a protected harbor and landing. surface finds have been deposited in the collec- On the opposite side of the island, the valleys tions of the Service de la Culture et du of Gatavake and Atiaoa open to a deep bav. Patrimoine at Punaru'u, Tahiti. These districts (Rikitea, Gatavake, and Atiaoa) L FO~YhRY OF ~J along with Atituiti, Ganoha, Kokohue, and Gahutupuhipuhl all made up the traditional Emory did not number his sites, and usu- Rikitea polity. Opposed to Rikitea was Taku, ally, referred to marae b y their Mangarevan which included a number of smaller valleys on toponvms. Weisler (1996) numbered sites by is- the northeastern limbrof the island, such as land, using a three-letter code for each island. Kirimiro, Apeakava, Agakuku, Gahututenohu, The Service de la Culture et du Patrimoine of Akaputu, Gaheata, and Atirikigaro. In late pre- the MIinistry of Culture, French Polynesia, has history, aH of Mlangareva Island was united un- implemented a Territory-wide site inventory syTs- der the Rikitea politv tem (Conte 1991). In this volume we have ap- Emory (1939) had reported that most, if not plied this site numbering system, with numeric all, of the "important" stone structures such as codes indicating archipelago (190), island (e.g., marae formerly present on the main island had 01 for Akamaru), district (e.g., ATU for been destroyed by the missionaries. He did, how- Atituiti), and site. The specific codes are given ever, mention a number of places where pave- in Appendix A. Appendix B lists all known sites, ments or terraces were extant, such as at Atituiti including those reported by Emory (1939) and Ruga (1939:24). Emory also reported two stone Weisler (1996). It has been necessar)' to renum- platforms on the summit spurs of Auorotini, ber some of Weisler's sites to conform to the which correspond to traditional accounts of the new Territorial numbering system. "roval nurseries" where the children of high- ranking chiefs of Rikitea were sequestered (1939:22-23, fig. 8). Along with a number of Mlangareva is by far the largest island in the other sites (see listing in Appendix B), EmorT group, with a total land area of 14 km2. describes and provides a sketch plan of a large Auorotini (MNt. Duff) rises to a height of 441 platform at Te Rauriki, the Paepae o Uma meters, the hig,hest peak in the archipelago. A (1939:25-26, fig. 9). steeply rising central ridgeline separates the Green had difficultyr finding rockshelters windward and leeward coasts, and is traversed with substantial deposits on MIangareva but did 35 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS test one site (his site GM-I) in Taku. The re- offers a glimpse of some features of its settle- sults were summarized as follows: "a homoge- ment pattern: neous refuse deposit 90-1 00 cm thick accumu- This village is situatcd in a bay; at the eastern foot of lated in this shelter during the prehistoric pe- MIouint Duff, and is rendered conspicuous by a hut riod largely as the result of cooking activity. of very large dimensions, which we shall describe While it contained few artifacts, the mlidden hereafter, and by a quadrangular building of large blocks of coral erected in the w7ater, at a few yards' reflected the local marine ecologv" (GTreen and.. ' relctdth oalmrieeclg" Gee n distance from the shore, whlich appeared to us to be Weisler 2000:30). Weisler (1996) reported a few a morai [mar-ael. Upon its northern extreme stood a surface structures and buried deposits based on small hut, planted round with trees, which it was a brief reconnaissance of Mlangareva. conjectured contained images and offerings; but, as Despite the somewhat disappointing results the door wx as closed, and the natives w,ere wx atching of prior researchers, the large size and traditional us, we would not examine it (1831:163). importance of Mfangareva Island in the socio- Further on we came to an open area, partly paved political system underscored the importance of wvith blocks of coral, and dividcd off from the including this island within the scope of our in- cultivated land by- large slabs of the same material ve*tigations. Our work on Mangareva Island verv evenly cut, and resembling those at the Friendlv vTestigations. Our wrork on lslangareva Island was concentrated on the following locatlties: (1) Islands. At one end of this area stood the large hut Rikitea Village Atituiti which had before excited our curiosimt: it was about Rikitea Village and its environs; (2) the Atituiti thirteen yards in length by six or seven in xwidth, and area; and (3) Atiaoa Valley. M\ajor areas of ar- proportionablv high, with a thatched roof. On the chaeological survey and the locations of key south side it was entircly open ... IBeneath the roof sites are showvn on Figure 3.1. We also took ad- on the open side, about four feet within the eaves, vantage of opportunities to carry out reconnais- there xwas a low broad xwall well constructed with blocks of cojral, hewn out and put together in so sance surveyrs in sesreral other places and re- rworkmanlike a style, and of such dimensions, as to port the results briefli- below port the results briefly below excite our surprise how, with their rude Implements, it could have been accomphshed . lUpon this RiKjy- fl' IIGE PK)Aw5 4 eminence was seatecd a venerable looking person By expending the effort to hike the steep, about sixty vears of age, with a long beard entirely knife-edged ridge that ascends the summit of grev; he had well-proportioned features, and a Auorotini, one is rewarded by a spectacular view commanding aspect; his figure wvas rather tall, but th alyn ilaeo ikta(i. 3.lassitudle and corpulencv greatly diminished his over the vallev and vflla(ye of Rikitea (Fqlg. 3.2). - over natural stature; he was entirely naked except a maro, From this vantage point, it is not hard to under- a c m X ~~~~~~~~~and crov- n ma(le frcom the feathers of the frw(ate stand whv Rik-itea was the seat of power in tra- bird, or black tern; his bodyNwas extensively tattooed ditional Nlangareva, and the location of its most ... He xwas introduced to us an areghe [aV;ikA or chief ancient and revered temples. The broad arc of ... (1831:171-72). sloping colluvium behind the village offers the The bay in which this village is situated les on the N. largest expanse of good agricultural soil in the E. side of Mount Duff; it is bordered by a sandy archipelago, xvhile the springs at the base of the beach, behind w hich there is a thick wxood of bread- slopes feed freshwater into a zone of hvdromor- fruit and cocoa-nut trees; above it, to the left, there is phic soils well suited to wet taro cultivation a sc )nd o)r upper village, where the natives retreat in * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~case of nece-ssity (1 831:1 78-79)). (Tercinier 1974). The broadi sandy beach, well- c suited to landing large canoes, slopes away to According to Hiroa, the person who re- the deeper, multi-hued wzaters of the lagoon with ceivTed Beechey was MNIa-Puteoa, the last 'aka;ik all its resources. o)r hig,h chief of MIan,gareva (Hiroa 1938a:95- Beechey, wsho landed at Rikitea in 1826, 96, 230), and the house described was at MIarae called it the "principal vrillage" of the group, and Tagaroa, on the coastal flat where the modern 36 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDs, FRENCH POLYNESIA .. '. I..... . - ... ? -.. ..:.., ." .. , ".- , , ". _ .. ..I. . .I...I- ?... -1. -. . .I -.-I.1- ...."...1.I-.. ... . .'...'.... -I-.. .., :: :- - : .. :-X-:: ? - - - - - ,. -, - .: :. ? ?- - - ---,...,," ,-:-!::?::,:7:-:::::::-:- .?.?.. -; ?::;-?? .: :...: - .. ::?:--:a.:?::;:?:: ::7:::.'? 7' :7:' ;....?. ...... 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I.: :. .:I..::. ... ? :,-. .: ....': ?:--:-:--:-:-:-:-:-:-: :TAR-6 --- --.?::,-::%,:::,::: :: .;::;: ? ":::..... ?-., -..:.., ...-."..", ::;.:.. :: : ...,-.. I ::::::::.;:;:, :,..:;:: --:... :r.-:?:;:::-:-:-:?-:-.: .....;... ... .. 37 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD IN VEST/GA TIONS .a.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... W-i t.. . ....lg , . .... ... .. .. .... . .. . . . .. .. . S ~~~~ A .4%...... ... r ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~.. ........... FIGURE 3 3 View of Auorotini (Mt Duff) and Rikitea Village from the lagoon The traditional..residence of the high ranking chiefs of Rikitea was at Marau Tagaroa. The approximate locations.....of.Marae.Te Kehika and the site of the royal nursery are also indicated. Photo by P.V.........Kirch. 38 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA approximate locations of a number of impor- ders (average diameter 1 m) (GPS position tant sites, including four mnarae (Hiriga-tapu, Te 503034E 7442770N). Betxveen the two boul- Tehito, Te Kehika, and Te Hau-o-te-Vehi). All der courses we observed pieces of branch coral of these were heavily modified or destroyed by (AQcropora sp.), wvhich may have been placed there the Catholic missionaries, although as we re- as ritual offerings. Unfortunatelv, the higher ter- port below, portions of the foundation of Te race supported by these foundation boulders had Kehika still exist. The great communal meeting recently been bulldozed and evidently other house ('are tapeere) which stood just inland of stones taken from the site (B. Schmidt, pers. the chiefly residence (lMarau Tagaroa), became comm., 2001). the foundation for Rikitea's cathedral. The ap- Reconnaissance survey likewise demon- proximate locations of these traditionally im- strated that there are a variety, of stone con- portant sites are shown on Figure 3.4. structions still extant in an arcuate zone extend- Because Rikitea Village continues to be the ing across the colluvial slopes inland of Rikitea island's main zone of human occupation, and Village. These include terraces of varied size, due to the extensive building projects of the retaining walls, pavings, free-standing walls, and missionaries during the 19th century, the coastal other constructions made of basalt boulders. In plain is fairly, densely covered in houses, roads, one area QTeva'a), where modern gardening had churches, schools, and other administrative exposed a complex of features, a dark charcoal- buildings, making it difficult to survey rich cultural deposit with basalt flakes could be archaeologically. Our work was limited to a re- seen, and the landowner showed us several ba- connaissance surveN of portions of the collu- salt adzes which had been uncovered during the vial slopes and to several subsurface tests for course of his gardening activTities. There is much buried cultural deposits on the coastal plain potential for an intensive surface survev of ar- using transect coring and test pits, as shown in chitectural features in this inland colluvial zone, Figure 3.4. Our limited work has convinced us although this would be a time-consuming en- that there is still much of archaeological im- terprise, involving brush clearing and detailed portance in the Rikitea area, but it will require mapping. Table 3.1 lists several stone structural a long-term project to fully tap these resources. remains for which we were able to obtain CGPS S TONE STRUCXTUJRAL s positions. Emory (1939:19) reports that all of the im- RKITEA BLACH RIDGE COUNG portant sites located in the Rikitea area, such The major focus of our work in Rikitea was as the marae Te Kehika and Te Hau-o-te-Vehi, not surface structural remains but the coastal had been destroyed by the missionaries, with beach ridge, which we wished to sample, by "all stones having] been removed." We found means of transect coringr and test excavations that contrary to his report, not all traces of these for evidence of buried cultural deposits. The structures have been obliterated, although it is Rikitea beach ridge, formed of fine-grained cal- true that the main structures are gone, most of careous sands, extends from the current shore- the stone having been incorporated into the large line inland to between 100-150 m, where it then cathedral, royal residence, and other structures slopes down very slightly, to the zone of hydro- built under missionary auspices during the 19th morphic, gleyed alluvial soil described by centuryr However, as seen in Figure 3.5, we were Tercinier (1974). This zone of hydromorphic shown traces of what appear to be the founda- soil was the principal area of xlvet taro cultiva- tion of Alarae Te Kehika (site I 90-06-RIK-1l) con- tion. The beach ridge is low (eight above sea sisting of a two-course high facing, ~-2 m high level ranges from 1.5-3 m) and, being protected and 5-6 m long, built of massive basalt boul- by the lagoon, has been constructed largelyr through 39 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS .I . . .II- :... . I. " .1. . ., I... . .?... ?II? ,.. I.I . .I?. ...1. ....? I . . ?....... .? .1 .... ..I. ..I.. I.'... :-.. .I?. I.. .II..,, .. .I. ?I. :.I...'.. ?.? .,.. .. 7444500 N..?,,+?: I.... .I ....... I . .. .Im....I ....I .I1. .1.#... ...I. ?.-...w, ?.. ..?..l..... .._X.... .m?...... im.?.?.... ... .. .?? I- :...*:::::?::::,:::::::, ...,? ...-..,... II.,_ .... .. ...?:... I... .. ,.-: .....:.;... ..?..:.:. - -I.I.:,I I.. I....... .... .?I..........?........?.......,... ?l.I.:I...: ... :.:..:.:.:.....:...:...: ....?...:. _.m...:.:.: .:.:..::. .!.:... - - ....b...:-..:.:.:..:.,:...::. ?..:.,:,:,:,:,.:.:. , :: ..-.::...?.? .?. .I. ..... ?..,.I.: :. .,- .... . .... ?..? 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I ...?:??:<. :??:?,. . ..,,, :?i?:?:.. 40 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA FIGURE 3.5 View of the remnant two-course boulder facing said to be part of the foundation for Marae Te Kehika. low-energy accumulation of medium to fine- vial slopes to the lagoon shore (at 20 m inter- grained sands. It has probably long been a main vals), another partial transect (Chez Louis), and zone of human occupation, and is densely coy- various individual cores sampling other places ered by, houses and gardens toda}~ or features along the coastal plain. Attempts to Coring operations to search for buried cul- core in three places near the Boutique Hinarau tural deposits were carried out at several loca- bottomed out on solid rock. Individual core re- tions in Rikitea Village, as shown in Figure 3.4. suits are summarized below, and stratigraphic The cores include a complete transect (Chez diagrams are provided in Figure 3.6. Tepano Paeamara) from the base of the collu- 1. Alound nealr Ma'Iaai Aludel A low but dis- TABLE 3.1 Stone structural remains on the slopes inland of Rikitea Village. Site Number GPS GPS Stone Structure Type Easting Northing 1 90-06-RIK-7 502909 7442801 Stone-faced terrace, ca. 1 0 x 1 0 m; locality named Teva'a; stone adzes found here by landowner. 1 90-06-RIK-8 502917 7442801 Stone pavement (under heavy brush). I1 90-06-RIK-9 502933 7442732 Stone-faced terrace. 1s 900-I- 025 429 tnefcdtrae 1 00-I- 090 7428_asv tn-ae terraertiigwllc.2 og ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- courses h igh.T 1 900-I- 094 7463 Soefcd trae 41 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS tinct moundi occupies the open land betxwen marine sandl was not reached in holes 4 andi 5 the rtoad andi the lagoon shore nortlh of the whcre the water- tal)Ie laN, witlin the overh'ing Mlarazin Nluricl. A core 25 nm seaward of the unit. A core hole 20 ni seaward of the road and road and 20 mfn from the lagoon slhore on top of approximately 20( m from the lagroon shore found the Mound encountered 10)0 cm of stiff clay only mediumn-to-coarse grrained sand and grit to and stone, from wlich it was concluded that the water table, at about 40 cm. the mound had been a secondary deposit of ma- 3. EiJec;/an',a;i :f- House. This core, in an area terial from modern construction act.ivities. close to Tepano Paeamara and about 80 m in- 2. (b1e- Tepaizo IPaeaa-era. This series of core land from the road, shows similar stratigraphy holes provides a transect across thie center of to the cores at Tepano Paeamara except that the Rikitea coastal flat. Core hole 3 wvas about the clax' admixture was deeper and the core 1(0 m seaward of the base of the steep, but nar- reached the water table before sampling marine row (20 m wide) hill slope deposits. It sampled sand. 55 cm of hill-slope material lving upon medium- 4. Chek' Louis. This series was cored to coarse grained carbonate sand and grit which, samplc the land adjacent to the major Rikitea at 95 cm total depth, lay at an abrupt transition taro swamp, the seaward edg-,e of which was lo- upon a fine marine sand deposit containing some cated about 27 m inlancd from the road. (Core 2 small pelecN-pods and branch coral. A shell IN- at 15 m from the road shows a fairlv deep cul- inm- at the transition was collected f(-)r radiocar- tural lay,er, containincg charcoal which wlas bon dating. With the admixture of hill-slope sampled for radiocarbon dating, overlying a material (stiff volcanic clay and basalt clasts) coarse carbonate sand and grit. Holes 1, 3, 4, decreasing seaward, the stratigraphy in the re- and 5 were positioned along a 3 m strip of the maimng, corc holes was similar, except that the edge of the taro swamp, about I m back from 3 2 1 4 5 --20cm 20cm r 0 r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 Al ~~~~~~~~20 0, A`~~~~~~ 30 - ~~40 50 60 70 -80 90 -- ~~~1 00 110 FIGURE 3.6 L120cm Stratigraphic -_ - _ L diagram of coring - - - - watertable transects in Rikitea Village (after lchacalate brawn ao dark -g campact medium carbanate brawn stiff, sticky clay learn C sand and grit, varying cater fram Anderson 2001 a). anld basalt clasts -grey-yellrow ta dark grey; few (A) Chez Tepano redepesited hill sails stanqes, eno free charceal Paeamara r | ~~~light grey te cream rlgrey, fine sand, eccasienal Paeamara.