PREHIST0ORIC HUMAN ECOLOGY l - ~OF THE BIG SUR tOAST, CALIFORNIA 45! I TERRY L. JONES With Contributions by Douglas J. Kennett and Steven A. Moffitt NUMBER 61 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY BERKELEY I Author Terry L. Jones in the field at MNT-1223 in AuguLst 1986 with coworkers. ISBN 1-882744-15-2 PREHISTORIC HUMAN ECOLOGY OF THE BIG SUR COAST, CALIFORNIA TERRY L. JONES With Contributions by DOUGLAS J. KENNETT and STEVEN A. MOFFITT NUMBER 61 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY BERKELEY Library of Congress Catalog No. 2002113164 ISBN 1-882744-15-2 ?) 2003 by the Regents of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility University of California at Berkeley Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume is the result of eight seasons of field it was clear that some knowledge of the interior work completed over a 17-year period between 1983 archaeology was necessary, and in 1995 an and 2000. The research was initiated at Landels-Hill opportunity to investigate sites in the Nacimiento and Big Creek Reserve, a 71 00-acre teaching and San Antonio river valleys presented itself in the form research facility situated on the Big Sur coast, about of contract projects from Fort Hunter Liggett Military 40 miles south of Carmel in Monterey County. In Reservation. Between 1995 and 2000, fifteen sites 1983, Big Creek Reserve was a newly established were excavated as part of the installation's facility, and seminal studies of its natural and cultural compliance with federal historic preservation laws history were just being completed. Because and policies. During this period, I was also fortunate California archaeologists tended to overlook Big Sur to obtain additional coastal data from a midden and its rugged terrain, little was known about its deposit on the northern San Luis Obispo coast prehistory, so, as a supplement to this early research, slightly south of the Sur coast. The additional an archaeological surface inventory was undertaken information resulted from of a large data recovery in 1983 and 1984. To the surprise of many, including investigation sponsored by Caltrans. This monograph myself, this surface reconnaissance yielded a great presents findings from the most significant deal more evidence for prehistoric occupation than subsurface investigations completed between 1983 expected. Midden deposits with abundant surface and 2000 on the coast between Point Sur and Point artifacts and molluscan remains were found in a wide Piedras Blancas and in the interior within Fort Hunter variety of elevational settings, including locations Liggett Military Reservation. above 2000 feet, several miles inland. With such a rich and puzzling record, it was clear that more ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS research was warranted, and the two-year surface study evolved into a dissertation project focused on The labor of field research was provided by field regional culture history, settlement practices, and school students from two universities (U.C. Santa dietary trends through time. As the study expanded Cruz and U.C. Davis), volunteers from San Jose State in scope, areas outside Landels-Hill Big Creek University, the Sacramento Archaeological Society, Reserve were investigated. When the dissertation California Polytechnic State University, and project was completed at U.C. Davis in 1995, employees from the California Department of findings from Andrew Molera and Julia Pfeifffer Transportation, Sonoma State University, Biosystems Bums State Parks and the Los Padres National Forest Inc., Garcia and Associates, and Albion were included. Environmental. With so many different organizations The coastal archaeological sites all showed involved, it should come as no surprise that a abundant signs of regular contact with the interior, tremendous number of individuals assisted in Nearly all of the flaksed stone tools found at Landels- planning, permitting, logistical support, field work, Hill Big Creek Reserve, for example, were made post field analysis, initial reporting, and preparation from Monterey chert that was obtained from inland of the final monograph. For the field alone, over 100 sources. To understand regional settlement practices, different individuals helped in the completion of ca. .i.i 10,000 acres of survey and excavations at 30 sites. completion of laboratory processing and cataloging Suffice it to say, that I greatly appreciated the work over the years were: Catherine Crabbe, Jennifer of all of these people over the years, and I apologize Richman, Marianne O'Kelly, Teresa Fung, Jim for not being able at this juncture to thank everyone Quinn, Karen Loeffler, Steve Moore, and Christina individually for their efforts. I hope you all realize Hibbard. that I could not have completed this project without A great number of specialists were involved in you. the analyses of materials recovered from the field. Some individuals who played ongoing and/or Obsidian studies were completed by Richard Hughes, particularly significant roles deserve special Tom Origer, Paul Bouey, and Craig Skinner. Bird recognition. First I would like to thank Larry Ford and mammal bone identifications were completed by and John Smiley for facilitating the archaeological Patricia Lambert, Carol Cope, Jeffrey Hall, Judy field schools at Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve. John Porcasi, and Krislyn Taite. All