A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

APPENDIX 1 0. 1

MUSSAU PROJECT RADIOCARBON AGE DETERMINATIONS

EXPLANATORY NOTE:

The "conventional age" is as defined by Stuiver and Polach (1977), and has been adjusted for the 13C/'4C ratio. The
"CALIB calibrated age" ranges were produced using the CALIB radiocarbon calibration program (Rev. 2.0; Stuiver
and Reimer 1986), using either the terrestrial curve or, for marine samples, the marine curve with AR set to 0 + 0
(Stuiver, Pearson, and Braziunas 1986). The calibrated values given are the ranges (intercepts in parentheses) at 1 and
26r. The "OXCAL calibrated age" ranges were produced using Version 2.18 of the OXCAL calibration program,
with marine samples calibrated according to the AR values given for each sample. Calibrated ages are ranges
(respective probabilities in parentheses) at 1 and 2a.

ECA SITE

ECA SITE, AIRFIELD TRANSECTS
ANU-5080

Provenience: Airfield transect (1985); TP-9 (W400N72), Level 6 (40-70 cm bs).
SampleDescnption: Woodcharcoal.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; treated with hot 10% HCl, rinsed and dried.
ConventionalAge: 3260 + 90; ?13C = -24.0 O/.O (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1687 (1526) 1441, cal BP 3636 (3475) 3390 at l6; cal BC 1740 (1526) 1324, cal BP

3689 (3475) 3273 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1670 (0.03) 1660, 1640 (0.97) 1440 at la; BC 1900 (1.00) 1300 at 26.

Comment/Associations: This sample was obtained from the base of the Lapita cultural deposit at the contact with

underlying sterile sand on the paleobeach terrace. The wood charcoal was concentrated but did not form
part of a discrete feature such as a hearth. There is a possibility that the charcoal was derived from burning

old wood (such as driftwood), and hence could have an "in built age" factor. It is one of the oldest samples
from the ECA site.

ECA SITE, AREA A
ANU-5084

Provenience: Area A (1985); Unit W228N102, Level 3.

SampleDescription: Single valve of Tridacnagigas marine shell.

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with a dental drill; sample crushed. No chemical treatment.
ConventionalAge: 3190 + 80; 613C = 0.0 O/OO (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1150 (1020) 915, cal BP 3099 (2969) 2864 at l6; cal BC 1260 (1020) 830, cal BP

3209 (2969) 2779 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1520 (1.00) 1330 at 15; cal BC 1630 (1.00) 1240 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: Culturally-deposited midden shell with no evidence of water-rolling, in direct association

with quantities of red-slipped, plainware vessels (primarily globular jars with everted rims).

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

ANU-5085

Provenience: Area A (1985); Unit W229N100, Level 9.

SampleDescription: Single valve of Hyotissa hyotis marine shell (erroneously identified as Pycnodonta sp. in Kirch and

Hunt 1988b).

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with a dental drill; only well preserved portion dated. No chemical

treatment.

ConventionalAge: 3130 + 80; 813C = 0.0 o/ (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1049 (942) 846, cal BP 2998 (2891) 2795 at l6; cal BC 1190 (942) 790, cal BP 3139

(2891) 2739 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1450 (1.00) 1260 at l6; cal BC 1540 (1.00) 1140 at 2cY.

Comment/Associations: Culturally-deposited midden shell with no evidence of water-rolling, in direct association

with quantities of red-slipped, plainware vessels (primarily globular jars with everted rims).

ECA SITE, W200 TRANSECT
BETA -20451

Provenience: Unit W200N120 (TP 18), Level 9 (130 cm bs); Layer III.

SampleDescription: Anaerobically-preserved pieces of coconut (Cocos nucifera) endocarp, weighing 73.4 g (moist).
Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; given a hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Repeatedly

rinsed to neutrality and subsequently given hot alkali soaking to take out humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 2950 + 70; 613C -24.0 o/ (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1315 (1212, 1202, 1192, 1141, 1132, 1118, 1115) 1051, cal BP 3264 (3161, 3151,

3141, 3090, 3081, 3067, 3064) 3000 at la; cal BC 1410 (1212, 1202, 1192, 1141, 1132, 1118, 1115) 937, cal
BP 3359 (3161, 3151, 3141, 3090, 3081, 3067, 3064) 2886 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1300 (1.00) 1050 at 16; cal BC 1400 (1.00) 990 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Sample collected from the "muck zone" deposit of fine silt-clay containing abundant

anaerobically-preserved plant remains, stratigraphically equivalent to the Zone C deposits at Area B. Sample
was collected from a level - 20 cm above the base of the cultural deposit.