~~~~~1 carbenate sand and ceral piece and shell grit, eccasienal stene 42 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA magazin 3 4 5 2 0 10 20 30 60 70 80 90 - - -water table 100 1 L0 dark brown sandy ''' clay loam and rock 120cm FIGURE 3.6 light brown sandy clay,. damp and sticky _-water table Strftigraphic diagram damp and sticky ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fcoin tasetsi pole tawn to white medium fine sand, brown mottles Rikitea Village (after charcoal nderson 200 a). El ' \(B) Chez Louis. Magazin Church hall Frenchman's Muriel breadfruit house mound grove Schoolyard 0 10 -20 30 -40 -50 60 7~~7 I70 90 __ water table 100 . 110 I dark brown to black 77 light brown sandy clay FIGURE 3.6 77 sandy clay loam LX loam with shell grit 1 20cm Stratigraphic diagram of darlittleosnd cly7tif or white carbonate sand coring transects in Rikitea [77 light to dark [77 coarse rolled grit. Village (after Anderson 2001 a). Lii grey sand 1-{sand and cemented coral (C) Miscellaneous cores. 43 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS the lip of the depression. Holes 3 and 4, at eachi In inland from the sealed road that runs through end of the sample strip, had similar stratigra- Rikitea, and ran perpendicular to the shoreline phv to hole 2, but holes 1 andi 5 located some- exposing, the buLried glev -1 m below surface. tlhing, different. Hole 1 recor(ded charcoal down to We took advantage of this situation and re- the water table at 68 cm. A duplicate hole (5) 2(0 corded the stratigraphy -10 m seaward of the cm closer to the lip of the taro swamp recorded base of the cliffs inland from the Mlairne. The black sandy clav loam and sand down to 135 cm, stratigraphic section was drawn and photo- at which point some free charcoal xwas recovered graphed (Fig. 3.8). The characteristics of each and retained for radiocarbon dating. The feature layer are described belowv. in hole 5 may be a ditch, or a former edge of the Overburden. A dark bro.wn (10YR3/3) stickN tar() swxamp, although a modern pit cannot be clay backi dirt, -2() cmp thick , displaced from ruled out since we do not know from which level mechanical excavations of the trench. Simi- the feature was cut. A charcoal sample from core lar characteristics to Lay er ll described be- hole 2, at a depth of 55-60 cm, was submitted loxw, but overburden was displaced from for radiocarbon dating, yTielding a calibrated age an unknown distance. of .). 1 1 60-122() (Anderson et al. 2003a). This is Layer I. Black (10YR2/1) silty cla; 2() cm thick, among the earliest dates from Mlangareva, and with occasional charcoal flecks. Mloderate ,crumb structure firm, sticky consistency; hence in 2003 we returned to this localitv for ad- c 'trctre plastic; abundant roots and pores; a clear dtifional test excavations (see below). and irregular boundary 5. C.hu~rch Ha/i Bruadfruit Gr^ov.Pe. At the cor- Lay-er 11. A dark y ellovish brown (1 0YR3/4) ner of the main road where it turns up the hill I silty-clay, with y~el_lowish brown (10OYR5/8) below the Rikitea church hall there is a grove mottles, dispersed small flecks of charcoal, of breadfruit trees. A core in the grove, 5 m no stone or shell. A moderate crumb struc- west of the flat part of the road and 8 m north ture; plastic, wNith abundant roots and pores. of the rising part, located a cultural deposit The boundary is gradual and not discern- under 30 cm of hill-slope material. Charcoal was iblc. A satnple of dispersed charcoal was recovered for radiocarbon dating. collected from the upper portion of the 6. Schoolyard. At about 40 m from the lagoon layer (Fig. 3.8) -3(1) cm below the ground edge and 25 m from the school buildings, along a surface prior to accumulation of the recent fence between the school and pre-school, a core spoil overburden. disclosed a cultural deposit containing charcoal Layer III. The 25 cm thick gley layer consist- that was sampled for radiocarbon dating. The core ing of a black (N 2.5/2.5) clay-silt-gravel bottome outonslidcorlrockwithout large stones, but gritty. Very little bottomed out on solid coral rock. I - dispersed charcoal some of which was col- CENTRAL RIKITA S-m1TiATIGRPiIIIC TRENCH lected for radiocarbon age determinations (\XTk-1090)l1; Be-ta- 1 68443). The- layecr is struc- AVn unexpected opportuni tv to observe a ('-0(IBt-643.hlNeisrc tureless; sticky and very plastic wvith few, stratigraphic section cutting across much of the r (-- ~~~~~~~~~~~roots. The bsoundarN- was very abrupt and coastal beach ridge was provided by a trenclh s o .1 smooth-characteristic of a gley layer. mcore than 75 m long, which had been duKg by Layer IV A very palc brown (10YR8/3) sterile, heavy machinerv to help correct drainage prob- well-sorted, coarse coralline beach sand with lems in the village. As shown in Figure 3.7, this a gritty texture; no charcoal, stone or whole trench cut across the zone of water-saturated, shell; non-stickx; non-plastic \vith few^ roots. ,gleyed soil wvhich had been identified by Tercinier (1974) and represented the largest area A sample of dispersed charcoal recovered of taro cultivration on the island. The trench from LayTer III (G/AM-16) w^as cleaned and split started at the base of the coiluvrial slope, 175 into three subsamples, each being sent to a dif- 44 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDs, FRENCH POLYNESIA Mangareva Island sealed lo~~~~epoe i tech tono surface midden profile and -5~~scae: mter road~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o ferent laboratory for ~~~~~radiocarbon datig n aesget htteRkte a aosvm a yielded ags of 450 40 and 30 ?180tBp. ied guleyra layeratRkeaviibneddod- (Beta-168443,GAM-16c; ANU- 1927,pGAM- ine trnhebudrsofteacelgilst, FIGU6a).7W bElievetatio tasampl Beta-I 6844 pRokte lacatide burid iar sitwuluaadpsts(rifcs fTierehebet esortimat for theddepositon of mddnacmutionnaesugssta fheaturies) tand dwatemutplea thdergenlaer CairteoA..13016,ihs smeplesrom Adtheontir lengavthon of the st.based v middoerbrde charcoal. 50 21W 75 _____ ____ ____ ____ 100 .1X ~ 12 FIGURE 3 8 Stratigraphic section .. ....... ...... through. the... hyrm rhczn.nado h iie e c ig Ph t by M ... . I. Weisler... 45 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS on the geomorphological setting of thie site it is Laver 11. 25-48/55 cm. Strong browin (7.5 YR likely that early cultural deposits may be found 4/6), slightly mottled, cultural deposit wvith there, especiall, just seaward (of the base of the some shellfish (Piw/tada, Thrblo, Gafr^aium, and slope. other species noted), charcoal, and one piece o-f burned fishbone. The sediment is a mix- 1LES7lJZXC ISTIOX)S I1NRIKFlLA flIIJIAGE ture of clav and calcareous sand (-20'!/o (CHEZL)UJLS) sand). The contact with Laver III is fairlI From the 2001 coring at Chez Louis (see sharp but irregular. A large pit runs along above), we submitted a charcoal sample which the north side of the unit, containing Laver vielded a calibrated radiocarbon age of A.D. I 1160-1220 (Anderson et al. 2003a). As this is Layer III. 48/55-90 cm. White (7.5 YR N8) cal- among the earliest obtained from anv sites in careous sand with some dark red mottling t- . . # (2.5 YR 3/6) which may derive from de- Mangareva, in 2003 we decided to carry out a c test . exaato in th .ii'yoftecr oe composed (-)rgXanic matter. Sand is medium- tt cann eiiot c o to-fine-grained with small marine shells, in- to explore the nature of the deposits which cluding one bivalve in intact death position. yielded the dated charcoal. Two test pits, each Sbr .1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Several small branch co)ral fragments werer I In- were excavated along an east-west transect also noted, along with scattered pieces of which crossed a narrow, swampy depression for- decomposed organic material (rotted wood merl) used for taro cultivation (Fig. 3.9A). fragments?). The water table was reached Our first sondage (TP-1) was situated in the at 90 cm, but much ()f the deposit imme- grassy flat to the south of Chez Louis, some diatelv above this is also wet. Layer III has 13.6 m inland (west) of the concrete road run- the appearance of being a low-energy beach ning through Rikitea Village (GPS coordinates deposit. 0503136E, 7442984N). The uppermost de- posit, which was excavated by shovel, consisted After TP-1 was completed, we decided to of a compact sandy-clay loam containing recent open a second sondage (TP-2) inland of the taro (historic age) cultural materials such as rusted swamp depression, at the base of the colluvial iron. At about 45 cm below surface, the top of slope, to determine whether the beach deposit a traditional Polynesian earth oven (um/T was represented by Laver III in TP-1 continued in- exposed in the SW corner of the unit; soon af- land under the colluvium. It was our hope that ter, a pit-like feature began to appear across the we might also find an intact cultural deposit on entire northern part of the square (between 55-70 an old beach surface, if such existed. TP-2 (lxi cm below surface). These features made the ex- m) was located byV GPS at 0503097F and cavation of the cultural deposit complex and dif- 7442962N. Because of the dense and compact ficult. Clean, culturally sterile beach sand was clay and rock making up the sediment in TP-2, reached between 55-90 cm, and the xvater table it was excavated by shovel and iron bar and appeared at 90 cm, making further excavTation im- could not be screened. There was little differ- possible. After completion of excavation, the ex- ence in stratigraphy from top to bottom, the posed stratigraphT was recorded as folloxvs (see entire deposit consisting of colluvial material Fig. 3.9B): until the water table was reached at 125 cm Layer 1. 0-25 cm. Dark reddish brown (5 YR below surface. With some difficultx we contin- 3/2) sandy clay loam (about 5%/I sand ued toc dig below the water table to a depth of gtrains); quite hard and compact. The upper 145 cm, but no calcareous sand deposit xvas en- 10 cm contained some rusted iron nails and countered. At this depth we were somewxhat partially burned wvood. The earth ovecn (Fea- below the level of the calcareous beach sand ture 1) is associated with Las'er I. deposit (LayTer III) in TP-1. The stratigraphyT of 46 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA TP1 10 20 30 40 50m Taro swamp >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . .. . 2 .. water table --2m FIGURE 3.9A Elevation transect at Chez Louis, showing the relative positions of TP-1 and TP-2. W N E 0 : : ( ' | i ' S ' | ~~~~~~~Ocm __ E1__ -0c .. t N m ..... x .. -FEl? r - _ _ \ basalt 25 a . . . .:: ,z: & : . . ...... . .. . . .... -g.$ > .......... .\ .. ..... ... .- - . - - - - --- .. 0* ; 50 unexcavated. , pit Il unexcavated 75 FIGURE 3.9B Stratigraphic section of TP-1, Chez Louis. TP-2 was recorded as follows: land slope of a former low calcareous sand 0-30 cm. Dark reddish browxn (5 YR 3/2) clay beach ridge, upon which early Polynesian occu- (lacking san(l inclusion-s); stiff and compact. pation was located. A natural depression inland 30-80 cm. Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2) clay of the beach ridge and at the base of the collu- wvith a denise concentration of fist-sized vTial slope provided an excellent locality for taro rounded basalt cobbles. Charcoal pieces cultivation. Mlost likely, the primary zone of scattered throughout, indicating l)urning. habitation was sliahtlhv seaward of TP-1 itself 4( )- I 0( )+ cm. Very dark gray clay mixed with much in the vicinity of the present elevated concrete smaller volcanic gravel (subangular shape). roadxvav Further test excavations between TP- I and the present shoreline might succeed in In sum, these test excavations failed to re- locatincy more promising cultural deposits. veal th-e presence of a substantial cultural de- l t m p posit in the vicinity of Chez Louis, despite the RJKJY PA, TIs - Pjj 3 earlT 14(- date from the 200(1 coring. Howrever, In 200(-1 we dug, one I m2 test excavTation on the test pits and transect levteling did provTide the propertyT of T. Reasin in Rikitea (near the some detail on the geomorpho:logical context. NE end of the village), in a lo)cation where con- Specificalb;t it appears that TP-1 sits on the in- struction for a house and wTater line had led to 47 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS the discov ery of a pearishell fishhook. The ex- I. - 0cm cavation was carried to a depth of about 12( IA 10 cm, although the water table was encountered -2 at 100 cm below surface. No prehistoric arti- facts xvere recovered, although some historic- Porites 30 period objects were found in the upper levels. coral ~( The stratigraphv of the south face of the exca- vation unit is shown in Figure 3.10, and can be v 50 summarized as follows: charcoal 60 Layer IA. Compact sand-clay loam, with ba- 7 salt rocks and coral debris (includes historic- period artifacts). Co)lor 10 YR 2/2. 80 Layer IB. Lens of reddish mottled material | L . mixed wvith large pieces of semi-burnt 90 w\ood and charcoal, coral rubble. This de- water table . . . ;.... 100 (high tide) poslt pOssibly relates to a recent period of charcoal production in the vicinity, as de- 110 scribed by T. Reasin. unexcavated 120 LayTer I1. A deep, structureless, uniform deposit 130 o)f ,gray-brown sandy-clay loam (color 10 YR 3/2), \vith somc dispersed charcoal 14estimat base0 flecks. The contact betveen layers II and Of greyfill III is fairly sharp but slightly irregular. FIGURE 3.10 Stratigraphic section of TP-3, Layer lllA. Zone of mottled sand, stained (7.5 Rikitea Village. YR 8/6-7/8). Layer IIIB. Wa hite, sterile beach satd (10 YR 8/ complex of structures including the cathedral, 2). su ater table reached at 1)3 cm bloxv parish house, and school, near the southern end surface (3:30 pm, high tide). of the village, makin(g them difficult or impos- Slt.'AIMIRY OF TH: KTKrhl AH sible to access. Our reconnaissance forays onto the colluvial slopes inland of the beaclh ridge The transect cores, test pits, and strati- also demonstrated that an array of stone struc- g>raphic section throuah the drainagte trench all graphic-section through the drainage trench all tural features remain extant on these slopes, and indicate the presence of subsurface cultural Would repay efforts at intensive settlement pat- deposits in the beach ridge underlying Rikitea tern survey. Village. In the case of Chez Louis, a radiocar- bon date of A.D. 1160-1220 (calibrated) sugTgests AJ-r7T r7T (ALTU)IARiEA that some of these deposits are of considerable The Atituiti district lies on the southern part age. At the same time, no deeply stratified de- of M\angarev a, to the southwest of Rikitea, and posits were encountered, and it is likely that the consists of a calcareous coastal plain (Atituiti beach ridge is characterized by "horizontal Raro), and a kind of plateau or shelf (Aktituiti stratigraphy" rather than deep, vertically strati- Ruga) situated about 100 m above sea level and fied deposits. Thus, a far more extensive pro- below the steep cliff of Auorotini. Access from grram of coring and test excavations wvill be re- the plateau (Atituiti Ruga) to the coastal plain quired to identify localities that ma) be wxorthy (Atituiti Raro) is provTided byT a partly stone- of intensivre excavTation. MIoreover, it is lilkelyT pavTed path wrhich descends from just wxest of that some of the oldest deposits underlie the the ruins of the C~atholic convent at Rouru. 