fish bone was and Kim Smiley were especially gracious and helpful identified by Ken Gobalet. Rob Jackson, Bill during the large field project of 1990. Funding for Bloomer, and Jeff Haney assisted with lithic analysis. that work was provided by the Giles Mead Ground stone artifact analyses were completed by Foundation, the Nature Conservancy, the University Jennifer Ferneau, Jeff Haney, Rick Fitzgerald, and of California Natural Reserve, and contracts between Susan Baldry. Bead identifications were completed Fort Hunter Liggett Military Reservation and by the late Dr. James A. Bennyhoff assisted by Biosystems Inc., Garcia and Associates, and Albion Steven Grantham and Jeff Haney. Randy Milliken Environmental. People who were instrumental in also consulted on bead identifications from CA- obtaining and managing those funds were Dan MNT-879. Cheatham, Suki Molina, Dave Fredrickson, Susan All of the illustrations in this volume were done Alvarez, and Clinton Blount. Thank you. by Rusty van Rossman, and I thank him for the fine People who were instrumental in permitting and quality of his work. logistical support for the project included Don Usner, Several individuals provided editorial assistance Alisa Fineman, Feiner Arias, Evan Goldblatt, Jeff during various stages of the project. Foremost among Kennedy, Glen Farris, Peter Schulz, Herb Dallas, them were Martha Brown, Betty Rivers, and Kathryn Robert Orlins, Steven Home, Andrea Maliarik, John Crabtree. I'm also thankful to Rosemary LeBlanc and Johnson, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Adrian and Mary especially Leroy Laurie for his dedicated efforts in Praetzellis, Susan Alvarez, Martha Proctor, Jack helping compile the final manuscript. I'd also like to Hunter, and Wendy Waldron. Thank you all. thank Eric Wolgemuth for his willingness to share People who played key supervisory roles in the the data from CA-MNT-1942. field were: Sarah Anderson, Karen Hildebrand, Betty I am also indebted to the members of my Rivers, Andrew York, Michael Baldrica, Jeff Haney, dissertation committee, Robert Bettinger, William Pete Johnson, Dave Fredrickson, Terry Joslin, Bill Davis, Phillip Walker, and the late Delbert True for Stillman, Jerry Doty, John Edwards, Jim Nelson, their guidance in the successful completion of that Rick Fitzgerald, Seana Gause, Chris Corey, and Dana project. The present document is basically an Tinsley. The Big Sur coast is not an easy place to do enlarged version of that treatise. field work, and completion of the field research in I would like to add an additional word of thanks many cases required herculean efforts on the part of to people who provided miscellaneous support of one the supervisory staff. I can't thank you all enough for form of the other for this endeavor: John Smiley and your efforts. Cartography was completed by Nelson the staff of Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve and the Thompson who deserves special recognition for the Natural Reserve System, Dave Fredrickson, Betty consistent quality of his work over the years. Rivers, Clinton Blount, Jeff Haney, Susan Alvarez Individuals whose volunteer field efforts were and the cultural staff at Fort Hunter Liggett. particularly important included: Mary Clark, Steve I would also like to acknowledge Kent Lightfoot Grantham, Glen Wilson, Glen Gmoser, Wendy and several anonymous reviewers from the Waldron, Peter Johnson, Jim Nelson, Betty Rivers, Archaeological Research Facility at U.C. Berkeley David Abrams, Dave Glover, Jeff Hall, Rick for constructive comments provided on earlier drafts Fitzgerald, Noah Arnold, Mark Hylkema, Kelli of the manuscript. Series editor, Tanya Smith, was Basket, and Allison Ogden. also most helpful in providing guidance and The project also benefited from the services of assistance in preparation of the final document. capable and hard-working laboratory directors: Finally I wish to thank my life partner, Debbie Patricia Lambert, Julie Huddleson, Deborah Jones, Jones, for her love, support, assistance, and unending Jennifer Farquhar, and Jennifer Ferneau. Other patience with this long project. Thank you all. individuals who made significant contributions to TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................. iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................1 GRADUALISM AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION ..............................................................4 SEA TEMPERATURES AND CULTURAL ECOLOGY ..............................................................4 RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP .............................................................5 SIMPLE OPTIMIZATION .............................................................5 TOWARD A PREHISTORIC HUMAN ECOLOGY ..............................................................6 Population Dynamics and Stress .............................................................6 Long-term and Short-term Environmental Variability ..............................................................7 Intensification and Resource Overexploitation ..............................................................7 Social Organization and Gender .............................................................8 European Contact and Colonialism ............................................................. 10 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ............................................................. 