ECA SITE, AREA B
ANU-5075

Provenience: Area B (1985), Unit W200N149/7; Zone C1.

SampleDescription: Fine wood charcoal, dispersed in calcareous marine sand matrix.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; treated with hot 10% HCI, rinsed and dried.
ConventionalAge: 2370 + 120 BP, 613C = -24.0 O/.O (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 761 (406) 364, cal BP 2710 (2355) 2313 at la; cal BC 800 (406) 134, cal BP 2749

(2355) 2083 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 770 (0.24) 680, 660 (0.08) 620, 600 (0.68) 370 at la; cal BC 800 (1.00) 150 at

26.

Comment/Associations: From the upper portion of Zone C, probably after the abandonment of the stilt-house.

Large error range renders the sample of limited use in precise temporal assignment of this zone.
ANU-5076

Provenience: Area B (1985), Unit W200N151/8, Zone C1.

SampleDeserption: Fine wood charcoal flecks, dispersed in calcareous sand matrix.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; treated with hot 10% HCl, rinsed and dried.
ConventionalAge: 2430 + 230 BP, 613C = -24.0 O/O (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 820 (516, 467, 433) 212, cal BP 2769 (2465,2416,2382) 2161 at lT; cal BC 1187

(516, 467, 433) AD 48 at 26.

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 850 (1.00) 200 at l6; cal BC 1 100 (1.00) AD 100 at 26.

Comment/Associations: From the upper portion of Zone C, probably after the abandonment of the stilt-house.

Large error range renders the sample of limited use in precise temporal assignment of this zone.

ANU-5077

Provenience: Area B (1985), W201N151, Level 9, Zone C1.

SampleDescription: Finely dispersed charcoal flecks in calcareous sand matrix.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; treated with hot 10% HCI, rinsed and dried.
ConventionalAge: 2450 + 160; 613C = -24.0 0/0. (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 800 (752, 720, 708, 695, 586, 585, 538, 533, 521, 463,447) 390, cal BP 2749

(2701, 2669, 2657, 2644, 2535, 2534, 2487, 2482, 2470, 2412, 2396) 2339 at 16; cal BC 969 (752, 720, 708,
695, 586, 585, 538, 533, 521, 463, 447) 133, cal BP 2918 (2701, 2669, 2657, 2644, 2535, 2534, 2487, 2482,
2470, 2412, 2396) 2082 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 770 (1.00) 400 at l6; cal BC 950 (1.00) 150 at 26.

Comment/Associations: From the upper portion of Zone C, probably after the abandonment of the stilt-house.

Large error range renders the sample of limited use in precise temporal assignment of this zone.
ANU-5078

Provenience: Area B (1985), Combined sample from Units W199N150 and W200N150, Levels 18, Zones C2-3.
SampleDescnption: Finely dispersed charcoal flecks in calcareous sand matrix.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; treated with hot 10% HCI, rinsed and dried.
ConventionalAge: 2600 + 160; 613C = -24.0 o/ 0 (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 967 (797) 437, cal BP 2916 (2746) 2386 at lcy; cal BC 1209 (797) 390; cal BP 3158

(2746) 2339 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 950 (1.00) 400 at 16; cal BC 1250 (1.00) 350 at 26.

Comment/Assoctations: From the upper portion of Zone C, probably after the abandonment of the stilt-house.

Large error range renders the sample of limited use in precise temporal assignment of this zone.
ANU-5079

Provenience: Area B (1985); Combined sample from Unit W200N150, Levels 12 and 13, Zone C1.
SampleDescription: Finely dispersed charcoal flecks in calcareous sand matrix.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets; treated with hot 10% HCl, rinsed and dried.
ConventionalAge: 2840 + 115; 613C = -24.0 o/OO (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1213 (1010) 836, cal BP 3162 (2959) 2785 at la; cal BC 1384 (1010) 800, cal BP

3333 (2959) 2749 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1220 (1.00) 890 at la; 1400 (1.00) 800 at 26.