48 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Emory (1939:23-24) hints at the presence of Feature B. A roug,h retaining wall of large boul- stone terraces and platforms in the Atituiti area ders, partly disturbed by recent bullozing. and mentions a mzar-ae (Te Mlata-o-Tu at Tai-o- The wall marks the edge of a large tcrrace. te-Avarua), on the coast at Atituiti Raro, which Feature C. A partly disturbcd free-standing stonc he described as consisting only of a "rough pile wall about 2 m wide (there has been some of basalt and coral stones, covering an area 9 collapse), which seems to have defined the of basalt and coral stones', covering an area 9 east and south edges of a flat "court" to feet square." A general map of the Atituiti area is roide i Fgur 311 the east of the large paepae, Feature A. The is provided in Figure 3.11. area to the west of the wall is very flat and STRUl,TCURAL C)AIPLLX ATATTIUm RTGA possibly paved. (1'mrF 190-06-A TU-1) Feature D. An upright slab of basalt 0.9 x 0.15 In his monograph, Emor (1939:23-24) briefly m across and standini-g 0.95 m high, set on noted that "back of the coastal plain on which is edge. The slab is surrounded by three other situated the little village of Atituiti is a high, angular volcanic stones. This feature ma heavily wooded shelf known as Atituiti ruga possiblv have been associated with the large (above), along which are a number of old pave- Feature A paepae in a sighting align-iment. ments and terraces." Hiroa (1 938a:226) alludes Feature E. Area of pavement with well-set v ol- .the remais of irrigation canic slabs (30-40 cm diameter), laid flat. to t. s s Disturbed at the south and west sides by although he does not give detailed descriptions. recent bufldozing:. During a reconnaissance foray Kirch noted the r . (- n Feature F. Twvo or possibly three shallow de- presence of numerous stone-faced terraces and . m i other features situated on either side of the dirt rims, evhientl m associated with the Feature E road running west from the abandoned convent pav ment. These may possibl be subterra- across the Atituiti shelf referred to b) Emory. nean storage pits for breadfruit paste (mwa ma). From November 27 to 29, 2001 these features Feature G. A small, well-set pavement of vol- were mapped with plane table and alidade at scale canic slabs on a knoll overlooking the large of 1:300, with contour intervals at 1 m. The loca- Feature A paepae. tion of our mapped area is shown in Figure 3.11, Feature H. A crude terrace of large boulders while Figure 3.12 is a digitized version of the de- xvith what appears to be a heap of dark- tailed plane table map. colored earth on top of it. As indicated byr the features within our Feature I. A xell-faced terrace or retaining wall, mapped area, Atituiti Ruga preserves a largely four courses high (1.0 i). The terrace undisturbed settlement landscape, with a diver- tains sloping ground behind it ancl was prob- sity of stone structures including a large paepae, abI a drIland horticultural feature. smaller pavements ad bh dFeature J. A free-standing stone wall 0.3-0.7 m smaller pavements, and both dnrT and irrigated - ge .high of stacked cobbles and boulders. This agricultural terraces. It is one of the few remain- psb served as a land division or bound- ing areas of Mlangareva Island where there ap- ars m -- ~~~~~~~~~~~ari, marker. pears to be an intact settlement pattern which F Feature K. A large, relativTeIN flat area about 20 x has not been destroyed either by the 19th cen- 20 m with low retaining walls on the east tury mission or more recent construction and and south, possibll a habitation terrace. land modification. Feature L. A worked (cut and dressed) block Mlajor features shown in Figure 3.12 are des- of tuff or breccia 0.35 x -40A m, 0 55 - ignated by letters, for which we provide brief high, which stands upright in the middle of descriptions or comments: a dryland terrace. Feature A. A large paepae, described in further Feature MI. A set of terraces defined by retain- detail belowr ing: walls 0.3-0.6 m high. One terrace has a 49 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS .. I. I ... ? . .. . . ...- .. - ? . . - - ? - .' ?''. -- - l''.1- 1. :..-";- -- .1 ? - ''.. ?. - .- I .. .. .111 I . . .- ? .?.???:?,?? ? ?,:?:? ?;:,??:?:??:?.?. :?: :? ?;; - ? ' " '; ? :?. . ....''... ..' - - ...... -'. , .1- 1.1.1'.... ." ........ .'. ' ... I ... - I 1- - I - - ? ?- . , , ., ?. - "....'...' '. . I ,? ? I . I .. ?. ..., . .. .1 1.I ;.?L ` ?: ? :??:!? - .- .? , -- .. . I .. . .. .. .. 1. . . ..- . . . I . .. I 1. . . I - - ....... . . I. . .. 1. I I ? 1. I . . I I - - - ? ? - I . 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C) O.-- '. ..':-X-:-?:-:::-:::':::-;?X + .- -- :.:.., --:::- 7.::- - - .?.:?:?,?:?:::??:?]::?:M ,:?:?:]?:?::]i:]:::?:]..:!.:.:.......?.: ?:.:?:..:.:.:?.:.:,:?:.?.I. ...,.,...,....,.. A, - -+ ++.::,::: :::? I...... 1- E x E'?:?::?An. '...',!::;??7 -:-?.?:?+: 4 1, I I : 2 .2 ?:: ;-:: .. ....... - .. .:, ..",.,...,.....?.?.I.".?, :::,:: C ) " I.,. ::.: , ::;?;? ,: ?.. . :..:?!-?:?:::,:.:?::?:::::::.?7:;?:::: .1 ..... a ) ,.: I??:'.:r :: :,.::, .' " t- a ) - 1- 1 .1 .....- : :. : : .:::?::: ::::?;?::??:.::::?;:::::: ::::,:. ,:........".........."..,.??+?.?,.?: ..? .:?..+:. ... ..... ...I.... -.1 ........... ... ... ... 50 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Intermittent stream channel A- gently s I o p i n g area H K -I terrace mounded, - black earth Miscanthus terrace and Purou Mango tree s pavement <, ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~tree\o er, , Tace* * terrace . ramp ~~ JF vegetatian thick pavement ~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~~vegetataon boulder bulldozed ' D pavemnt .~upright -p/ ' Bt A t s5- tanre c g\ depression ~~~ ~flat pavement -, '3 M X M _terrac _ o ~collapsed trean wall tree ~t lower terrace Mangareva Island TN Atituiti Ruga Transect A4N 0 5 10 15 20 25m FIGURE 3.1 2 Plane table map of stone structures in the Atituiti Ruga area, Mangareva Island. See text for description of leffered features. 51 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Miscanthus grassland worked tuff block area of r. L terraces stone tN $ mound I stone mound Q X 8 o - " > ! a o t bulldozed ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NtP flat area debris fror rood pavement modern water pipe flat area - not mopped |cut tuff slab t - I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~chonnel o 52 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA red scoria stone in its facing. A distinct stone- Feature W Three parallel alignments of four lined channel cuts througrh one terrace, prob- boulders each, making up the foundation ably for drainage. The terraces have slop- stones for a house structure. Informants ing, rather than flat, surfaces and hence were indicated that a frame house stood here ear- probably used for dryland horticulture, lier in the 20th centurN. rather than being irrigated. Feature N. Three stone mounds with diameters of ca. I m, and ranging from 0.5-0.75 m high. Feature 0. Stone-faced terraces, probably for drvland horticulture. Feature P. Part of a small drainage which has been channelized by a rock wall lining. Feature Q. A flat area on the ridge with a low stone retaining wall (0.4 m high), possibly a habitation terrace. Feature R. Part of an elevated stone pathwvav or road, destroyed in part by the construction of the modern road and by bulldozing. The well-built feature has facing heights of 0.7 to 1.1 m. This may be part of a svstem of stone-paved trails constructed during the missionary period. Feature S. A well-built, high stone-faced terrace with a retaining wall up to 1.7 m high. There is a stone pavement of flat volcanic slabs at 3.13. View of stone-faced terrace (Feature U) the rear of the terrace. The feature is prob- probably for pondfield cultivation of taro, at Atituiti Ruga. ably a habitation terrace. Feature T. A cut-and-dressed slab of tuff or breccia, rectangular in shapc and measuring PAE~i4 SITL 109-06-A TU- IA 1.15 x 0.4 m, 0.5 m high. The stone has a The largest structure within the mapped grooved indentation on its upper surface, zone at Atituiti Ruga is the platform or paepae and may have been intended for use as a designated site 190-06-ATU-1A. A Garmin lintel stone. It probably dates to the mis- XL12 GPS receiver was used to determine a sionarv period, when extensive stone work- position of 0502521 E, 7441801 N for the cen- ing wvas undertaken both for religious and ter of the platform, although reading quality was secular constructions. poor due to overhead trees. This structure is Feature U. A complex of six well-constructed, shown in plan view in Figure 3 stone-faced terraces with retaining walls . m 1 4. b onta detailed theodolite map made by E. Conte; ranging from 0.3-0.9 m high. The terrace north-south and east-west sections through the surfaces are flat, and the complex appears . . . t to~~~~~ rersn. ml riae ytmfrtr platform are provided in Figure 3.15. The plat- to represent a small irrigated sy stem for taro I form was constructed on a low knoll or natural cultivation, as mentioned by Hiroa. Figure 3.13 shows a view of one of these irriga- rise, and is perched on the edge of the steep tion terraces. bluff descending some 90 m to the coastal flat Feature V. An area where the small stream has of Atituiti Raro. This topographic setting gives been channelized between a large outcrop the platform a magnificent view across the boulder and a wvell-constructed boulder re- MIangareva lagoon to the east, south, and west, tamning wall 0.7 m high. including the islands of Aukena, Akamaru, 53 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS |' facing stone natural boulder ' * | A 1 fallen facing stone (. t tree Ftr ___ C'fi, t ! @terrace ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~dy (j - i : -: -3 ff 0 -70 - : 7 ;stairway f) 2 > 1 tt 0 : paved . (-7 : ; area TP- I~ ~~~~C T -1s 19<0Lr K tabular boulder .............\ ,.l'depression VC ()S,,A I FIGURE 3.1 4 C,3 , ) AIU-lA MN-- Plan Of paepae C>::::::: "s- - Site 1 09-06-ATU-1 A 1 2 3) 4S~) 5m at AtitUiti RUga. .___________________________________________________Attu ___ ___t Ruga IMN Ksamaka, Makaroa, Agakauitai, and Taravai. ern side, there are only low facing whalls, but the The platform is well faced with one to twro platform's southern edge is nonetheless xlvell de- courses of large basalt boulders, up to 7() cm fined by the sharp break and in slope, and drop hu,,on its northern side (F4ig. 3.16), and wras off to the natural bluff. North-to-south as well apparently similarly well faced on the east, but as east-to-west the platform measures roughly unfortunately much of the eastern faSade wvas 23 m. On the northern side, there is a separate, damaged during the bulldozing associated with slightlr~ lower terrace (partly paved) about 6 m construction of the nearby road. The wvestern wide; on the eastern end of this terrace a slop- side of the platform has a lower, discontinuous ing ramp descends to the natural ground level. facing of boulders and cobbles. On the south- A well-constructed stairway, faced with cobb)les 54 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDs, FRENCH POLYNESIA W-E profile, 5x vertical exaggeration -Or paving ~~~~~~~~~~~-0.5 1.0 two course -1.5 N-S profile, 5x vertical exaggeration paving paving-m single -. course -. facing -( main N face of platform -10 FIGURE 3.15 . . . . .. .. . Cross sections -1.5 through the 1 09-06-ATU-1I A . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .paepae (vertical -2 ...0 exaggeration x5). FIGUE 316 Vew F tenrhatcre n pr ftenrhr aad fteAU ape shwig areboldrsusdinit cnsrcton Pot y . one 55 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS on either side, ascends the platform from ground that its sides are essential-ly due east-west and level on the eastern facade about 3 m from the north-south, with a deviation of no more than northeast corner. At the approximate center of 90 from true cardinal directions. The stairway the platform is a large, flat table-shaped boul- feature is precisely oriented due east. A sight line der, 1.75 m long and 0.45 m high, with its long was also taken from the large tabular boulder to axis oriented about 860 (Fig. 3.17, 3.18). Adjoin- the upright slab about 22 m east of the platform, ing this boulder on the west and extending over a with a bearing of 82.50. rectangular area some 8 by 18 m is a pavement of TL,;,sTj ESYcAT,ATio,,vv AT PAEPAE Sim7EATU- IA flat basalt cobbles, carefully placed. Two large flat boulders are situated near the western edge of the In 2003, Conte and Kirch returned to the pavement. Just to the south of the pavement is a ATU-1A paepae to carry out test excavations circular depression 1.6 m in diameter which may with the principal objective of obtaining dat- be a filled-in pit or earth oven. able charcoal. As noted above, a large tabular The large tabular boulder in the center of basalt slab sits on the paepae in a central posi- the paepae, and adjacent to the paved area, is a tion, with a basalt cobble paving extending out feature of some interest. During his 1826 visit from this slab towards the north. We began by to Mlangareva, Beechey mentions a similar large carrying out a d6capqge of the humic soil over- stone in the middle of a paved area, which burden partially, obscuring this pavement, over served as the seat of the 'akariki or high chief: an area of about 3 x 3 m. Some charcoal flecks "We had not remained many, minutes in the hut were noted and collected, along with a number where we were first introduced, when the areghe of thin, tabular basalt spalls which had clearly rose, and, taking me xwith him, went to a large "popped off" of the north face of the large tabu- stone, in the centre of the paved area, where lar slab (evidenced by negative spall scars on we both sat down, and were immediately sur- the slab surface). These suggest that at one time rounded by some hundreds of his subjects" a fire was lit directly in front of the tabular slab, (1831:173). Emory (1939:14) discusses stone generating sufficient heat to cause the spalling. seats in MIangareva, xwhich he says were called After the dcapage was completed, we laid out 'akapua, and were "actual seats and not slab a 1 x 1 m test excavation (designated TP-1) about back rests." The tabular boulder on the ATU- 1.5 m north of the face of the tabular slab. The 1A paepae is presumabl) such a seat. paving slabs were carefully lifted and the earth As can be seen in the plan (Fig. 3.14), the between and underneath the pavement excavated ATU-1A paepae is very nearlv square and is by trowel (Fig. 3.19). Although charcoal was not moreover closely aligned to cardinal directions. abundant, we recovered a large piece of carbon- Bearings taken wvith a Suntoo sighting compass- ized candlenut shell (Aleurites moluccana), a carbon- cinometer (all readings corrected for magnetic ized Pandanus fruit key, and xvhat appeared to declination of + 14.50) indicate that the wvell- be burned coconut husk but was later identi- defined north face is oriented 96.50, while the fied as carbonized Cordly/ine fiuticosa stem (see somewhat disturbed eastern faSade seems to Chapter 4), along with other flecks of unidenti- have been oriented approximately 178.5'. The fied wood charcoal. A small flake of basalt stairwvay ascending the eastern face has an orn- dikestone was also recovered. One sample of entation of 90.5?. The large tabular boulder in charcoal in secure context under a paving slab the center of the platform has its long axis oni- xvas submitted for radiocarbJon dating (Beta- ented about 86.5?. The discontinuous facings 190:115) and yielded a calibrated age of A.I-). On the western side have orientations of I189.5? 