10 THE PRESENT STUDY ............................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ............................................................. 15 CONTEMPORARY SETTING ............................................................. 15 Coastal Zone ............................................................. 15 Inland Valleys ............................................................. 18 SHORT TERM CLIMATIC CHANGE ............................................................. 19 SEA-LEVEL RISE ............................................................. 20 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY ............................................................. 22 The Record From the Land ............................................................. 22 The Record From the Sea ............................................................. 23 Summary and Synthesis of Previous Research ............................................................. 24 Late Holocene Sea Temperatures off the Big Sur Coast Inferred from Oxygen Isotope Analysis ............................................................. 25 DISCUSSION ............................................................. 26 CHAPTER 3: ETHNOHISTORIC INVESTIGATION ............................................................. 29 THE PORTOLA EXPEDITION OF 1769 ............................................................. 30 Settlement Inferences ............................................................. 33 MISSION REGISTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOCAL ETHNOGRAPHY ......................................................... 34 HARRINGTON'S SALINAN ETHNOGRAHPHY ............................................................. 34 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ............................................................. 35 SUBSISTENCE ............................................................. 37 DIVISION OF LABOR ............................................................. 37 SUMMARY ............................................................. 37 LINGUISTIC AFFILIATIONS ............................................................. 38 LINKING THE ETHNOHISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS .................................................... 38 CHAPTER 4: ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODS ............................................................. 41 FIELD SAMPLING ............................................................. 41 LABORATORY PROCESSING ............................................................. 42 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES ............................................................. 42 Chronology ............................................................. 44 Radiocarbon ........................................................... 44 Obsidian Hydration and Source Analysis ..............................44 Beads and Temporally Sensitive Ornaments ..............................45 Flakied Stone Analysis ..............................45 Sources of Raw Material ..............................45 CONTENTS - Continued Replication ........................................................... 49 Analytical Definitions and Methods ........................................................... 50 Ground and Battered Stone ............................................................. 66 Bone Tools ............................................................ 66 Shell Artifacts ............................................................. 66 Faunal Remains ............................................................ 66 Mammals and Birds ........................................................... 66 Fish ........................................................... 81 Shellfish ........................................................... 81 Dietary Reconstruction ........................................................... 83 Diversity ........................................................... 85 Seasonality ............................................................ 85 Floral Remains ............................................................. 86 Component Function, Settlement Structure, and Assemblage Diversity ........................................................ 86 Human Remains ............................................................. 87 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS FROM THE COAST ............................................................ 89 CA-MNT-63 ............................................................ 89 CA-MNT-73 .............................. 98 CA-MNT-281 ............................................................ 101 CA-MNT-282 ............................................................ 101 CA-MNT-480/H ............................................................ 101 CA-MNT-759/H ............................................................ 101 CA-MNT-1223 ............................................................. 109 CA-MNT-1227 ............................................................. 112 CA-MNT-1228 ............................................................ 115 CA-MNT-1232/H STRATUM II ............................................................ 117 CA-MNT-1233 ............................................................. 119 CA-MNT-1235 ............................................................. 