Comment/Associations: From the upper portion of Zone C, probably after the abandonment of the stilt-house.

Large error range renders the sample of limited use in precise temporal assignment of this zone.

ANU-5081

Provenience: Area B (1985); Unit W200N151, Level 11, Zone C3.
SampleDescription: Valve of Tridacnagigas marine shell.

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with dental drill; shell crushed. No chemical treatment.
ConventionalAge: 3010 + 80; 613C = 0.0 o/00 (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 898 (811) 771, cal BP 2847 (2760) 2720 at la; cal BC 1000 (811) 720, cal BP 2949

(2760) 2669 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 920 (1.00) 760 at RT; 1040 (1.00) 650 at 2a.

Comment/Assoctations: Shell midden directly associated with wooden posts in Zone C3; associated with dentate-

stamped Lapita ceramics.

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

ANU-5082

Provenience: Area B (1985); Unit W201N149, Level 12, Zone C3.

SampleDescription: Valve of Hyotissa hyotis marine shell (erroneously identified as Pycnodonta sp. in Kirch and Hunt

1988b)

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with a dental drill; sample crushed. No chemical treatment.
ConventionalAge: 2950 + 80; 61C = 0.0 /o/ (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 826 (781) 739, cal BP 2775 (2730) 2688 at l6; cal BC 920 (781) 540, cal BP 2869 (2730)

2489 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 890 (.671) 690, 680 (.011) 660 at li; 950 (.954) 510 at 2G.

Comment/Associations: Shell midden directly associated with wooden posts in Zone C3; associated with dentate-

stamped Lapita ceramics.
ANU-5083

Provenience: Area B (1985); Unit W200N149, Level 3, Zone B1.

SampleDescniption: Single valve of Hyotissa hyotis marine shell (erroneously identified as Pycnodonta sp. in Kirch and

Hunt 1988b).

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with a dental drill; sample crushed. No chemical treatment.
ConventionalAge: 2810 + 80; 613C = 0.0 o/o (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 751 (596) 446, cal BP 2700 (2545) 2395 at lay; cal BC 790 (596) 380, cal BP 2739 (2545)

2329 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1040 (1.00) 830 at l6; cal BC 1160 (1.00) 790 at 26.

Comment/Associations: From Zone B1, and associated with a predominance of incised and notched rim ceramics.

ANU-5790

Provenience: Area B (1985); Unit W200N150; Post B1.

SampleDescription: Artificially modified, anaerobically-preserved wooden post base; identified as Intsia bijuga by D.

E. Yen. Wood partially degraded.

Laboratory Treatment: Surface scraped clean. Wood chopped into small fragments. Sample washed with distilled

water. Cellulose extracted for dating.

ConventionalAge: 2950 + 80; 6'3C = -24.0 o/*0.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1368 (1212, 1202, 1192, 1141,1132,1118,1115) 1021,calBP 3317 (3161, 3151, 3141,

3090, 3081, 3067, 3064) 2970 at 1a; cal BC 1427 (1212, 1202, 1192, 1141, 1132, 1118, 1115) 929, cal BP 3376
(3161, 3151, 3141, 3090, 3081, 3067, 3064) 2878 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1310 (1.00) 1040 at li; 1410 (0.98) 980, 960 (0.02) 930 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: One of three main corner posts for the stilt-house structure in Area B, associated with dentate-

stamped ceramics.
ANU-5791

Provenience: Area B (1985); Unit W199N151, Post B2.

SampleDescraption: Artificially modified, anaerobically-preserved wooden post base; identified as Intsia bijuga by D.

E. Yen. Wood partially degraded.

Laboratory Treatment: Surface scraped clean. Wood chopped into small fragments. Sample washed with distilled

water. Cellulose extracted for dating.

ConventionalAge: 2930 + 80; 613C = -24.0 ?/o

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1308 (1210, 1204, 1190, 1177, 1153, 1144, 1130, 1121, 1112) 1012, cal BP 3257

(3159, 3153, 3139, 3126, 3102, 3093, 3079, 3070, 3061) 2961 at li; cal BC 1410 (1210,1204,1190,1177,

1153, 1144, 1130, 1121, 1112) 905, cal BP 3359 (3159, 3153, 3139, 3126, 3102, 3093, 3079, 3070, 3061) 2854
at 2a.