1430-1470 (see Chapter 4 for details). and 181.50. In sum, the platform is oriented so O)ur second test excavation consisted of a 56 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA FGuRE 3.17 View of the paved surface of the ATU1 IA poepoe, with the large tabular boulder. Photo by E.Conte. obtain datable charcoal either in the paepae ffll or on the original landscape surface beneath the pea.A number of basalt cobbles exposed in the excavation do appear to be the rema'ins of a stone facingy which has tumbled and collapsed. The stratigraphic section exposed by the trench (Fig. 3.20) was described as follows: Layer I. Humic ~clay loam, A-horizon; -color 5 YR 3/2 dark:reddish brown. Many large and small rootlets from nearby Java plum trees. This layer appears to be the natural forest soil which has built up after. aban- donment of the site. The contact with !N E !tab !! ~~~~~~~~~~~Layer II is gradational and irregular. of te loge tbula bouder Layer II. A reddish brown (5 YR 4/4) vola-g in the centeroth ATI-A paepae. Photo by E. nic clay with some subangular gravel Corite. ~~~~~~~~~~~clusions, which appears to be the paepae fill. This deposit overlays several higyhly 1 x 3 m trench (designate d T- 1) situated on the weathered, large saprolithic boulders, wetr lpeo h aepe na raweewihapert eo h l adcp thr sn iil toefcn.Orgasheesrae h rsec fteebudr wer firttdeemnwhtebuidtaeprvneusfo digndoniote of _ faigeit&,adscodt e fw ol pepea adsrae 57 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 0 1 2 3 4 50cm removed /( sla / removed emove FIGURE 3.19 View and plan of the TP-1 excavation in the pavement in front of the large tabular boulder at ATU-1 A. Two paving stones have been removed in order to search for charcoal for radiocarbon dating. Photo by E. Conte. 100 unexcavated ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~2 FIGURE 3.0 Stratigaphic secion of te T- trech at theATU 1 A baepaelste Unfortnatel)no carcoalwas oberved mak cnfirm hat.tis woud hav corspne with ingitimosibe o at th pepe l dpoit asa pon7nAaaitiIln5T AaTta,a The ATU-1A paepae site may c~orrspod dsrbdbaaa 198.Gvnta h lt observatry in th Atituii area (aval 198). platau with atsuerbvewd vrte aon According to the missionary sources, the would have beenlterbs oaiyt bev Mangarevan. . pressobere th sostc riin thsslrsltc.etng n iehttefc and. setig fro Atituiti .... inore to mak pre- ing ofth.aa ar orene prcsetocr dictonsconernig te beadfuitharestxon adrcin,w beiv it is liel that.th puter.etrodition.(or.A. . 183).f.he.oltie.pator iseihr.h. osrvtoyitefo.pr setting aziuth from th position o.the.pae.a ofa fome complex.o stucurs.hih. n 58 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA cluded the observatory referred to by the mis- by Emor7 (1939:24). The thick coastal vegeta- sionaries (Kirch, in press). Hiroa (1938a) re- tion (dominated by coconut palms, tunmu'au, and marks that the M\Iangarevans were unique in Pandanus), badly, disturbed nature of the site, Eastern Polynesia for having developed this and the limited time at our disposal restricted knowledge of solar observation, and for regu- us to a rapid observation of the site, and prepa- lating their lunar calendar according to solar ration of a rough compass-and-tape plan (Fig. rather than pleiadic observations. The ATU-IA 3.21). The structure which makes us think that paepae is clearly a unique site of considerable this may be the remains of Marae Mlata-o-Tu is importance, worthy of further detailed investi- what appears to be a badly disturbed ahu, shown gation and of preservation and protection. as A in Figure 3.21. It consists of a slightly el- evated, more-or-less rectangular space (-8 x 14 SITL.S AT APTuJTmI R-Ao (190-064ATU-2, 3, -6) m), with numerous blocks of basalt and coral. A single day was spent working at Atituiti The thick vegetation which covers this struc- Raro, on the coastal flat, where there are a num- ture make clear observations impossible, but on ber of surface archaeological features as well the seaward and western sides of this structure as buried cultural deposits (see Fig. 3.11). The surface features include the remains of stone- faced irrigated pondfields for taro cultivation, a slab pavement and associated coral foundations D which may be the remains of MIarae Te Mlata-o- Tu, and a stone-paved paepae. Along the wave-cut bank defining the shore- C . F line of the small cove just east of Temiaga Point (see Fig. 3.11), a buried cultural deposit was vis- ible and was designated site 190-06-ATU-2. We excavated a single 1 m2 test unit to a depth of 60 cm, in arbvitrary 1(0-cm levels as no internal strati- |B l cgraphic divisions could be discerned. In all, 119 fire-altered volcanic oven stones were recovered, along with I waterworn pebble and a piece of volcanic dikestone. Shell midden was particu- larly dense between 20-30 cm, including sev- eral whole pearlshell valves. A sample of wood charcoal collected at 52 cm below surface was submitted for radiocarbon dating (Beta-174779, Q basalt GAM-3), yielding three calibrated age ranges: | coral GAM-3), yielding ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ tree .D. 1650-1680 1770-1800, and 1940-1950. The TN last age can be ruled out based on the absence of | MN any modern materials; it seems likely that the de- 14 \ posit dates to the late pre-contact era. To the southwest of our ATU-2 test pit, on the coastal flat just inland of Temiaga Point, |0 1 2 3 4 5m we discovered a pavement and associated fea- FIGURE 3.21 Plan of features at Temiaga Point, tures (designated site 1 90-06-ATU-3) that may Atituiti Raro, which may be the remains of Marae be the remains of MIarae MIata-o-Tu, reported Te Mata-o-Tu. 59 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS we noted basalt stones and coral slabs set on Most of the structures seem to consist of fish edge which mayT be remnant facings of the aim. weirs, called pa ika in MIangrarevan (see Emory On the inland side of the ah)u (and hence in the 1939:17); it was impossible to determine the area which may have been occupied by the court age of these structures. Five stone weirs (num- of the marlae) we noted several other features, bers 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 on Fig. 3.22) were identi- xvhich should eventually- be studied in detail fied, and it is likelv that others exist to the west, after thorough clearing and excavation. While in badl) ruined state. Betwveen weirs 4 and 6 is they may be associated xvith the putative abu, a sort of stone-walled basin (number 5) divided we cannot vet rule out the possibility that they into two parts. The weirs are funnel-shaped, could be more recent constructions (dating per- becoming narroxver on their seaward ends; the haps to the 19th century). Feature B in Figure openings on the seaward ends are -80 cm wide. 3.21 is a pavement 10 m long and no more than The stone walls run up to the base of the beach, 2 m wide, consisting of basalt and coral stones, forming basins in xvhich fish could be trapped. with a clearly defined edge facing Feature A Aside from the weirs, but associated with them (and thus possibly defining the inland edge of a is a structure (number 2 in Fig. 3.22) both com- marae court). Feature C is a small area (-2 x 2 plex and badly disturbed (one of the walls of m) of paving that does not seem to be a con- weir number 3 joins the structure). Along the tinuation of Feature B. Feature D is small area beach, a 6 m long alignment of blocks defines of pavement that appears to be a corner. Fea- the edge of a damaged pavement. This feature ture E is a circular depression -35 cm deep and is incorporated with a larger structure running 2 m in diameter, partially bordered by stones; it 12 m towards the lagoon and bordered on two may be a filled-in breadfruit storage pit (rua ma), sides by stone alignments, with a zone of stone or other kind of pit. Finally, Feature F is a larger fill about 4 m wide on the seaward side. This depression -5.5 m in diameter. structure is completely submerged at high tide. In 2003, we discovered a series of stone Laval (1938:257) described fish traps which, structural features in the intertidal zone at the like those known elsewhere in Polynesia, typi- base of the sandy beach and mostlyN visible at cally have their wider part turned towards the low tide, lying to the west of Temiaga Point. ocean. Hence the structures at Atituiti Raro are This complex was designated site 190-06-ATU- reversed from the typical layout. Such weirs or 6 and is shown in a sketch plan in Figure 3.22. traps were possiblyl used in the final phase of 3 40 5 v, 7"Q / N<8 '9 sand and gravel I 0hn/ _ _ depression , r \ 1 , / = 3 <3rk pavemen 21l X@eaes.>* 10 cz-Atituiti Raro t' 0 1 2 3 4 5m FIGURE 3.22 Plan of stone fish weirs and associated features in the intertidal zone at Atituiti Raro. 60 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA fishing with coconut leaf sweeps (rawu), as de- ATIAoA ROCKSHELTER (S'TE 190-06-ATA-1) scribed by Laval (1938:255-57; see Hiroa Our main focus of work in Atiaoa was a 1938a:297-98), and as existed elsewhere in small rockshelter (site 190-06-ATA-1) which Polynesia. However, Laval mentioned only the use had been noted previously by Weisler and Conte of nets and did not specially. note the presence of during prior reconnaissance surveNys and which ap- stone weirs. The use of the rau technique has con- peared promising for excavation. This site (GPS tinued into recent times in Mangareva (Fourmanoir location 0500512E, 7443204N) lies a few meters et al., 1974:545). It is equally possible that along off the main road where a large outcrop of volca- this coastline encumbered by coral heads, the nic breccia with an overhanging cliff protects an Mlangarevans attempted to construct a microen- area of about 8 by, 4 m. The rockshelter had re- vironment which is typically found on atoll fring- cently been used as a pig pen, resulting in some ing reefs. In effect, these structures converged disturbance to the uppermost cultural deposits; towards the lagoon and opened into basins re- this disturbance also revealed the presence of shell sembling the natural system of channels and midden and an ashy, cultural deposit. Also, an adze basins on reefs and reef platforms. As on these fragment was found on the surface. Prior to exca- reefs, fish are able to enter the artificial chan- vation, the site was mapped with plane table and nels at high tide, and remain in the basins where alidade, with contour intervals at 25 cm, as shown they may be captured by use of nets. This re- in Figure 3.24. A fixed datum point was estab- calls a fishing method observed by Conte (1988) lished on the rock outcrop face at the southern at Rurutu (Austral Islands), and at Napuka end of the rockshelter, and a metric grid was (Tuamotu Islands) where it is called tuki tuki. If laid out for horizontal control, as shown in Fig- this system functioned regularl1, it would have ure 3.25 been intended for a variety of species, but it is We excavated a single 1 m2 test unit (grid equally possible that it served intermittently for unit Fl 1) into the rear central part of the the capture of seasonal pre y such as ature (Selar- rockshelter floor; aUl sediment was fine-screened crumenophtalmus). through 5 and 3 mm mesh for faunal and floral AAmoA (ATA) I materials (Fig. 3.26). Much fine fishbone and Atiaoa is one of the main valleys on the some birdbone, along with shellfish remains, were noted durnge screenin (see Chapter 5). northwestern side of Nlangarevra Island and has wer noe duin sce "n (se Chpe beenorthwesatverundsidesoft arbev Islan eandthav The stratigraphic profile of the north face been relativelyT undisturbed by the earth-mov- of uni FlIi hwni iue3.7 n h of unit Fl11 iS shown in Figure 3.27, and the ing and construction activities which have . . da modified major parts of the low-lying areas of stratigraphy was described as follows: modified moptot l-i asf Layer I. Black (5 YR 2.5/1), compacted, silty- the island in recent years.1 A general location clay loam with some minor admixture of map of the Atiaoa and Gatavake areas is shown calcareous sand, much disturbed by recent in Figure 3.23, including the locations of two pig rooting. The deposit contains shell areas mapped in detail with plane table and al- (Gafra,ium shell especially abundant) and idade. Four sites were designated in the Atiaoa bone midden, along with artifacts of his- area: toric age (glass, iron, etc.). The contact xvith 109-06-ATA-1, a small rockshelter; Layer II is straight but gradational over 109-06-ATA-2, a complex of stone structures about 5 cm. in the valley; Layer II. Ver dark grayr (5 YR 3/1), silty clay 1 09-06-ATA-3, a stone paepae near the coast; and, wvith about 250/o calcareous sand admix- 109-()6-ATA-4, an extensive midden deposit ture (sand grain size is fine, 0.43-.08 mm situated within the coast plain, range); the deposit readily breaks into peds. 61 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 0 <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7C) >~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U -a c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C, U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E 0 c CN c~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C C3 _ _ a ~~~ '~~~~~~'.~~~~~~ """ 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a~~C i',..'4vAq4 ~' .~',: . .4/.4.4,~4444-'4'... C 0<~~~~~ o ~~~~~~CN ,44 C')~~~~~0 ? 4., ../44,. 44, ~ ~ ip. 4 - --.- 62 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Atiaoa Rockshelter. br e c c i a . . . . . .~~ ~~~~ bottle ~Fl Mango tree Adz bevel < 40 these samples yielded a modern age, but the oven fzeDature. root sample from the earth oven vielded a calibrated I0Beta-.P74770 age range of A.D. 1280-1300. ~~~~~. . . . , . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . s :.- ; . .: :-; .-. ...................... unexcavated . -; > p 60 Sr1E 190-06-ATA4 CcoASiA AIIDDE-N FIGURE 3.27 Stratigraphic section, north face of Across the road (seaward) from the grid unit F 1, rockshelter site 190-06-ATA-1. rockshelter, we carried out transect corings, lo- cating an extensive buried midden deposit (site Rootlets are scattered throughout. Charcoal 109-06-ATA-4) in the coastal flat. The loca- flecking was present throughout the laver, tions of the transect core holes are shown on but the northeastern part of the unit was Figure 3.28 (designated T.C. 1-n and T.C. 2-n). observed to be more ashy, possibly associ- A plot of the elevation transect taken from the ated with the oven feature (ash rake out). rockshelter site ATA-1 through transect core Bone and shell midden was found through- hole positions T.C.-1-5 to 1-4 is provided in out. The contact xvith Laver III is sharp and I Figure 3.29. From this it can be seen that the wavv. At the contact between lavers II and # . . ~ ~~~~ area of inferred subsurface midden deposit (in- lilA, in the northeast corner of the unit, part area of infrre ausrfce midden deposit in- of a small earth oven was exposed (see Fig. d 3.27). cores) extends from the slope in front of the Layer27ilA. rockshelter as far as core hole T.C. 1-1. Spe- LavTer IIIA. Dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 2.5/ 4) clay with <50 calcareous sand admix- cific notes on the transect cores follow: ture. The clay breaks into small peds, and 1. Atiaoa Transec 1. This is the main transect there are angular volcanic clasts throughout. across the ATA-4 site, running from the gate Charcoal was dispersed throughout the de- opposite the rockshelter (site ATA-1) down to posit, and is likely derived from land-use the lagoon shore, with core holes at about 20 m 64 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA 0 -::: - :-: .:: . - - - .~ ~~. . . ;, . . . . . forest . . . . . . .. . 0/.- datum 1 6 ATA-4- - ::: : ::- ::::ATA-1 <~~~~~Lcto '~ 2~ - -' 1.0.nAn,/(_ rt>l ' cn , k- 0 0 6 . -: . - 11 / ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~T. C. \ 1.0. T.C. .' l ' 1-2 3-2 . ., t2~~~~~~~~~~~~~-36, AT -4 Locat L o A B -t ra wee |T.C4 ?. -. st Edgeo~ f eo ' '\6Omo 1-2~~~~~~~~- 1.0.T. inf erred ex t 23 - w of buried midden & fe g - - .- 3 600m S 1 2 3 4 50m high gaden Loction -Ceevto T. C1 31 1- adinferred extent ofbre idna st 9-6AA4 inevasnd ashe &oe ofinet gavelih nl ekTdvlpdtpolofhl-lp aei o14 3 mag otowree tmo taomtheedgeoftheroad. fIe hasashalowandabundatcharcoalbutnoevients 1.C.=transectcore~~~~~~~~.C o 1 2 3 4 SOm elevation~~~~~~~~~~Q'1 I I I I I high tide ___ - \transect~~~~~~1-3 FIUR .2 laetal mp fth oatl linatAiaashwngte octonoTtasetcoe an ifere etet f uredmide a ste1 026-TA4 interals, nd sme coes ofset t a rght agle eaklydevelped opsoi of hll-sope mteri to te man trnset. Te man tanset beins als ver calareus snd lyer appoximtel withT.C-1 1 stuaed 3 m owads he agon 60cm hic, vryig fom gay o backandcon fro thMedegoatevrad.I a hlo n aigaudatcaca u oeietsoe 65 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS _________cultural Mangareva Island, deposit Atiaoa Area Elevation Transect terregenous snirsi sediments sandier sail ATA- I top of rockshelter ATA-4, midden beach . . . . . . . . . . . s a level | 3m-- ~~~~~~~N 'V 5 ditch , s. a l 2 --\ \.. . . . . . . . . note vertical exaggeration T.C. = Transect core 0 50 1 OOm FIGURE 3.29 Elevation section from site 190-06-ATA-1 through the coastal plain, showing the inferred extent of the site 190-06-ATA-4 midden deposit. See Figure 3.28 for location of the transect line. Note vertical exaggeration of scale. shell, or bone. This deposit overlies clean carbon- approximate location of one margin of the cul- ate sand. The cultural deposit is thinner and has tural deposit on the Atiaoa flat (site ATA-4). no visible charcoal in T.C.