119 CA-MNT-1236 ............................................................. 122 CA-MNT-1277/H ............................................................ 123 CA-MNT-1571 AND CA-MNT-1580 ............................................................ 125 CA-MNT-1942 ............................................................. 128 CA-SLO-267 ............................................................ 130 CHAPTER 6: FINDINGS FROM THE INTERIOR ............................................................. 135 CA-MNT-332 ............................................................ 135 CA-MNT-361 ............................................................ 137 CA-MNT-504 ............................................................ 140 CA-MNT-507 ............................................................ 140 CA-MNT-519 ............................................................ 141 CA-MNT-521 ............................................................. 143 CA-MNT-569 ............................................................. 145 CA-MNT-861 ............................................................. 147 CA-MNT-879 ............................................................ 149 CA-MNT-1657 ............................................................ 153 CA-MNT-1672 ............................................................ 153 CA-MNT-1754 ............................................................ 155 CHAPTER 7: CULTURAL HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS .............................. 157 DEFINITIONS .............................. 157 CULTUJRAL SEQUENCE .............................. 158 Millingstone Period: Interpretive Phase .............................. 158 CONTENTS - Continued Early Period: Redwood Phase .................................................................................. 161 Middle Period: Willow Creek Phase ................................................................................. 161 Middle-Late Transition: Highland Phase ................................................................................. 161 Late and Protohistoric Sites: Dolan Phase .................................................................................. 166 Historic Period: Santos Phase ................................................................................. 169 DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 169 CHAPTER 8: ARCHAEOLOGICAL/ETHNOHISTORIC FUSION ............................................................................ 171 ASSEMBLAGE DIVERSITY, COMPONENT FUNCTION, AND SETTLEMENT ......................................... 171 FLORAL REMAINS AND PLANT EXPLOITATION .................................................................................. 175 FAUNAL REMAINS, ANIMAL EXPLOITATION, AND DIET ........................................................................ 175 SEASONALITY ................................................................................. 184 DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 184 FLAKED STONE TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................. 186 INTER-REGIONAL EXCHANGE .................................................................................. 186 CHAPTER 9: ANTECEDENTS ................................................................................. 189 LOCATIONAL PATTERNS AND CONTINUITY OF OCCUPATION ............................................................. 189 ASSEMBLAGE DIVERSITY, COMPONENT FUNCTION, AND SETTLEMENT ......................................... 189 FAUNAL REMAINS, ANIMAL EXPLOITATION, AND DIET ........................................................................ 195 The Isotopic Record ................................................................................. 205 SEASONALITY .................................................................................. 205 FLAKED STONE TECHNOLOGY .......................................... 207 INTER-REGIONAL EXCHANGE .......................................... 213 CHAPTER 10: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................... 217 MILLINGSTONE PERIOD .......................................... 217 EARLY PERIOD ..................... 218 MIDDLE PERIOD .......................................... 221 MIDDLE-LATE TRANSITION PERIOD .......................................... 221 LATE AND PROTOHISTORIC PERIODS .......................................... 221 HISTORIC PERIOD .......................................... 222 CULTURAL TRANSITIONS 4400 B.C.-A.D. 1800 .......................................... 223 Millingstone-Early (3500 B.C.) .......................................... 223 Environmental Conditions and the Case Against Environmental Causality ....................................... 225 Early-M iddle (600 B .C .) .......................................................................................................... 225 Environmental Conditions and the Case Against Environmental Causality ........................................................... 226 Middle-Late (A.D. 1000-1300) ................................................................................. 226 The Paleoenvironmental Record A.D. 800-1350 and the Case for Environmental Complicity .......... 227 Protohistoric-Post Contact (A.D. 1769) .................................................................................. 