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1270 (1.00) 1020 at 1l; 1390 (1.00) 920 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: One of three main corner posts for the stilt-house structure in Area B, associated with

dentate-stamped ceramics.

BETA?-20452

Provenience: Area B; Unit W198N145, Post B30, Level 7, Zone C3G

SampleDescription: Waterlogged wooden post base; dated portion weighing 136.5 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Rinsed

repeatedly to neutrality, and given a hot alkali soaking to remove humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 3050 + 70; 613C -24.0 /o (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1429 (1372, 1359, 1354, 1337, 1320) 1135, cal BP 3378 (3321, 3308, 3303, 3286,

3269) 3084 at 16; cal BC 1492 (1372, 1359, 1354, 1337, 1320) 1054, cal BP 3441 (1372, 1359, 1354, 1337,
1320) 3003 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1420 (1.00) 1220 at li; cal BC 1510 (0.02) 1480, 1460 (0.98) 1090 at 2a.
Comment/Associations: Small post or stake from Zone C3 of Area B.

BETA -30673

Provenience: Area B (1988 extension); Unit W201N145, Level 6, Zone C1.

SampleDescription: Complete single valve of Spondylus sp. marine shell; weight 224.1 g.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3110 + 70; 613C = + 0.6 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1007 (915) 835, cal BP 2956 (2864) 2784 at 16; cal BC 11 10 (915) 790, cal BP 3059

(2864) 2739 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1420 (1.00) 1250 at 16; 1500 (1.00 1150 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Culturally-deposited shell (probably raw material for bead manufacture) from the upper

portion of Zone C.

ECA SITE, W250 TRANSECT
BET?i-30676

Provenience: Unit W250N90,Level2

SampleDescription: Complete opercula of Turbo marmoratus marine shell weighing 155.8 g.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3590 _ 110; 613C = + 1.9 o/ 0.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1660 (1517) 1410, cal BP 3609 (3466) 3359 at 16; cal BC 1790 (1517) 1290, cal BP

3739 (3466) 3239 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 2060 (1.00) 1750 at l6; cal BC 2250 (1.00) 1600 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Date appears to be slightly too old. The sample comes from the paleobeach terrace.
BETA -30677

Provenience: UnitW250N100,Level2

SampleDescription: Complete valve of Spondylus sp. marine shell, weighing 313.2 g.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3170 _ 70; 613C = + 1.2 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1099 (997) 906, cal BP 3048 (2946) 2855 at l6; cal BC 1220 (997) 830, cal BP 3169

(2946) 2779 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1500 (1.00) 1320 at 16; cal BC 1590 (1.00) 1240 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Sample comes from the elevated paleobeach terrace.

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

BETA-30678

Provenience: Unit W250N1 10, Level 4

SampleDescription: Very large Chama sp. marine shell; artificially chipped around the ventral margins. Weighed

167.8 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3190 _ 80; 813C = +2.1 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1150 (1020) 915, cal BP 3099 (2969) 2864 at l6; cal 1260 (1020) 830, cal BP 3209

(2969) 2779 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1520 (1.00) 1330 at l6; cal BC 1630 (1.00) 1240 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Sample comes from the foreshore slope of the paleobeach terrace.
BETAi-30679

Provenience: Unit W250N1 10, Level 15.

SampleDescription: Hinge portion of large Tridacna gigas marine shell, weighing 840.3 g. The shell had been

artificially chipped, probably as a Tridacna adz preform, although no grinding was evident. The specimen was
16.6 cm long, 11.5 cm wide, and 1.6 cm thick.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3080 + 70; 513C = + 2.3 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 976 (890) 811, cal BP 2925 (2839) 2760 at la; cal BC 1070 (890) 780, cal BP 3019

(2839) 2729 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1400 (1.00) 1220 at la; cal BC 1470 (1.00) 1110 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Sample comes from the deepest level of Unit W250N1 10, from shell midden deposit

directly associated with wooden stilt-house posts representing a structure that stood at the foot of the
former beach slope.
BETA-30680