-1-2, some 20 m closer 3. Atiaoa Transect 3. This transect began 85 to the lagoon, and there is no cultural material at m along the road to the west of the gate oppo- all in T.C.-1-3 and -4 further lagoonward in the site the rockshelter. The coastline pinches in sequence. Core TC.-1-5 was approximately 12 m closer to the road from this point for some dis- from the road but offset 7 m from the main transect tance to the west, i.e., forming the western edge line to avoid an area of exposed coral rock. The of the Atiaoa coastal flat. At 20 m north (sea- cultural layer was weakly apparent in this core, ward of the road and equidistant from the high with some free charcoal. A further 30 m east- tide mark) core T.C.-3-1 disclosed no obvious ward on the same line at a right angle to the cultural traces, just light gray-brown sand over main transect was T.C.-1-6 which disclosed the orange-stained carbonate sand, lightening to cultural layer, including fire-altered stone and white with depth. A further 8 m to the west the charcoal. Charcoal samples were recovered for wall of a modern drainage ditch, cleaned down, radiocarbon dating, from the base of the cul- displaNed the same stratigraphy. Core T.C.-3-2 tural laver in T.C.-1-1, -5, and -6. is about 35 m west of the gate opposite the 2. Atiaoa Transect 2. This lies on the coastal rockshelter. It is 25 m west of the covered spring flat, seaward of the road, and begins 1 1 0 m east- and 10 m seaward from the road on a slight rise ward along the road from the gate opposite the west of the small taro swamp. The cultural layrer rockshelter. T.C.-2-1 had an upper sand layer is eVident here in black sand and cracked rock wlhich contained a small fraction of finelyT com- with some flecks of charcoal. A large basalt adze minuted charcoal. Black sand and possibly fire- flake wxas found on the surface adjacent to thIe cracked rock occurred sparsely in T.C.-2-3. core hole, and other flakes wsere found nearbx. C:ores -2 and -4, however, showxed no clear sig?,n In sum, the coring operations demonstrate of cultural material beyrond a gray tinge to the that a subsurface cultural deposit of substan- upper sand layer. This transect seems to be the tial dimensions exists within the Atiaoa coastal 66 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA flat seaward of the road. The site extends, at A small structural complex at Atiaoa, about least from core hole T.C.-3-2, an east-west dis- 1 00 m inland of the road, was mapped with tance of about 150 m, and it extends 40-60 m plane table and alidade at 1:400 scale and des- seaward of the road. Although the site has been ignated site 1 90-06-ATA-2 (GPS coordinates disturbed by, gardening, our observations and of mapping station 1, 055772E 7442963N). collections of surface materials indicate some The complex is situated at the foot of a steep areal differentiation in the distribution of ma- hillside, on the gently sloping valley floor. The terial. Two samples (from core holes 5 and 6) area consists of terrigenous clay sediment and were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The was very, muddy, at the time of our mapping. sample from core hole 5 (74 cm depth; Beta- Mlodern vegetation consists of mango trees with 174789) of unidentified wood returned a modem scattered older coconut palms. Some stands of age, but the sample from core hole 6 of candlenut tumua'u (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are located between endocarp (60 cm depth, Beta-174790) ielded an the site complex and the road. This site com- age range of cal A.D. 1280-1300(, identical to that plex includes a substantial paepae pavement and from the nearby rockshelter. This cultural deposit the remains of what appears to have been a would probably warrant extensive areal excava- small irrigated pondfield system for taro culti- tion in the future. vation. A map of the site is shown in Figure Surface collections in a sweet potato gar- 3.30 and the following notes pertain to indi- den within the 190-06-ATA-4 area yielded a di- vidual structures indicated on the map. versity of flaked volcanic stone, worked pearl Feature A. A stone-faced, earth-filled terrace about shell, and fire-altered rock. A sample of 44 ba- 10 x 16 m in area, with a retaining wall con- salt flakes has been analyzed morphologically structed of medium-sized boulders (40-70 cm and geochemically; and results are presented in size), one to two courses high. The top of the Chapter 7. terrace is fairlv level and dry. A loxw single- course alignment lies about 15 m back of the front retaining xvall. Feature A has the appear- Also in the seaward sector of Atiaoa, we ance of being a house platform. recorded the remains of an extensive pavement Feature B. Between 15-50 m west of Feature A, (called Taupapa) said to have been the former at the foot of the hillslope, are a series of residence of the ari'i vahine Mleriga Teipo; the alignments and retaining wall segments that pavement has GPS coordinates 500736E and appear to be the remnants of a small ter- 7443216N. The site was designated 109-06- racedhorticulturalsystem(possiblyirrigated ATA-3. The pavement of large basalt slabs ex- taro pondfields given the proximity of the tends about 26 by 30 m, with a few larger stones small stream). The highest and largest ter- which may, have been uprights. Dark soil and race segment has two to three courses with scattered midden were noted in the vicinity of a facing height of 65 cm, constructed of the paepae, suggesting the presence of buried cobbles ca. 30-80 cm in size. cultural deposits. Accordin to local residents, Feature C. A well-constructed paepae some 18.5 m long bv 9 m wide (estimated area -166 i2) a large basalt "installation stone" used during d o t n defined on the north bvT a retainig wall one chiefly investiture ceremonies formerly stood t t on or nar thepavemet. Thisstone as re-to) two courses high) about 45 cm high, made on or near the pavement. This stone was re- of boulders 40-60 cm in diameter. The north- cently moved to the house of the landowner, east comerofthe paae appears to have been where it has been incorporated into the con- robbed of stones. The paepae is well paved temporary landscaping. The stone was photo- over the northern part with flat basalt slabs graphed, and measures 2.4 m long, 0.85 m wide, (averaging ~-30 cm diameter) and mayT in fact and 0.33 m high. be paved over the entire surface, but this is 67 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ( D Mangareva, mango Atiaoa Valley TN tree MN stones 50 4 4 mango tree 0 10 20 30m terrigenous sediment valley floor grassy cleared /tt ! 1 - -- -area recent slope wash gently ,"_sorted sloping t , ~~cobbles\ terrain c N rock: pile-' ~- B low B [~~~~terrace ~- terraces A barrage wall \ 8 stones . ' . . . \ d 3 . . - . , . C v . . . 0 0: 0 f 0 0 0 0 / 0/ I > ~~~~~~~~~~~~"1114-:s'tee'p: FIGURE 3.30 Plane table map of stone structures in Atiaoa Valley, comprising site 190-06-ATA-2. See text for description of Features A through D. AN A not certain as the southern part is covered bv IS'( 'i42AIMO' ()I'A'X 1.0 l muddv sediment.A detailed plan of thispaepae, lh taaVle noprtsanme madeIt bm co-mtpass,, and tape, is ho in oi- cf features illustratingy what mai- bJe a fair]N) tv pi ure~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '.1 a Inarvnstlmntpten inte FIGURE 33 Plntablet - ma of stonester,uctue din- AtiaotVley somprisin site 1 90-6ATA-2 See e (Text) Feturbe D. Ah small paemn of basalt banoul- casta zone (beach susridge)teei bolthral daepasi 68 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Atiaoa, IN 22 c basalt Srctur C MNN Struct ure C4', l t 4-1' leaning stone 0 1 2 3 4 5m tree g., g @g~~C - , 1 l ~ (S e ( 3K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F K- c'< ~~~~~~~~~~ ) ~fIGR 3.3 eplan I~ ~ o4@ < c,o3 -op paepa |c. . . -- : . E .,. , & ^,, ,.:, ,Y) - - n --::: 7 : :: -: : -: :: ::.:-::.::.:: _. . . . . s , S . . . ............. 7: .--- .... - .E - 7 . - - ........ .. . . .. - - . < 4 .. .E .E ... -... . .. .. . .... ... . ..-1 - f...... . ........ ....... ... - . . . ... ..... ........ . - ; . ... sents the pre-human landscape surface. FoRow- .: i; ; . vl ..... .... ........ r . . F: - - . .v.; . . - ..... i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ..... .. ng . zuman sett ement. ot t. ze va. .ey, . _ayer . . .V X.-e.g S: a. -:--:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.................. ... ....... ............ 70 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA vegetation, resulting in the deposition of con- 10-15 cm of the layer, just above the contact siderable xwood charcoal. The lower part of with Laver II. A few lar,gre pieces of charcoal Layer I includes what is probablv some form of xverc found just above this interface and col- domestic habitation (or possibly ritual) struc- lected for radiocarbon dating. The interface ture, constructed of basalt and coral boulders. between layers I and II is irregular, mottled, The presence of basalt flakes and an adze sec- and with what appear to be root casts de- tion supports the interpretation of domestic scending down into Layer II. Laxver II, 55-7() cm. Red (2.5 YR 4/8) v erar fine- activities at this locale. The change in deposi- L i tional*regime, to a .ellowish-brown cla,, mate- grained calcareous sand that appears to have tional regime, to a yTellowish-brown clayT mate- be ooe e yamxueo lypr < been colored red bv adm'Lxture of claN- par- rial, is probably correlated with vegetation . ticles. At 70 cm a lavTer of wvater-rolled vol- changes and landscape transformation up-slope. canic cobbles (5-15'cm diameter) vas en- Charcoal samples were submitted from both countered. Layer I (Beta-174781) and from Layer 11 (Beta- 174780), and returned essentially identical re- A sample of terrestrial gastropod shells col- sults after calibration: A.D. 1660-1680, 1740- lected from the lower part of LayTer I contained 1810, and 1930-1950, at 1(J. The absence of two taxa. The first consists of a species of proso- any! evident historic-period artifacts leads us to branch snails of the family Assimineidae reject the most recent age range, suggesting that Omphalotropis maigarita (see Chapter 5 for fur- the cultural deposits here are of late prehistoric ther discussion). The second taxon is -amel/idea age (17-18th centuries). It is worth noting that obl/ouga, a pulmonate snail known to have been the thick clay deposit (Layer 1) which covers widely, dispersed by the Polynesians, and often the older anthropogenic gardening soil seems found in association with gardening activities to have derived from rapid erosion of unstable (Christensen and Kirch 1981). slopes inland of the site. This is the kind of A single piece of dicotoledonous wood from geomorphic sequence anticipated from the early the base of the cla) deposit was submitted for historic descriptions of a largely deforested, dating (Beta-174791), vielding calibrated age grassland dominated landscape. ranges (1a) of A.D. 1650-1670, 1770-1800, and GAriA~ ("GABE)A RDA 1940-1950. We reject the last range on inde- pendent evidence, indicating that the burning Gaeata is a small valley at the northeastern an erso hc eutdi h eoiino and erosion whlich resulted in the deposition of tip of the main island. Here Weisler (1996) had the clay layr occurred sometime during late pre- reported a coastal eroded section with a terrigenous history (17-18th centuries). deposit containing extinct terrestrial snail shells, AI,.,T-I_ISCEII\NEOUS E )NJ ISSNH S1 JRVT-Y overlying beach sand (his site MIAN-7, here re- ON ALr ,xNGAREVA ISLAND designated site (00-06-GAL-1). After some searching we were able to relocate this deposit Several brief reconnaissance foras were (GPS referenced to 0506942E, 7446802N). The also made on Mangareva Island, adding to our wave-cut bank of the coastal plain, about 70 cm knowledge of various archaeological features. high, was cleaned back with handpick and trowel, The Paepae o Uma platform site, previouslyT re- and the stratigraphic section was recorded. corded by both Emory (1939:25-26, fig. 9) and Layer I, 0-55 cm. Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/ Weisler (1996:70-71) was visited twice. We were 4/3) terrigenous clay sedliment with slight ad- able to obtain a GPS position of 050241 5E and miixture of calcareous sand (fine-grained). An- 7442815SN for the platform. It should be noted grular volcanic clasts (2-5 cm diameter) dis- that the compass bearing shown in Weisler'?s plan persed througrhout. Terrestrial gastropod snail (1996, fig. 4) is in error; the main facing of the shells are found in loxv frequency in the lowser platform bears approximately 700E (magnetic), 71 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS not due N as indicated on Weisler's sketclh. \XJe of this site. According to Engui Guifford, who noted that dark grav to black soil exposed just accompanied us, the ol0( foot trail between below the terrace facing also contained some Agakuku and CJahututenohu passed close to shell fragments, indicating the possibilitv of cul- this shelter, which makes it probable that this tural deposits worth future excavation. There is the site referred to by Emory (1939:26) as Te are other structural features in the vicinitv of Ana-o-Mlea-Hiti. If so, it is likelIy that Emory the paepae, such as low stone alignments and and/or his associate Garwood "excavated" the terrace facings, though most of these are ob- shelter's deposits with shovels in 1934; indeed, scured by dense tumu'au vegetation. The pres- the sloping interior of the present floor looked ence of these features suggests that the Paepae as though it had been shoveled out to form the o Uma may be part of a more extensive, intact present "berm" at the shelter mouth. settlement landscape which would deserve de- We continued our reconnaissance in Taku tailed mapping and study in the future. around the ridgeline into Agakuku Vallev; where A brief reconnaissance was also made to we reconnoitered the cliff face inland of the the summit of Auorotini during which lKirch valley for possible rockshelters. One large, airyT was able to check for the location of one of the shelter was located, with some shell midden "royal nurseries" reported byT Emory (1939:23). (Tirbo, Pinctada, 7Didacna) on the surface. A con- On the ridge leading to the summit, at a CPS- crete slab covers part of the floor, but other- determined elevation of 1,354 ft and position wise no significant disturbance was noted. Sub- of 0502632E and 7442333N, there is a small sequent discussions with Roger Green (pers. plateau where the ridge widens to about 5 m comm. 2003) indicate that this rockshelter is (see Fig. 3.3). Four flat basalt boulders, clearly the same one designated GMI-I by him and test artificially, placed in an alignment, could be seen excavated in 1959 (Green and Weisler 2000:30). where the trail passed through the dense v7eg- Green found that the 90-100 cm thick cultural etation. This is presumably the feature corre- deposit contained few artifacts. The overhang- sponding to Emorv's site 2 as shown in his ing cliffs and vegetation made it impossible to sketch plan. It would be worth clearing and re- obtain a GPS reading at the shelter itself, but a investigating this site in the future. point on the coastal road seaward of the shel- A brief reconnaissance was made in 2001 ter was recorded as 050627E, 7447330N which to the Gahututenohu district of Mangareva to should aid in future relocation of the site. follow up on a report of a large rockshelter with excavation potential. We were able to locate the AImAMARU ISLAND shelter which lies at the base of a prominent Akamaru Island, lying to the southeast of cliff on the eastern side of the narrow ridge lead- Mlangareva, is the third largest high island in the ing to Teoneai Pt. and at the top of a talus slope group, with an area of 2 km2 and a maximum about 4 m above the coastal plain (GPS posi- elevation of 246 m (Fig. 3.34). On the north- tion 508700E, 7447650N). We estimated that ern side of the island is an extensive coastal the shelter has a width of about 12 m, is 6-8 m plain, formed by a succession of low, calcare- deep, and has a ceiling height ranging from 1-3 ous beach ridges. Emory describes this as the m. The shelter had a dry interior, sloping back "most favorable" portion of the island and says towards the rear, xvith ashy! gray deposit visible that two myarae were situated here (1 939:31). Tlhis on the surface. We observed fragments of coastal plain was also the location of a major pearlshell (one cut piece) and TUrbo shell on the village in historic times, including a large church surface. In 2003 K deposit beach i~~~~~~~ . . .. . ow tide| 5m 1~~~~~~~~~ 41 nOCUItUral 4. 