232 DISCUSSION: THE ECOLOGICAL PLACE OF PREHISTORIC HUNTER-GATHERERS ON THE BIG SUR COAST ................................................................................. 232 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................. 235 APPENDIX I OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA MUSSEL (Mytilus californianus) SHELLS from CA-MNT-521, -569B, -1223, -1227, -1233, and CA-SLO-267 by DOUGLAS J. KENNETT ........... 257 APPENDIX II CEMENTUM ANNULI SEASONALITY ANALYSIS OF Odocoileus hemionus TEETH FROM TEN SITES ON THE BIG SUR COAST by STEVEN A. MOFFITT .........................................277 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Study Sites and Approximate Locations of Ethnographic Tribelets of trhe Big Sur Coast . ........................ 3 Figure 2 ENSO Events (from Quinn et al. 1987), Mean Monthly Sea Temperatures (CC) and Rainfall (cm) for Monterey (1919-1994) and the Big Sur Coast (1972-1994), Monterey County, California .21 Figure 3 Range and Midpoint of 180 Values and Inferred Temperatures for 12 Archaeological Specimens of Mytilus californianus Compared with Historic Ranges and Midpoints for the Big Sur Coast .25 Figure 4 Comparison between Paleoclimatic Findings from the Santa Barbara Channel (Kennett and Kennettt 2000) and the Big Sur Coast (Jones and Kennett 1999) .26 Figure 5 Approximate Locations of Tribelets on the Big Sur Coast after Milliken (1990), with Route of the Portola Expedition of 1769 after Bolton (1927) and Smith (1932) .31 Figure 6 Coastal Segment of Quiquilit Showing the Approximate Route of J. P. Harrington with Salinan Consultants in 1932, Archaeological Sites correlated with Salinan Place Names, and Historic Landmarks noted by Harrington .................................................................. 36 Figure 7 Obsidian Hydration and Radiocarbon Results from CA-MNT-229 ........................................................... 46 Figure 8 Obsidian Hydration and Radiocarbon Results from CA-MNT-73 on the Big Sur Coast . ......................... 47 Figure 9 Tool-stone Bearing Geological Formations and Quarry Sites from the Southern Study Area .................. 48 Figure 10 Biface Reduction Sequence for the Big Sur Coast ................................................................... 54 Figure 11 Arrow Point Reduction Sequence for the Big Sur Coast .................................................................. 55 Figure 12 Desert Side-notched Projectile Points from Study Sites .................................................................. 56 Figure 13 Arrow Points from Study Sites .................................................................. 57 Figure 14 Lanceolate and Leaf-shaped Projectile Points from Study Sites ................................................................. 58 Figure 15 Contracting-stemmed Projectile Points from Study Sites .................................................................. 59 Figure 16 Re-worked Contracting-stemmed Projectile Points from Study Sites ........................................................ 60 Figure 17 Rossi Square-stemmed Projectile Points from Study Sites .................................................................. 61 Figure 18 Large Side-notched Projectile Points from Study Sites .................................................................. 62 Figure 19 Drills from Study Sites .................................................................. 63 Figure 20 Informal Flake Tools from Study Sites .................................................................. 64 Figure 21 Formal Flake Tools from Study Sites .................................................................. 65 Figure 22 Ground Stone Artifacts from Study Sites .................................................................. 68 Figure 23 Ground Stone Artifacts from Study Sites .................................................................. 69 Figure 24 Steatite Artifacts from Study Sites .................................................................. 70 Figure 25 Stone Spheres from Study Sites .................................................................. 71 Figure 26 Bone Awls from Study Sites .................................................................. 72 Figure 27 Bone Tools from Study Sites .................................................................. 73 Figure 28 Fishhooks from Study Sites .................................................................. 74 Figure 29 Fishhook Blanks from Study Sites .................................................................. 75 Figure 30 Abalone Shells with Asphaltum from Study Sites .................................................................. 76 Figure 31 Cut and Worked Abalone Shell Fragments and Pendant Blanks from Study Sites .................................... 77 Figure 32 Shell Pendants and Pendant Blanks from Study Sites .................................................................. 78 Figure 33 Idealized Skeletal Segment Rankings .................................................................. 80 Figure 34 Cumulative Proportion Profiles from Mussel Collection Experiments ...................................................... 84 Figure 35 Site Map, CA-MNT-63 .................................................................. 91 Figure 36 Feature 1, Unit 3, CA-MNT-63 .................................................................. 