Provenience: UnitW250N120,Level6

SampleDescription: Large Chama sp. marine shell, weighing 197.8 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3320 + 80; 613C = +2.8 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1323 (1228) 1099, cal BP 3272 (3177) 3048 at 16; cal BC 1410 (1228) 990, cal BP

3359 (3177) 2939 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1680 (1.00) 1480 at li; cal BC 1770 (1.00) 1390 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Sample age appears slightly too old; possibly older shell incorporated into deposit.?
BETA-30681

Provenzence Unit W250N120, Level 9

SampleDescription: Anaerobically-preserved base of wooden post, weighing 382.1 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Rinsed

repeatedly to neutrality, and given a hot alkali soaking to remove humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 2860 + 60; 6'3C = -30.5 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1209 (1049, 1039, 1016) 933, cal BP 3158 (2998, 2988, 2965) 2882 at l6; cal BC

1290 (1049, 1039, 1016) 838, cal BP 3239 (2998, 2988, 2965) 2787 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1130 (1.00) 930 at l6; cal BC 1260 (1.00) 900 at 26r.

Comment/Associations: Sample is from a structural post of a stilt-house which was constructed about 20 m N of

the original shoreline.

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

BETA -30682

Provenience: Unit W250N140, Level 6

SampleDescription: Fragments of anaerobically-preserved wooden post, weighing 147.1 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Rinsed

repeatedly to neutrality, and given a hot alkali soaking to remove humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 2970 + 50; 613C = -28.1 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1316 (1257, 1244, 1233, 1215, 1199, 1194, 1139, 1134) 1129, cal BP 3265 (3206,

3193, 3182, 3164, 3148, 3143, 3088, 3083) 3078 at 16; cal BC 1389 (1257, 1244, 1233, 1215, 1199, 1194,
1139, 1134) 1016, cal BP 3338 (3206, 3193, 3182, 3164, 3148, 3143, 3088, 3083) 2965 at 2a.
OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1310 (1.00) 1100 at l6; cal BC 1390 (1.00) 1040 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Sample represents a structural beam, presumably from a stilt-house structure.
BETA-30683

Provenience: Unit W250N150, Level 7

SampleDescription: Complete, large single valve of Hippopus hippopus marine shell, weighing 1195.2 g.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3140 + 80; 613C = + 2.7 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1066 (962) 861, cal BP 3015 (2911) 2810 at 16; cal BC 1200 (962) 800, cal BP 3149

(2911) 2749 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1470 (1.00) 1270 at l6; cal BC 1570 (1.00 1160 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Associated with small quantities of pottery and a pearl shell peeling knife.

BETA-30684

Proveunence: Unit W250N170, Level 3

SampleDescription: Base of anaerobically-preserved small wooden stake, weighing 95.6 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Rinsed

repeatedly to neutrality, and given a hot alkali soaking to remove humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 3100 + 110; 613C = -28.6 o/0*.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1490 (1409) 1222, cal BP 3439 (3358) 3171 at 16; cal BC 1680 (1409) 1051, cal BP

3629 (3358) 3000 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1520 (1.00) 1220 at l6; cal BC 1650 (1.00) 1000 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Associated with small quantities of plain ware ceramics.

ECA SITE, AREA C
BET?-30674

Proventence: Area C (1988); Unit W249N188, Level 2.

SampleDescription: Complete single valve of Hippopushippopus marine shell.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3110 + 70; 613C = + 1.0 o/.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1007 (915) 835, cal BP 2956 (2864) 2784 at l6; cal BC 1110 (915) 790, cal BP 3059

(2864) 2739 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1420 (1.00) 1250 at l6; cal BC 1500 (1.00) 1150 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Midden shell associated with the earlier of two occupation phases; date appears slightly too

old based on associated wooden post (Beta-30686), although calibration with AR = 0 brings it into good
concordance.

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A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

BETAi-30675

Provenience: Area C (1988); Unit W249N188, Level 4.