3- 2 1 - note vertical exaggeration T.C. = Transect core 0 ~ 50 1lOOm FIGURE 3.36 Elevation section through site 190-01 -AKU-1, Akamaru Island, showing the inferred extent of the buried midden deposit situated in the coastal plain. 75 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS sity midden deposit, with a total depth of about cracked volcanic stone (oven stones) and large 50 cm. The simple stratigraphy can be described Lamb/s tnuncata sheHls with their dorsa cracked as follows: open for meat extraction. Two fragments of Layer IA, 0-20 cm. Black (10 YR 2/1) sandy wave-worn 19th-century bottle glass were also loam, fine-grained calcareous sand with observed, suggesting that the midden deposit charcoal admixed, coconut and other root- may date to the missionary period. lets. Some historic period artifacts xvere While rounding the northwestern point (Vai- present. The deposit has a loose consistency, o-Koukaveka) of Akamaru Island in 2001, we is slightlv plastic and slightly sticky; and eas- I - # ~~~~~~~observed another eroding coastal m'dden de- ily excavated. ILar IB, 2-45 c. posit (designated site 190-01(-AKU-7) on a small Larc I 1 shelf of flat land (GPS position 0508125E, 1) fine-grained calcareous sand, lighter col- 7436429. The shel midden included Turbo and ored than IA; loose consistency; slightly plas- ti,sihl cyTwr h aeo hsd-r pearlshell, and there wvere a number of flakes of tiC sllghtlv stickv, Toward the base of this de- p a s fine-grained basalt, as well as one file of Acropora pOSit a small earth-ovTen feature Nvas encoun- tered, from which a charcoal sample xvas coral. To the east of this midden, in the small taken. bay, we noted an alignment or wall of large ba- Layer II, 50+ cm. Grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) salt boulders, within the intertidal zone. loose, non-plastic, non-sticky calcareous sand, culturallv sterile. Texturally, fine to coarse-grained sand, with loose CaCO3 ce- Kamaka, with a land area of only 0.5 km2 mentation occurring from 60 cm beloxw sur- (maximum elevation 166 m), is one of the face. Slightly compact. smaller islets in the Mlangareva lagoon, and the most southerly; exposed to storm swells from An unidentified carbonized seed from the the southwest. C(lff-bound on its southern side earth oven feature in Layer IB was submitted i h a it has a semi-protected sandyi beach ("Sanchos for radiocarbon dating (Beta-l174782), Tlelding forbraediaoarb datinge (BetofA-I. 7478152), yildi Cove") and restricted calcareous beach ridge on calibrated age ranges (lc) of A.D. 1450-1520 and tenrhr ie h sadi rvtl we 1590-1620. This date confirms the presence of and isrthe side. nce oflthe Rs faiva occupation deposits within the northern coastal At the base of the steep slope that rises from plain of Akamaru Island dating to approximately' the b .eache ree sleveral overhg the 15-16th centuries. MVuch of the northern thcosabehrigaesvrloehnig rockshelters or niches, two of which were ex- coastal flat appears to have buried cultural de- c b cavated bi, Green In 1959 (GJreen and Weisler posits, but it would take extensive transect test- ' . ~~~~~~~~~~20001), figC. 4), vilelding adzes, fishhooks, and other ing to determine whether there are areas of 'dden concentration that would repay exten- portable artifacts. From these deposits, Green mi obtained charcoal which was radiocarbon dated, sive areal excavation. with the oldest dates from sites GK-1 and GK- CoASTAL MIIDDEN DEPOSIoIs (190-01-AKU-6, -7) 2 being 850 + 60 B.P. and 890 ? 70 B.P., respec- On the northern side of Akamaru Island, tively (Green and Weisler 2000, table 2). In ad- about 100-150 m due east from the small wharf, dition, Green excavated the structural remains Conte and Kirch in 2003 observed an eroding of a marae, constructed of slabs of concreted midden deposit (GPS position 508942E, beach rock, located in the beach ridge (desig- 7436578N), designated site 19()-01-AlKU-6. nated site GK-3). GJreen's sites are here redes- The eroding wave-cut bank wras 0.4-0.5 m high, ignated I 90-04-lKAM- 1 to -3 in the new site exposing sandy gray-colored sediment. The lag inventoryr sy'stem for French PolyTnesia (see Ap- deposit fronting the bank included much fire- pendix B). 76 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Tl-.srl l >ii 2f1 A7()N,' Ar IRCKWIF1-.1-< SrIIE 190-04-KAAl-2l Because the KIAMN-1 and -2 rockshelters Kamaka Island 1had vielded the oldest known radiocarbon dates | KAM-2 Rockshelter for the Mlangareva Islands, we decided that fur- __ ther work on Kamaka would be warranted. In vl particular, we wished to obtain additional B-1 samples for ANIS radiocarbon dating, to check -X the chronology obtained by Green, and to sample the midden deposits using fine-meshed sieves (not used byr Green in 1959), particularly for possible extinct bird bones or other evidence for former environmental conditions on the is- A-i land. With the permission and encouragement of Mlr. Tihoni Reasin, we were able to carry out a limited re-excavation of K-ANI-2 (Green's GK- 2) rockshelter site over a three-dav period.3 We had originally hoped to test the larger KAN-1 shelter, but due to unusually heavy rains that shelter had flooded, making excavation impos- - sible. Shelter KIAM-2, however, had a more pro- tected floor and was relatively dry (the shelter was georeferenced by GPS to tUTMI coordinates 0504191E, 7429850N). We were able to dis- cern the outlines of Green's partly back-filled square Z-1 and proceeded to dig out the back- | TN fill with a spade (Fig. 3.37). This allowed us to - 4 expose the unexcavated section of the west face of square Z-1, which could be compared with o 1 2 3m. the stratigraphic section recorded by Green and ' ' presented in Green and Weisler (2000:fig. 14). Proceeding from this cleaned face, we excavated FIGURE 3.37 Plan of rockshelter site 1 09-04-KAM-2, showing the location of Roger Green's 1959 a unit 1 x 0.5 m (area of 0.5 m2) into the shelter excavation units and the position of our 2001 test floor, as shown in Figure 3.38. All sediment was excavation unit TP-1. screened through 5 and 3 mm mesh, most of it b)y wet-screening in the ocean; all screen con- and III). At the base of Layer 111, part of a struc- tents were bagged for later sorting in the labo- ture made of slabs of concreted beach rock was ratorlv. The sediments were rich in small faunal exposed, as shown in Figure 3.39. Two vertical remains (mostly fishbone) and charcoal, includ- slabs oriented N-S formed an alignment, with ing recognizable macroscopic plant parts such what appeared to be three horizontally, posi- as the carbonized keys of Pandanus fruit. tioned paving slabs to the east side of it. This The stratigraphyT was complex, with fivTe structure appears to correlate with Green's "bed main layTers and numerous finer lenses. The up- 4" deposit where he found a "limestone slab" per layers consisted of finely-lensed midden al- (Green and Weisler 2000:21). After lifting the ternating with lenses of beach sand (Layrers 11 paving stones, a uniform gray-black midden 77 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Laver Ill. Alternating lenses of dark reddish broxvn (5 YR 3/2) and black (10 YR 2/1) deposit, some lcnses having considerable ad- mixture of calcareous beach sand. The darker lenses were rich in charcoal. Layer IV. Large in situ slabs of beach rock (sand- stone). Laver V. Matrix of dark gray (5 YR 4/1) coarse, sandyn midden with a great deal of charcoal flecks and pieces. Intercutting this deposit are several large earth ovens, marked at their bases by deposits of white ash and pinkish grayT (5 YR 6/2) burned soil. As Green had dated only a single sample from the base of this important site, we obtained additional samples that might indccate the time span for the entire stratigraphic sequence. Four samples were selected, beginning with a frag- ment of Artocarpus wood from Layer III (Beta- 174784), followed by Cocos wood from Layer Kamaka Island" 7 109-04-KAM-2 FIGURE 3.38 P. Kirch, foreground, excavating TP-1 77> at KAM-2. Kirch is standing in Green's 1959 unit Z- 1, which has been cleaned out. Photo by E. Conte. bsl previously I \ . ' I f" ,.- se ,.f, sel excavated appeared, which proved to be the fill from sev- beach rack by Green eral large, intercutting oven pits (Layer V). Be- (sandstone) cause the ovens continued to the base of the slabs unit we were not able to sample the deepest cultural deposits exposed by Green. The stratigraphic section of the west face of TP-1 is shown in Figure 3.40 and can be sum- MN marized as follows: N l 4 Layer I. Loose sand and vegetative matter (iron- / wood needles, etc.). - -- 0 20cm Layer II. Dark brown (10 YR 3/3), fairly com- pact, silty clay with a small admixture of FIGURE 3.39 Plan of TP-1 in rockshelter site 109-04- coarse calcareo)us sand. Easy to excavate, KAM-2 at Layer IV showing the position of beach loose when excavated, rock slabs. 78 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA IV (Beta-174785), P-andanius wood from layer of u). 1450-151() and 1600-162(). The earlier V (Beta-174786), and finally a TPaudantnu fruit of these ranges overlaps xvith the range for Laver ("key") from one of the deep ovens, Layer V V, from which the oven pits were cut. Mlost (Beta-174787). As reported in detail in Chap- likelv, both the Layer V midden and the ovens ter 4, the results are fairly, consistent with stratig- date to a time period of approximately the 13- raphv. The LayTer III sample has calibrated age 14th centuries. ranges of A.D. 1650-1680, 1770-1800, and As noted above, the presence of the large, 1940-1950; the latter can be rejected on the total inter-cutting ovens prohibited us from obtain- absence of recent historic materials from the ing a good in situ charcoal sample from the true deposits. The underlying Layer IV sample has a basal cultural deposits (Green's Layer G, see calibrated age range of A.D. 164()-1670. These Green and Weisler 2000, fig. 14). We have no twvo dates indicate that the beach rock pave- reason to doubt the validity of the date obtained ment and the midden deposit which developed by' Green from this deposit, calibrated to A.D. on top of it were deposited in a time frame en- 1025-1292, as this is reinforced by a date of compassing the 17-18th centuries, i.e., the almost identical age from the nearby, KANM-1 proto-historic period prior to European contact. rockshelter (Green and Weisler 2000, table 2). The LayTer V midden underlying the pavement Our expanded range of radiocarbon dates from yTielded a significantly older age range of A.D). site IKAM-2 would suggest the following tem- 1420-1450. This raises the possibility of a hia- poral sequence: (1) initial occupation in the 11- tus in use of the rockshelter between the Layer 13th centuries, followed by a possible hiatus; V midden and the construction of the Layer IV (2) continued occupation in the 13-14th centu- pavement. The sample from one of the deep ries, including the use of the shelter for cook- ovens (Layer V) returned calibrated age ranges ing, as evidenced by the large ovens; (3) a pos- sible hiatus in use of the site in the 15-16th ----zl l-r r r_-10cm centuries; and (4) construction of a beach rock 20 .11-- pavement and edging, and subsequent re-occu- X > ~~~~~~~~~-20 pation in the 17-18th centuries. 111 crab 30 Our 2001 excavations did not yield any for- -40 mal artifacts, but the rich arra of faunal and beacbeachrock eachrock 50 floral materials should provide important data slab slab 5 on subsistence economv' and on changing envi- - -....... . ronmental conditions on Kamaka Island over .......................................... . ....... . .......... . '. q',.: ': ,::. ' ." , ' : : ' 7..:0' .... . V...70.. several centuries. ,,>' 'bhrnd i -i ovens 80 fi< sus+is,............... ed.. so t2.5 ...........ip fSi --ns * d TARAVAI ISLAND :::::::: :.: ::: t :::: ::f. :: : .................... : ., .:: . -:, :: , i:Z:fsf x . : :.S.'.S:......... ........ .g.: :.:... : 90 . .'........'....'The most westerly of the volcanic islands 11 ..w 0 bwithin the langareva lagoon, Taravai is the sec- . ... ............onid largest, with a maximum length of 5.8 km 0 .caharcoal:. chaal 120 and width of 2.4 km (land area, 5.3 kin2), and .6 111 . Q0 -lS "--2 1 30 maximum elevation of 256 m absove sea level. ...... . . . .S-'''.... :::::.:.::::.::...................... ~~~~......- - ----.- ... '-. -.-....... m a x m u It a pn ...... ....... . ; .s. 10 It has a spine-like ridgeline of peaks and out- ..............UneXCaVated ..crops running the length of the island from - - - - - -~~150 northeast to southwest, from which a number FIGURE 3.40 Stratigraphic section of the west of valleyTs descend, opening onto deep bay's face of TP-1 in rockshelter site 109-04-KAM-2. with calcareous sand beaches (Fig. 3.41). To- 79 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS da) only the principal vaUev on the east side, When viewed from the vantage point of a Agakono, remains occupied (with only three small boat on the lagoon, the Taravai landscape persons, at that), but in the past villages also stood is striking for the absence of arboreal vegeta- at the mouths of the large bays named Gahutu tion on its upper slopes, all of the trees being and Aganui on the west coast. Agakono probably confined to the narrow valleys and coastal plains enjovs the best combination of terrestrial and (Fig. 3.42). The hig)-her elevations where they marine resources, siting in an analogous location are not in vertical rock faces are cloaked in to thatofRikitea Village on Mangareva (protected dull brown dense thickets of kakao grass location, good water sources, rich colluvial and (Aliscanthusfilodidulus), dotted here and there with alluvial soils, extensive fringing reefs adjacent), and scrub ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia) and Plan- we would predict that early occupation depos- danus. Taravai has had much less recent plant- its should be present here. However, as with ing of exotic trees (such as Pinus and Albiia) Rikitea this village was the center for mission- than Mlangareva, so its open and frequently aryT activity on Taravai, with construction of a fired-scarred landscape remains much like that large coral limestone church and adjunct struc- recorded photographically by the Bishop tures. The church was said to be built in the Museum's MIangarevan Expedition in 1934 (see vicinity of a principal marae (Marae Popi) which Kirch 1984, fig. 41). When travelling close to was destroyed in the process. This, and the pres- the shore along the west coast, we observed the ence of a number of modern concrete houses, arboreal vegetation to consist almost exclusively, constrains the archaeologist's ability, to conduct of Pandanus, with scattered Tbespesia populnea test excavations or corings; nonetheless, sub- (miro) trees in pockets xwhere freshwvater is prob- surface prospection would be worthwhile car- ably close to the surface; thickets of kakao cane rying out in the future. descend in many places virtually to the sea. At ... .... .. . ... ...... .: . .. .. ...E >.>'.'^.:f'S ''''',.:'"'''ta >. ; : a .Z: .. S . :.:: ::-:-: :g: : : : :: - :--: :~~~~~~~~~~~~~........... .......... * . ; : ; . .... g : . . :.::: ::::::::: :::::s::::s.:s:: S ' - ................ i i. i ............ i.......... FIUR 3.4 Vie of;0 Tarva Isad fro th eas Phot by P; V;. Kirch00-7: '' .Z .5N. . ........ .. .... ..ga.. a .: ... : ::. X....... -- :::: ::: :: ::: .:: . :::::::::.::: :::::::.:::. ........ .... .... .. . ?RI .0X:...:.:.... i.;:.. ::;.:..E.' :. L l|1 ... :::.::.::.:...:.:.:.:.:. .:.:.:...... ...i ... i iI.,.,,, vA..,,.,,,.,, L _ - l * l |~........ lS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- --- -- -- 80 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA 3.42............. Typical vegetation of Taravai Island. The coastal strand exhibits scaerd miro ( in ........... the r.aine.. The h...... a r e... .r in ts M is u o ) P |~~~~~~~. . S. . . .. . . . . . . ~~~~~~~~~i i . | || the mouths of the larger bays and in their val- RElONNAISSAXcE SURI ~.. 