91 Figure 37 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-63 .................................................................. 92 Figure 38 Hydration Results from Study Sites: Casa Diablo Obsidian .................................................................. 94 Figure 39 Hydration Results from Study Sites: Napa Obsidian .................................................................. 95 Figure 40 Hydration Results from Study Sites: Coso Obsidian .................................................................. 96 Figure 41 Abalone Shell Scraping Tool from CA-MNT-63 .................................................................. 97 Figure 42 Site Map, CA-MNT-73 ................................. 99 Figure 43 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-73 ................................. 100 Figure 44 Site Map, CA-MNT-759/H ................................. 108 LIST OF FIGURES - Continued Figure 45 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-759/ ............................................................... 108 Figure 46 Site Map, CA-MNT-1223 ............................................................... 110 Figure 47 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1223 ............................................................... 110 Figure 48 Burial 1, CA-MNT-1223 ................................................................111 Figure 49 Site Map, CA-MNT-1227 ............................................................... 113 Figure 50 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1227 ............................................................... 114 Figure 51 Site Map, CA-MNT-1228 ............................................................... 116 Figure 52 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1228 ............................................................... 118 Figure 53 Site Map, CA-MNT-1232/H ............................................................... 118 Figure 54 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1232H ............................................................... 120 Figure 55 Site Map, CA-MNT-1233 ............................................................... 121 Figure 56 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1233 ............................................................... 122 Figure 57 Site Map, CA-MNT-1235 ............................................................... 123 Figure 58 Site Map, CA-MNT-1236 ............................................................... 124 Figure 59 Sidewall Profile, CA-MN T-1236 ............................................................... 125 Figure 60 Site Map, CA-MNT-1277H ............................................................... 126 Figure 61 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1277/H ............................................................... 127 Figure 62 Burial 1, CA-MNT-1277/H ............................................................... 127 Figure 63 Site Map, CA-MNT-1942 ............................................................... 129 Figure 64 Representative Profile, CA-MNT-1942 ............................................................... 130 Figure 65 Site Map, CA-SLO-267 ............................................................... 132 Figure 66 Sidewall Profile, CA-SLO-267 ............................................................... 133 Figure 67 Site Map, CA-MNT-332 ............................................................... 136 Figure 68 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-332 ............................................................... 137 Figure 69 Site Map, CA-MN T-361 ............................................................... 137 Figure 70 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-361 ............................................................... 138 Figure 71 Site Map, CA-MNT-504 ............................................................... 139 Figure 72 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-504 ............................................................... 140 Figure 73 Site Map, CA-MNT-507 ............................................................... 140 Figure 74 Sidewall Profile, CA-MN T-507 ............................................................... 141 Figure 75 Site Map, CA-MNT-519 ............................................................... 142 Figure 76 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-519 ............................................................... 143 Figure 77 Site Map, CA-MNT-521 ............................................................... 144 Figure 78 Sidewall Profile showing Subsurface Feature, CA-MNT-521 ............................................................... 145 Figure 79 Site Map, CA-MNT-569 ............................................................... 146 Figure 80 Sidewall Profile, Midden A, CA-MNT-569 ............................................................... 147 Figure 81 Stage 3 Bifaces from Cache, Midden A, CA-MNT-569 ............................................................... 148 Figure 82 Site Map, CA-MNT-861 ............................................................... 149 Figure 83 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-861 ............................................................... 149 Figure 84 Site Map, CA-MNT-879 ............................................................... 