Sample Description: Most of the ventral margin of a large Tridacna derasa marine shell, with the hinge area artificially

removed, weighing 356.2 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3110 + 80; 613C = + 1.9 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1020 (915) 826, cal BP 2969 (2864) 2775 at l?; cal BC 1150 (915) 780, cal BP 3099

(2864) 2729 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1430 (1.00) 1240 at l?; cal BC 1520 (1.00) 1120 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Midden shell or manufacture detritus associated with the earlier of two phases of stilt-house

occupation in this area; associated with incised ceramics. Age appears to be slightly too old when calibrated
with AR of -320, but agrees well with associated post (Beta-30686) if calibrated with AR = 0.

B'ETA-30685

Provenience: Area C (1988); Unit W250N188, Level 2.

SampleDescription: Complete valve of Hyotissa hyotis marine shell, in excellent condition.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 2770 + 70; 613C = + 1.8 o/.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 711 (518) 401, cal BP 2660 (2467) 2350 at la; cal BC 760 (518) 370, cal BP 2709

(2467) 2319 at 2G.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 970 (1.00) 810 at l6; cal BC 1080 (1.00) 770 at 2a.

Comment/Assoczations: Midden shell associated with the later of two stilt-house occupation phases at Area C;

associated with incised ceramics. Reasonably good concordance with associated post (sample Beta-30687).
BETA-30686

Provenience: Area C (1988); Unit W250N188, Post C3.

Sample Description: Anaerobically-preserved post base of Diospyros sp. wood in excellent condition: Weighed

301.0 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Rinsed

repeatedly to neutrality, and given a hot alkali soaking to remove humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 2850 + 70; ?13C = -24.5 o/.

CALIB Calibrated Age: Cal BC 1209 (1047, 1044, 1013) 924, cal BP 3158 (2996, 2993, 2962) 2873 at l6; cal BC

1292 (1047, 1044, 1013) 832, cal BP 3241 (2996, 2993, 2962) 2781 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1130 (1.00) 910 at 1?; cal BC 1260 (1.00) 840 at 2?.

Comment/Associations: Structural stilt-house post deriving from the earlier of two occupation phases at Area C.
BETA -30687

Provenience: Area C (1988); Unit W250N191, Post C20.

SampleDescription: Portion of anaerobically-preserved post of Intsia bijuga wood in excellent condition, weighing

661.0 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Rinsed

repeatedly to neutrality, and given a hot alkali soaking to remove humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 2600 + 60; 613C = -27.3 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 826 (797) 664, cal BP 2775 (2746) 2613 at l6; cal BC 894 (797) 453, cal BP 2843

(2746) 2402 at 2i.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 850 (0.76) 760, 690 (0.09) 660, 630 (0.15) 560 at lc6; cal BC 910 (0.65) 750, 720

(0.35) 530 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: Structural stilt-house post associated with the later of two occupation phases at Area C.

230

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

ECBSITE
ANU-5086

Provenience: 1985 transect Unit 1, Level 1.

SampleDescription: Single valve of Hyotissa hyotis marine shell.

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with dental drill; sample crushed. No chemical pretreatment.
ConventionalAge: 3120 + 80; 613C = 0.0 o/ (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1034 (926) 835, cal BP 2983 (2875) 2784 at 16y; cal BC 1170 (926) 790, cal BP 3119

(2875) 2739 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1440 (1.00) 1250 at l6; cal BC 1530 (1.00) 1130 at 26.

Comment/Associations: From disturbed (gardened) Layer I context, but representing midden shell from the Lapita

period occupation.
ANU-5087

Provenience: 1985 transect Unit 1, Level 2.

SampleDescnzption: Single valve of Hyotissa hyotis marine shell.

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with dental drill; sample crushed. No chemical pretreatment.
ConventionalAge: 3150 + 80; ?13C = 0.0 o/.o (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1083 (976) 877, cal BP 3032 (2925) 2826 at l6; cal BC 1220 (976) 800, cal BP 3169

(2925) 2749 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1480 (1.00) 1290 at 16; cal BC 1580 (1.00) 1180 at 26.
Comment/Associations: From the Layer II deposit, representing Lapita period midden shell.
BETAi-20453

Provenience: 1986 transect Unit 9, Level 5 (71 cm bs).
SampleDescription: Wood charcoal, weighing 95.9 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given a hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates, and

repeatedly rinsed to neutrality. At this stage the sample consisted of a powder, and was therefore not given
the standard alkali treatment.