3.42. Typical veget/tion of Taravai Island. The corstal strhnd exhibits scantered miro (Thespesia populnea), coconut (Cocos nucifera) palms, and Pandanus with stands of tumuuuu (Hibiscus tiliaceus) in the ravines. The higher slopes are covered in thick krkoo grass (Miscanthus floridulus). Photo by P.V. Kirch. the tu , espe larger bagrs and in their val- REtCe0liTNAofLSitsseb ssTpoieSUdbEY lePrs one finds coconut palms (Coros nufera), a Taking advantage of unusuallp i calm bee verye Calp/yllum i opEoyllum trees (an to hv ather, Conte and iKirch were able to recon- tant indigenous timber resource), and some Pan- noiter the entire coastline of Taravai bu small danus, amidst dense stands of thbau (Hirrnscus boat on August 143,ad revisiting Weisler's tiliaeus) that often choke the valle" bottoms. sites and discosbering a number of others. A com- (The tamp'am, especiaces greatre impedesearch o wit of sites seen br us is provided in Table progress inland past the immediate strand.) 3.2. While several rockshelters are present, none Previous archaeooosical p ork on Tarao" ax has appeared to us to be especiallv promising in been vTerNT limited. Emor), seems not to have terms of deep stratification. Rather, the beach spent as much time on Taravai as on Agakauitan, ridge ("dune") sites situated at the mouths of althouCgh he savTs he "skirted the barren south Onemeal, Aganui, and Gahutu bayTs seem to and west coasts of Taravai btw canoe," landing have greater possibiix for occupathion deposits rat al promising places along here in search of with good stratigraphe . For this reason, we adzes and fishhooks" (1939:28). Evidentlw he sampled the Onemea dune site (1 90-12-TAR- did not find anv "bluff shelters" which he re- 6) with two test excavations (see below). An- g-arded as of sufficient vromnise to "excavate." other promisingz site is the extensive coastal 81 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS TABLE 3.2 Archaeological sites of Taravai Island. Site No. GPS GPS Site Description Easting Northing 190-12-TAR-1 Not Not Cave site inland of Agakono Village, at the base of the steep slope. determined determined The cave is quite large and deep, but the floor is covered with a thick deposit of clay and rock which has washed in from up-slope, obscuring any occupation deposit which may be present. 190-1 2-TAR-2 0497000 7439417 Small overhang rockshelter (entrance 4-5 m wide) on the point facing Motu-a-Vari islet. Several dikes are exposed here, making this a possible source of dikestone. The shelter floor may have excavation potential. 190-12-TAR-3 0496389 7439264 Coastal plain at Agakauiuta, former village site. This is site TAR-5 of Weisler (1 996:74). We examined a wave-cut bank, extending for perhaps 100 m, with midden deposit eroding out. At one point, we sketched a stratigraphic section with two distinct strata extending to 60 cm below surface: two earth oven or combustion features were partially sectioned by the wave-cut bank. Much shellfish, dikestone flakes, and fire-altered oven stones litter the beach slope in front of the bank. Here we collected part of an unfinished pearlshell fishhook, 4 Acropora coral files, worked pearlshell, and 7 basalt flakes (adz production debitage). Weisler reports paepae and a small taro irrigation system in the valley immediately inland. 190-1 2-TAR-4 0496129 7439222 A very small rockshelter in a rocky headland next to a protected, sandy beach. Our informant said that human bones had been seen here. 190-12-TAR-5 0493865 7439368 A large rockshelter on the island's W coast, just S of Onemea Point. The shelter has a flat floor, but it is not well protected. No surface midden was seen. 190-12-TAR-6 0494534 7439897 Onemea Bay. Site TAR-3 of Weisler (1996:73) is situated at the N end of the bay and consists of a sand dune or beach ridge with a wave- cut bank 1-2 m high. Shell midden and flaked dikestone litter the beach in front of the bank. Two test excavations were dug here (see text). The S end of Onemea Bay may also contain buried midden deposits in the sand dune there. 190-12-TAR-7 0495284 7440061 A small rockshelter on the rocky coast S of the Aganui Bay sandy beach; some surface midden noted. The shelter is close to the sea and may be washed out during high surf. 190-12-TAR-8 0495784 7440507 Aganui Bay; site TAR-2 of Weisler. Where the intermiftent stream cuts through the low sandy beach ridge, some midden, charcoal, and oven stones were noted in the exposed stream cut. Weisler (1996:73) describes a "buried midden layer" some 50 cm thick, and says that there are "numerous paepae" on the flat inland. Immediately N of the stream mouth we observed a paepae facing of basalt and coral cobbles in the interfidal zone. 190-12-TAR-9 0497011 7442024 A spacious rockshelter -30 m long with a high ceiling. There appears to be some deposit, but no surface midden was observed, except in a small niche near the W end of the shelter where there were several pieces of branch coral and a large piece of Turbo shell. The site was probably used as a fishermen's camp. 190-12-TAR-1 0 0497085 7441998 A rockshelter just W of Toku Tokuku Point, described by Weisler _'I (1996:73) as site TAR-i. 190-12-TAR-i11 0497446 |7441690 |Rockshelter with a sand dune flanking it. No midden observed. l 190-12-TAR-i12 0497457 7440936 Te Kumete o Matane. A natural rock formation on the wave-cut basalt shelf, said to resemble a bowl (kumete). There is an oral tradition associated with this feature. 82 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA Emory, Weisler, and ourselves) lhas been lim- aeolian deposition. Today the beach ridge sur- ited to the coastal zone; the valley, interiors, in face is covered in a mix of tumu'au (Hibiscus particular, remain to be investigated. Emory tiliaceu.), coconut palms, and scattered (1939:28) hints of the presence of narae and Ca/op)hyllum inophy//lluu trees (one large tree is paepae in several locations, such as at Onemea, about 20 m south of our TP-2 unit). As noted, Agarei, and Aganui. In future work we plan to active wave erosion has cut an embankment be- carry out intensive surveys of one or more of tween 1-1.5 m high along the front of the dune, these valleys, in conjunction with continued ex- exposing shell and bone midden (Fig. 3.43). cavations in the dune midden deposits. About 4 m seaward of this bank there is a shelf of exposed beach rock (cemented calcareous TESTEk-XCAFQ-1ION!S A7 TE OrTHnIvIi& SITEk sand) which indicates that the dune formerlyT (190 12iFX1R-6,) extended up to 10 m seaward of its present During our coastal reconnaissance, the edge. Fallen coconut trees and an exposed ahgn- midden deposit at the north end of Onemea ment of basalt cobbles now in the inter-tidal BayT (Fig. 3.43), exposed in a wave-cut bank be- zone also testify to the active nature of coastal tween 1-1.5 m high, seemed to offer the best erosion. The narrow beach directly in front of possibility for a well-stratified cultural sequence. the wave-cut bank consists of a kind of deflated We thus returned to the site for two days of "pavement" of volcanic cobbles (many of test excavations, completing two 1 m) sondaoes. which appear to have been used as oven stones) The site consists of a high beach ridge de- and dikestone flakes, most of which is prob- posit made up of very, fine-grained calcareous ablyN cultural in origin. sand; the uniformly fine sediment size suggests A transect was cut with machete and chain that the dune was built up primarily through saw up the beach ridge slope through the coastal FIGURE 3.43 View of the Onemea dune site (190-1 2-TAR-6). Photo by E. Conte. 83 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS forest, extending from the wave-cut bank in- in the upper 10-15 cm. Structureless, massive land up to the crest of the slope, and two test deposit. Mluch bone, some shell mr-idden, and excavation units were laid out, designated TP- lithics (dikestone); oven stones present. The Iand TP-2 (Fig. 3.44). TP-1 was situated 1.5 cotc ihLyrIlssapbtirglr m inland of the bank, while TP-2 sits atop the some dlisturbances and possible mixing. dune crest some 18 m inland of TP-1. The el- LaeI B 03 m eso ih rw 5Y evation difference between TP-1 and TP-2 is 3 6/)snyla eaaigteuprclua m. All excavated earth was screened through 5 deoi rmalwrsrtm(ae I.Ti mm mesh, and all shell, bone, and worked stone lens-like deposit contains some charcoal. retained. Oven stones (fire-altered rock) and LaeI.325cmDrkedihgy(5Y other manuports wvere counted and discarded. 42sadlomvIrtal idnia Itae In thedeepe depoits ofTP-2,when highIA, but containing a number of thin ashy Irqun cythe deeprd doepoiso Tppe2,e werhen bashig lenses noted during excavation, probably frequncy o birdbonesappeaed ner thebasederiving from combustion features. Layer of Layer II, we shiifted from 5 to 3 mm mesh forIIvrecosdabyi screening to ensure full recovery, of small bones. c nte~pr hcns,u o1 cm i th W artof the unit. Contact with The stratigraphy of TP-1 (north face) was LyrIIs described in the field as follows', with the strati- Lae- aranfilyega. LaerI1. 50-85+ cm. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/ graphic section showvn in Figure 3.45 (depths 6) eyfn-rie acrossn.Cl below surface from the NE corner): turally sterile except for a 2-cm thick band Layer IA. 0-30 cm. Dark reddish grav (5 YR 4/2) of charcoal and burned material (black sandy loam', comprised of very fine-grained color,, 5 YR N2-3/) running across the unit calcareous sand miLxed w,ith organic inclusions. - 3-4 cm below the contact with Laver II; Many, roodets from coconuts and other plants this feature was sampled for 14C dating. Pandanus and Hibiscus forest TP2 __Om TP-1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ... . ... and-2 84 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA 7/3) sand, truncated bv a pit, designated -- 10 Feature 1. The Feature 1 pit contained an entire v-alve of pearl shell (Pinctada 20 mai ;: - Layer III. 55-175+ cm. Reddish-yellow (5 YR i;;--- S - : 50 7/6), very fine-grained aeolian sand. Lack- : -C; -0:-charcoal ::D::::sa h and charcoa l charcoal ash and chara i ; _ng shell midden or artifacts, but containing .. . . . . ..._ . .. . .. . ..- -6 0 large quantities of bird bones doxwn to - 1 15 -une-x-cavated; ;- ;: ;; t-- - 0 - t 70 - cm. This deposit was excavated to 125 cm, ..-unexcavated"-..... . . .. . .00 .00 X 00 0 0 t; 0 000 0 0 t000000 0 00001and shovel tested down to 175 cm. FIGURE 3.45 Stratigraphic section of the north The high frequencv of bird bones, which be- face of TP-1 at the Onemea site. gan to appear near the base of Layer Il and con- tinued into Layer IlI (down to 1 15 cm), is of par- ticular interest for its paleoecological implications TP-2 situated atop the dune crest some 18 m inland of TP- 1, produced a slightlydeeper (Fig. 3.49). While Layer III does not appear to be m inland of TP-1, produced a slightl), deeper stratigraphi sequence, as describedbelowand an in-situ occu ation de osit it does have indica- stratigraphic sequence, as d escriboed below andl p shown in Figures 3.46 And 3.47 (depths belw tions of human presence, such as the presence of shw in Fiue 3.6ad34 dph eo three volcanic manuports, several bones of the surface given from the SW corner of unit): t o Layer I. 0-15 cm. Dark reddish brown (5 YR Pacific rat (Rat/us exulans), and the shells of a ter- restrial gastropod (Allopeasgracie) thought to have 3/2) sandy, loam, consisting of very fine- grained calcareous sand with organic enrich- been transported by the Polynesians. Also note- ment (no volcanic clay component could worthy in LayTer III are numerous pincers and cara- be detected). A horizo)n with many rootlets. pace fragments of what appears to be a large land Contact with Layer 11 gradational, not sharp. crab (possibly Cardisoma carnifex); according to our Laver II. 15-55 cm. Dark gray (5 YR 4/1) to informant Simeon Tu, such land crabs are not ex- gray (5 YR 5-6/1), fme-grained sand (aeolian tant on Taravai today. origin), with scattered charcoal and oven Three samples from TP-2 of the Onemea site stones throughout. In the N face of the unit were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The up- there is a distinct lens of clean, pink (5 YR permost sample (Beta-1 90119), from the interface W N E S -L ________________________________ _ _i _- _ _ _ __ _ _ _____ - Ocm t 1 t ] ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~basalt |25 *0 -~~50 charcaal lens F 75 85 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS FIGURE 3.47 View of the completed TP-2 FIGURE 3.49 Sample of bird bones recovered excavation at the Onemea site. Photo by E. from the base of the TP-2 excavation. Note Conte. excellent preservation of beak and bones in calcareous sandy sediment. Photo by P.V. Kirch. ash lens at the base of Layer 11 (58 cm) and yielded a calibrated age of A.D. 945-1030. We also dated an entire, well-preserved bird bone (Beta-190114) from Layer III, which yielded a calibrated age of A.D. 945-1030. The correspondence between the last two samples is excellent and allows us to place the initial human use of the Onemea sand dune in the first few decades of the 11 th centur. Based on the upper date, occupation in the vicinity of TP-2 lasted for perhaps two to three centuries, ending probably in the late 13th century AGAIKAUITAI ISLAND FIGURE 3.48 View of the Feature 1 pit in TP-2 at the Onemea site, with an entire valve of pearl shell. Agakauitai is a small volcanic island situated Photo by E. Conte. immediately, to the southeast of Taravai, with a maxium length (N-S) of about 1.5 km and width betw-een LayTers 1 and II1(20-22 cm), yielded a cali- (E-W) of 0.8 km (island area, 0.7 kin). The high- brated age of A.D. 1250-1280. A second sample est peak is 139 m above sea level (Fig. 3.50). The (13eta-1901 18) was removed from a charcoal and narrow strait between Taravai and Agakauiitai con- APPENDIX II CEMENTUM ANNULI SEASONALITY ANALYSIS OF Odocoileus hemionus TEETH FROM TEN SITES ON THE BIG SUR COAST STEVEN A. MOFFITT Cementum annuli analysis was completed on 44 eruption and wear (Lockard 1972:46). Numerous specimens of Odocileus heminous teeth recovered from studies on both wild and domesticated populations eleven sites (CA-MNT-63, -521, -759/H, -1223, -1227, including deer (Gilbert 1966; Lockard 1972; Low and -1228, -1232/H, -1233, -1235, -1277/H, and CA-SLO- Mct.Cowan 1963; Ransom 1966), red deer (Mitchell 267). The deposition of annuli growth and rest bands in 1969), reindeer (Reimers and Nordby 1968), moose the teeth of mammals leaves a permanent record of the (Sergeant and Pimlott 1959), and sheep (Saxon and season of death of the animal that can be exploited by Higham 1969), among others, have clearly established archaeologists. Wildlife managers have long used the correlation between the depositional banding of cementum-annuli analysis to age animals under their cementum annuli in the teeth of known age control care. Biologists studying the Alaskan fur seal samples with the age of the animal at the time of death. (Callorhinus ursinus) and the northern elephant seal Further investigation has determined that the banding is (Mirounga angustirostris) made the initial discovery deposited seasonally. Cementum annuli thin-sections that the roots of mammal teeth have structural observed under transmitted polarized light has properties that correspond with the known ages of confirmed a seasonal growth pattern consisting of animals (Scheffer 1950, Laws 1952). alternating translucent and opaque bands. The outer- Cementum is a calcified tissue incrementally most band indicates the season of death. produced at the distal margin of the tooth throughout The biological basis for this visually distinct dual life. Cells of the dental follicle produce cementum on banding is not precisely understood. Alternate theories the surface of dentine and enamel. As the occlusal have been offered which suggest an environmental or surfaces wear down and the tooth erupts minutely to metabolic influence (Stallibrass 1982), photo- compensate for the wear, cementum is deposited on the periodicity (Pike-Tay 1991), climate (Klevezal and longitudinal areas of displacement, particularly in the Kleinenberg 1969), latitude (Pike-Tay 1991), or the regions of the apex of the root and forks of the roots in quantity and quality of food (Stallibrass 1982). multirooted teeth. Nutrition, which closely relates to environment, and Cementum annuli analsis has been shown to be hormonal changes or sexual cycles may be some of the consistently