150 Figure 85 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-879 ............................................................... 151 Figure 86 Site Map, CA-MNT-1657 ............................................................... 152 Figure 87 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT-1657 ............................................................... 153 Figure 88 Site Map, CA-MNT- 1672 ............................................................... 154 Figure 89 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT- 1672 ............................................................... 154 Figure 90 Site Map, CA-MN T-1754 ............................................................... 155 Figure 91 Sidewall Profile, CA-MNT- 1754 ............................................................... 156 Figure 92 Summary of Cultural Chronologies ............................................................... 159 Figure 93 Culture History for the Big Sur District: Millingstone through Middle Period ........................................ 160 Figure 94 Culture History for the Big Sur District: Middle-Late Transition to Historic Contact ................................162 Figure 95 Mussel Shell Size Profiles for the Late through Contact Periods ................................181 Figure 96 Human Bone Stable Isotope Results ................................182 Figure 97 Artrifacts representing Late Period Stone Technology and Bead/Ornament Production ................................187 LIST OF FIGURES - Continued Figure 98 Mussel Shell Size Profiles for the Millingstone through Middle-Late Transition Period ........................ 202 Figure 99 Biface Reduction Sequence from CA-SLO-267 involving Large Flake Blanks ...................................... 209 Figure 100 Chert Pebble Reduction Sequence Identified at CA-SLO-267 ................................................................. 210 Figure 101 Obsidian Sources represented at Archaeological Sites on the Big Sur Coast ........................................... 214 Figure 102 Cumulative Hydration Profile for Casa Diablo, Napa, and Coso Obsidian from Big Sur Archaeological Sites .................................................................. 215 Figure 103 Diet Breadth through time for Mammals, Birds, and Fish Based on Margalef Index Scores .219 Figure 104 Summary of Dietary Trends through Time for the Big Sur Coast .220 Figure 105 Mean Size of Mytilus californianus Shells and Collecting Strategies through Time on the Big Sur Coast .227 Figure 106 Summary of Paleoenvironmental Trends for the Medieval Climatic Anomaly in Western North America .229 Figure 107 El Niuo Versus non-El Nfio Sea Temperatures on the Big Sur Coast ..................................................... 231 LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 Overview of former Santa Lucia Peak (today Junipero Serra Peak) and area where Tito Encinales, one of J. P. Harrington's primary Salinan consultants, was living in 1931 ...................................................................11 Plate 2 Maria Jesusa Encinales, (right), and Maria de Los Angeles (center), two of Harrington's primary Salinan consultants with another unidentified individual in front of adobe dwelling .................................................................. 12 Plate 3 Big Sur Coastline near Big Creek looking south .................................................................. 16 Plate 4 Looking North from Solstice Peak on the central Big Sur Coast showing the coastal vegetative mosaic of oak woodland, grassland, and scrub .................................................................. 17 Plate 5 Aerial view of the Gabilan Creek area .................................................................. 19 Plate 6 Tito Encinales in 1931 .................................................................. 34 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Characteristics of Study Sites .................................................................. 14 Table 2 Summary of Subsurface Investigations ................................................................... 43 Table 3 Obsidian Hydration Time Scale for the Big Sur Coast .................................................................. 45 Table 4 Flake:biface Ratios from Experimental Reduction of Monterey Chert ........................................................... 50 Table 5 Experimentally Derived Debitage Frequencies from Bipolar Reduction of Franciscan Chert .................................................................. 51 Table 6 Experimentally Derived Debitage Frequencies from Reduction of Monterey Chert Chunk (Blank Production), and resulting Cortical Flake Blank (Blank Reduction) into a Stemmed Projectile Point (Preform Reduction) .................................................................. 52 Table 7 Mean Meat Weights of Birds and Mammals Represented in Faunal Assemblages ........................................ 67 Table 8 Mean Meat Weights for Fish Identified in Study Sites .................................................................. 82 Table 9 Meat/shell Ratios for Shellfish Identified at Study Sites .................................................................. 82 Table 10 Experimental Mussel Collection Results .83 Table 11 Total Recovery from Mussel Collection Experiments .86 Table 12 Cultural Periods of the Central California Coast .90 Table 13 Radiocarbon Dates from Study Sites .102 Table 14 Assemblage Summaries: Millingstone and Early Periods.163 Table 15 Assemblage Summaries: Middle Period.164 LIST OF TABLES - Continued Table 16 Assemblage Summaries: Middle/Late Transition Period ............................................................................ 165 Table 17 Assemblage Summaries: Late, Protohistoric, and Historic Periods (coastal Sites) ...................................... 167 Table 18 Assemblage Summaries: Late, Protohistoric, and Historic Periods (inland Sites) ....................................... 168 Table 19 Summary of Late, Protohistoric, and Contact-era Site Components .............................................................. 172 Table 20 Late, Protohistoric and Contact-era Tool Assemblages: Functional summary ............................................. 173 Table 21 Functional Diversity Statistics for Protohistoric, Late and Contact-era Site Components ........................... 174 Table 22 Summary of Charred Plant Remains from Late, Protohistoric, and Contact-era Features ........................... 176 Table 23 Bird and Mammal Remains from Late, Protohistoric, and Contact-era Components .................................. 177 Table 24 Margalef Index Scores for Late and Protohistoric Mammal and Bird Bone Assemblages .......................... 178 Table 25 Summary of Fish Bone from Late, Protohistoric, and Contact-era Components ......................................... 178 Table 26 Margalef Index Scores for Late and Protohistoric Fish Bone Assemblages ................................................. 179 Table 27 Dietary Reconstructions from Late, Protohistoric, and Historic Components .............................................. 180 Table 28 Stable Isotope Ratios from Human Bone ............................................................................ 180 Table 29 Proportional Representation of Odocoileus hemionus Skeletal Segments from Late . ................................ 183 Protohistoric, and Contact-era Components Table 30 Rank Coefficients for Skeletal Segment Rankings compared to Idealized Rankings based on General Utility, Marrow Value, and Bulk Density .................................................................... 183 Table 31 Late, Protohistoric, and Contact-era Seasonality based on Deer Teeth Annuli, Oxygen Isotope Determinations from Mussel Shells, and Botanical Remains ........................................................... 184 Table 32 Characteristics of Flaked Stone Assemblages, Late and Protohistoric Periods ............................................ 188 Table 33 Obsidian Frequency from Late Period Components ............................................................................ 188 Table 34 Summary of Millingstone through Middle-Late Transition components ......................................................1 91 Table 35 Millingstone and Early Period Tool Assemblages: Functional summary ..................................................... 192 Table 36 Middle and Middle-Late Transition Period Tool Assemblages: Functional Summary ................................ 193 Table 37 Functional Diversity Statistics for Millingstone through Middle-Late Transition Components .................. 194 Table 38 Functional Diversity Statistics for Millingstone Components from Central Coastal California .................. 194 Table 39 Bird and Mammal Remains from Millingstone and Early Period Components ........................................... 195 Table 40 Bird and Mammal Remains from Middle Period and Middle-Late Transition Components ....................... 196 Table 41 Summary of Mammal Findings from pre-Late Components ......................................................................... 197 Table 42 Margalef Index scores for Mammal and Bird Bone Assemblages from Millingstone Through Middle-Late Transition Components ............................................................................ 198 Table 43 Summary of Fish Remains from pre-Late Components ............................................................................ 1 99 Table 44 Summary of Fish Remains from pre-Late Components weighted to 1.5 mm mesh ..................................... 200 Table 45 Summary of pre-Late Fish Bone Assemblage Characteristics ...................................................................... 203 Table 46 Dietary Reconstruction from pre-Late Components ............................................................................ 203 Table 47 Proportional representation of Odocoileus hemionus skeletal segments from Millingstone Through Middle-Late Transition ............................................................................ 204 Table 48 Spearman Rank Coefficients for Skeletal Segment Rankings compared to Idealized Rankings Based on General Utility, Marrow Value, and Bulk Density for Millingstone through Middle-Late Transition Components ............................................................................ 204 Table 49 Millingstone-Middle/Late Transition Seasonality based on Deer Teeth Annuli, and Oxygen Isotope Values from Mussel Shells ............................................................................ 206 Table 50 Characteristics of Flake Stone Assemblages, Millingstone through Middle-Late Tranisition ..................... 208 Table 51 Summary of Obsidian Recovery, Millingstone through Middle-Late Transition ......................................... 216