more accurate in determining the age of metabolic causes of the banding (Stallibrass 1982). mammals than the previously used method of tooth Recent experiments by Lieberman (1993, 1994) on the 86 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDs, FRENCH POLYNESIA sists of shallow reef flat, and it is possible to wade tap the Gbyben-Herzberg aquifer in the shallow between the twVo islans at low tide. Indeed, the valleyi floors near the coast in Nenega-Iti or intimate connection between the i t o islands is Nenega-Nui. Otherwise, water would have to be suggested by the place names Agakauiuta ("In- brought to the island from nearby Taravai. land Agakau") which designates the coastal flat sAgakauital is closely associated in facing Agakauitai on Taravai Island, and langarevan oral traditions with the chiefly Agakauitai ("Seaward Agakau"). The only level brothers Te Akariki-tea and Te Akariki-pagu, terrain on Agakautai is found in two small vallevs who were raised on the island by Toa-Naikao on the west side of the island', named Nenega-iti and her husband Te Makoeko, during the rule and Nenega-Nui; the rest of the island consists of of the usurper king Teiti-o-Tuou (Hiroa steep slopes (largely covered in kakao grass) and If938a:73). The royal brothers were at times cliffs. Whereas the west coast is protected and has sequestered in a smal cave near the N end of a long, sandy beach excellent for landing canoes the island called Rua-o-Pou (Hiroa 938a:73; at high tide, the coastlne south of Kauai Point Emorya 1939:30, fig. 10). and extending along the entire east side of the is- Emory devoted considerable time to land is exposed and cliff-bound. Obtaining potable Agakauitai during his 1934 expedition, camp- water would have been a problem on Agakauitai, ing out on the island for several days and ex- as there are no permanent watercourses. Emory, ploring it "thoroughly" with his local expatriate however, notes the presence of "a spring of fine guide Garwood (Emor, 1939:28). In particu- water" called Murivai-o-Hue at Taputapu-aroa and lar, Emory and Garwood sought out "bluff shel- also mentions "a number of ancient taro patches" ters" that might yield artifacts. Near the north in Nenega-Iti Valle, (1939:30-31). Presumably it end of the island they found "the largest shel- vould have been possible to dig shallow wells to ter seen on the island, caled byT the natives Te FI..Ga.URE 3.50 V e o attempted from thelnort ...............lm te t te pp rm st 1 ate ...ra .....le epre b mr+ 0 mTreo orbsl obe omdaln 88 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA TABLE 3.3 Archaeological sites of Agakauitai Island. Site No. GPS GPS Site Description Easting Northing 190-02-AGA-1 0496563 7438800 A narrow rockshelter at the base of a high cliff near the N end of the island, elevated -5 m above sea level. Some shell midden on surface; also glass bottle fragments indicating historic-period use. Probably the same shelter called Te Ana-o-raveika ("Fishermen's Cave") by Emory (1939:29, fig. 10), and partly "excavated" by him in 1934. May correspond with site AUG-I of Weisler (1996:66). 190-02-AGA-2 0496299 7438512 A small bluff shelter at the interior of Nenega-Iti Valley; no surface artifacts or midden but possible buried deposit. 190-02-AGA-3 0496472 7438630 Rockshelter in the interior of Nenega-Iti Valley at the base of the steep slope. Area under the dripline -16 m long by 2.5 m deep. Basalt cobble alignment, flakes, and shell midden noted on the surface. Site was tested with a 1 x1 m sondage (see text for description). 190-02-AGA-4 0496438 7438578 Low plafform (paepae) with terraced facing of basalt cobbles 9 m long and 4 m wide, maximum elevation 1.5 m above surrounding ground surface. The paepoe lies on gently sloping terrain in Nenega-lti Valley, between the rockshelters and the coast. 190-02-AGA-5A 0496472 7438680 On the coastal plain of Nenega-Iti, a short distance N of rockshelter site 190-02-3. Several large (5-6 m diameter) talus-fall boulders form a small shelter with a low cobble wall built up across the entrance. Appears to be some deposit with shell midden on the surface. 190-02-AGA-5B 0496482 7438681 Similar to site 190-02-5A, a small shelter formed under a large talus boulder (boulder diameter 8 m): some surface midden and evident deposit. 190-02-AGA-5C 0496458 7438717 On the W (seaward) side of a large talus boulder (7-8 m diameter), a small overhang shelter about 1.5 m deep with some evident deposit, partly disturbed by pig rooting. Noted pearl shell, a large conch shell (putara), and Turbo (maoa) shell on the surface. 1 90-02-AGA-5D 0496508 7438730 Two small shelters under the seaward side of a huge talus boulder (8-10 m diameter). Shell midden (Turbo, patellid) and basalt flakes on the surface; ashy deposit evident. 190-02-AGA-6 0496538 7438728 A small cave site known as Te-Rua-o-Pou and said in Mangarevan tradition to be the hiding cave of Te Akariki-tea. The site was reported by Emory (1 939:30). The cave entrance is at the base of a cliff, with an opening 2.5 m wkie and less than 1 m high. Inside, the cave is dome- shaped, with a ceiling height of -2 m and floor area of -4 x 5 m. The floor is covered with reddish-brown clay which has washed in through the entrance; there may be cultural deposit buried under this in- washed clay. 1 90-02-AGA-7 0496527 7438741 Several large basalt slabs on the coastal plain seaward of site 190-02-6. These may be remnants of the marae site called Te Aga-o-Tane mentioned by Emory (1939:28). 190-02-AGA-8 0496408 7438661 A slightly elevated earthen terrace with at least one basalt slab present; probably a house foundation. 190-02-AGA-9 Not Not Several small, niche-like rockshelters immediately S of the rocky point determined determined separating Nenega-Iti from Nenega-Nui Valley. The shelters contain debris from recent occupation but may also have older cultural deposits. 190-02-AGA-10 0495923 7437868 Overhang rockshelter in the bluff at Kauai Point. Shelter is 3 m long and 1.5 m deep, elevated -6 m above the rocky shoreline. 190-02-AGA-1 1 0496633 7438757 Te Ana Tetea. An exposed shelter formed by the dramatic cliff which rises -40 m or more. Emory (1 939:30) reports this to have been the burial place of Te Akariki-tea and Te Akariki-pagu, and was told that the ____________Routledge Expedition visited the site in 1921. 1 90-02-AGA- 1 2 NOt NOt Te Ana-Vehivehi. Excavated by Emory and Garwood in 1934 (Emory determined determined 1939:30). Not revisited by us. 89 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS I - <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ stone alignments stone _s1 1 X rr z~~~~~~~~mcund (S ; dripline \ TN FIGURE 3.51 View of the Nenega-Iti rockshelter * site (190-02-AGA-3) prior to excavation. Photo MN ? by P.V. Kirch. 14.S Terminalia catappa, and Calophyllum inophyllum. Our sondaqee (designated TP-1) was laid out between the single-course alignment of basalt 0 2 4 m cobbles and the rear wall of the shelter, in the northern part of the site. Excavation was en- tirely, by trowel, following natural stratigraphy . . . . . - (Fig. 3.53). All deposit was passed through double sieves of 5 and 3 mm mesh size, and all bone, shell, charcoal, lithics, and non-carbon- ized candlenuts shells were retained for analysis. Aside from some minor disturbance of the uppermost deposit due to recent rooting byr pigs, \ the cultural deposit appears to be intact and well stratified, with three distinct cultural layers and x - x some minor charcoal and ash lensing. The strati- graphic profile of the north face of TP-l is shown -- - -- ---- -- : in Figures 3.54 and 3.55, and was described in FIGURE 3.52 Plan and cross section of the the field as follows (depth measurements below Nenega-lti rockshelter. 90 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA 10 FIGURE_3 53 V__ ashiew of the TP 1 excavationn l . . . d {a ........................... i # i j E - - - E - ;00 - S - j Fj ....... id.E.. .i... ......... . 3 stratigraphy. Photo by E. Conte.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . .... Laier I. 0-4 cm. Very dark gray (5 YR 3/1) fine- __ . I 8 .:: .:: ... i: -fE? .. j 3 1 :. i . : E i :::: -i: E j 0 ;4 - :: i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. ... . ..... somewhat d istre by pE-i.: :gs: :ii::. Cotc withEi:i : D S.r . il _ m =..... .. .. ..... . .. ::. :. 5 i : i ,: :,4 0......... :: : 6 _ 1 Laye II shr an dist;00V -inct.'' Layer II. 4-10 cm. Dark gray (5 YR 4/1) clay~~~~~~~ ~:7:.:, ....... of calcareous sand (5 YR 8/1)... The beachasal shelter to provide a clean living floor, .Co X,.n ..- - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. 5 6 tatwt ae Asapaddsic.FIGURE 3.55 View of thenotfaef TP-1 ataato the LyrlA.1-0c.VrdakgatobakNenega-Iti rockshelter awier comleio fc rcrdn (5hYR 2.5-3/1) midden deposit vith sev- excavations. Photo by E. Conte. sraefrom nheab ombuwstinfaue.Tec- coralfls,wredpaihel)ndfae tactr wIth undcm erlyn Layrk IIB( Y is 1 grdaional dietnFihc,a ecrbdi hpe.Fu somewhat disturbed bsr pigs. Contact with _~~~I,. 6 2)cultural dixepoith lacking aubshanale some ofcalcareous sand grin intRmixed. This deposi Tw _ape_ro h eea- iewr sand ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~FGR appear Statoapi secio of been broghritoth contactwins Laver clay p contentthandLayer mix. submitte oforPt radioc onedating Onkshel sam ~~~~~~# FIGURE 3.53 View of thenot cef TP-1 exatto the Layer IV. 72? cm. D ark r rown (2.5 (eta-iti rockshelter interfa oVeti ofLayer (5tYR 3/4)3cla withenumeros ngar n 11 yielde Photo by E. Conte. vrainic ranocs ofsi containicgl madn Tt lagR cobblesh itowrseed therbae.ghist d hepositvabase of Layer I, ielded a calbraedrg of pomears to bedthe ral grunesu race winh a 120120 Thesedatesrsuest tha the the she rp and sto hmncc op w t LavTer III. 40-72 cm. Dark vravih ra (5 YR 4/ )ca loam~~~~~~~~~~ r'~ie wit aw suamplesa commponeegnti itwr ofcalcareous sand (5ln YteR 8/1). The beachl san aper to havete been broughtbo intone Onehe shelter to plrovie as clneant thang floor. Con- tact wIth Lave IIIA sharp anddistironct. FiGUeta-190116) ofro the inothrface of TP1at terI volcaic roks(istszdnldd I n NeeaT tokheseodamlter aftera101) coplton the lreraldsicbblensst o o mpdteaceTfihtseoi gray ofLyrII(5edd airtdaeo Y 71)appasht inerpse the aua roughoutrface Exaato ofD26-20 These yedaed augs numbe the ashlensheslter priobal tohuake-ouptin depositaricts wincluing theaNnealtl rcshelltehhosArospoan 91 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS a time periodi from the 13th throua,h the 15th more systematic investigation in the future. centuries. The beachi ridge-formed of unconsolidated calcareous sands-is presently exposed by a 1-3 MIAKARO)A AND) MO)Tu TEIKUL ISLANDSI m higlh wave-cut bank wvhich shows traces of During the 2001 field season, while passing midden deposits in places. Climbing this bank and Mlakaroa on the way to landings on Kamaka Is- walking inland across the narrow flat (covered in land, we noted that the northern side of dense tunzu'au with some coconut trees), we ob- Makiaroa, which is relatively sheltered from the served a surface alignment of basalt cobbles, and predominant swell, seemed to have a small beach a short distance to the east, a low paepae with coral ridge which might be worthy of investigation rubble fill. A fallen coconut tree just west of the for possible archaeological features (Fig. 3.56). alignment had exposed a dark gray, charcoal-rich On August 23, 2003 Conte and K:irch had an sandy midden deposit including fire-altered basalt opportunity to land on the island for a brief re- oven stones and shellfish remains. These features connaissance. As there is no beach, but only an clearl, in(icate the presence of occupation depos- exposed shelf of beach rock, we had to make a its in the beach ridge system. WYe also reconnoi- "wet landing" and did not take any cameras or tered the contact between the coastal sandy flat equipment ashore with us. Our reconnaissance and the steep volcanic slopes some 30-40 m in- was limited to less than one hour, while the small land, searching for possible rockshelters, but none boat waited for us offshore. Nonetheless, our were discovered. However, it is possible that observations were sufficient to demonstrate that rockshelters may be found elsewhere on the is- there are indeed archaeological features on the land if a th(orough search is made. beach 1idge at the base of the small valley on the After departing Mlakaroa, we were able to pass island's northern side, which would likely repav within a few meters of the southern shoreline of FIGURE . .. 3 6 Vw o , E ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. v. ... i..... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. i . S C 0: ;.. :. f-.... . -7 ---------- 90 i0 92 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MANGAREVA ISLANDS, FRENCH POLYNESIA M\Iotu TeikuL Island, a small rockv pinnacle islet to ANukena Is-la-n-d the west of Mlakaroa. As the island has no trees Stone Enclosure 4 and is verv exposed to storm swells, we were rather 0 5m surprised to see two dense stands of Cordyline fruicosa plants growingc, in small pockets on ledges only about 7 by, 3 m in area, between 15-20 m above sea level. Some narrow overhang reef flat , . rockshelters are situated near these Cordyline LA stands. As Eastern Polvnesian Cordyline is a sterile plant Which must be vegetatively, propagated x -XI (Hinkle 2004), there can be no doubt that these stands were originally planted on the islet bv hu- mans, as a food resource (the Cordyline root is an excellent source of carbohydrate and sugar, the leaves are used for wrapping foods for cooking). We hope at a later date to be able to land on Motu Teiku and examine these ti features more thor- .-- springs oughly. reef f la t AUIKENA ISLAND X X On 18 November 2001, Conte and K:irch high tide-----, wvere able to spend a few hours carrying out a reconnaissance survey along the southern coast of Aukena Island. We first visited Te Ana Pu FIGURE 3.57 Sketch plan of stone enclosure along the shoreline of Aukena Island. the large rockshelter excavated by Roger Green in 1959. We observed that the site is now much disturbed by, pig rooting, although there do ap- . ..... pear to be substantial areas of deposit which would probably be worth renewed excavations. On the surface we found the bend and shank of a small pearlshell fishhook. Continuing along the coastline towards --_-_-__... Terua Kara point we encountered a rectangu- lar stone structure which was either constructed ''" out on the reef flat, or more likely has become AL. exposed due to coastal erosion (GPS position 509643E 7441323 N). A sketch plan of the structure is shown in Figure 3.57. The walls are constructed of stacked basalt boulders ca. 30- 60 cm in size, stacked in 2-3 courses up to 60 cm high. The walls continue into the wave-cut bank, suggesting that more of the structure re- mains buried within the coastal beach terrace. A small fresh-water spring; issues immediately to the northeast of the structure. At high tide, FIGURE 3.58 View of the partly submerged stone the tops of the walls are submerged (Fig. 3.58). enclosure at Aukena Island. Photo by E. Conte. 93 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Gi-JA1u17 -3 EM ')NOT(HS 1XWc take this opportunitn tof note that xxith the arrival on the island of several pieces of largc earth-moving ecluip- ment, the pace of landscape transformation has quickened remarkablv, writh a doubtless unintended consequence of hastening the destruction of remaining v estiges of ancient settlement. Several small valley-s on the northern coast of the main island w ere recently bulldozed in their entirety, leaving only remnant vestiges of cultural deposits at the margins. This pace of modern landscape transformation heightens the urgency of completing an archaeological survey before important sites are irretrievablv destroved. 2In his preliminanr report on coring in the Gambier Islands, Anderson (2001 a:4) mistakenly reports that these transects were located at Tokani Bav. Tokani is the large bav on the southwestern side of the island, which was brieflv visited bN- Kirch and Conte on a reconnaissance survev but which was not cored during our work on the island. 'Mr. Reasin, the landowner of Kamaka Island, had participated in the original 1959 excavations as a member of Green's expedition, and thus was very familiar with the specific location of the original trenches. We appreciate his willingness to share his knowledge, as well as his help in arranging transport and logistics on the island.