ConventionalAge: 3200 + 70; 613C = -24.0 o/ (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1597 (1492, 1478, 1463) 1414, cal BP (3546 (3441, 3427, 3412) 3363 at l6; cal BC

1685 (1492, 1478, 1463) 1321, cal BP 3634 (3441, 3427, 3412) 3270 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1600 (0.12) 1560, 1530 (0.88) 1410 at la; cal BC 1680 (0.97) 1380, 1350 (0.03)

1310 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Sample is from the intact cultural deposit, Layer m. There is a possibility for an in-built age

factor if this was old wood.

EHBSITE
ANU-5088

Provenience: 1985 transect Unit 1, Level 9. (Note that ANU-5088 was incorrectly listed as coming from site ECB

in Kirch [1987, table 1].)

SampleDesc7iption: Single valve of Tridacnagigas marine shell.

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with a dental drill; only well preserved portion dated. No chemical

pretreatment.

ConventionalAge: 3470 + 90; 613C = 0.0 o/o. (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1495 (1401) 1299, cal BP 3444 (3350) 3248 at l6; cal BC 1600 (1401) 1190, cal BP

3549 (3350) 3139 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1880 (1.00) 1650 at la; cal BC 1990 (1.00) 1520 at 2G.
Comment/Associations: Associated with fine dentate-stamped Lapita ceramics.

231

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

ANU-5089

Provenience: 1985 transect Unit 2, Level 6. (Note that ANU-5089 was incorrectly listed as coming from site ECB

in Kirch [1987, table 1].)

SampleDescription: Single valve of Hyotissaehyotis marine shell.

Laboratory Treatment: Surfaces cleaned with a dental drill; only well preserved portion dated. No chemical

pretreatment.

ConventionalAge: 3380 + 90; 613C = 0.0 o/.. (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1401 (1299) 1190, cal BP 3350 (3248) 3139 at RT; cal BC 1490 (1299) 1030, cal BP

3439 (3248) 2979 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal BC 1750 (1.00) 1520 at la; cal BC 1880 (1.00) 1430 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Associated with fine dentate-stamped Lapita ceramics.

EKQSITE

BETA -20454

Provenience: Unit 1, Level 11, Cultural Layer IV (1986).

SampleDescription: Marine shell fragments (species not identified), totaling 99.28 g. Collected by hand during

excavation by M. Weisler.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3280 + 70; 613C = -0.49 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1263 (1167) 1049, cal BP 3212 (3116) 2998 at 1a; cal BC 1360 (1167) 960, cal BP

3309 (3116) 2909 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0) Cal BC 1250 (1.00) 1040 at 16; cal BC 1340 (1.00) 950 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Associated with fine, thin-ware, incised ceramics.

BETA -2 1789

Provenience: Unit 2, Level 17, Cultural LayerV (1986).

SampleDescription: Marine shells (Strombus sp.; Turbo spp. operculae; Quidnipagus sp. plus miscellaneous fragments),

totaling 85 g. Collected during excavation by M. Weisler.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layer etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3030 + 80; ?13C = -0. 1 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 915 (826) 781, cal BP 2864 (2775) 2730 at la; cal BC 1020 (826) 740, cal BP 2969

(2775) 2689 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0) Cal BC 920 (1.00) 770 at RT; cal BC 1060 (1.00) 690 at 2a.
Comment/Associations: Associated with fine, thin-ware, incised ceramics.
BETA -25036

Provenience: Unit 2, Level 3, Cultural Layer II (1986).

SampleDescription: Turbosetosus marine shell, weighing 150 g.

Laboratoriy Treatment: Sample pretreated by etching away the outer layers with dilute acid; sample then attacked

with further acid to produce carbon dioxide, which was used as the carbon source for dating.
ConventionalAge: 740 + 70; 513C = + 1.9 o/

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1500 (1566) 1659, cal BP 450 (384) 291 at RT; cal AD 1460 (1566) 1690, cal BP 490

(384) 260 at 2a.

OXCAL Calibrated Age: (AR = 0) Cal AD 1200 (.62) 1310, 1360 (.062) 1380 at RT; AD 1050 (.013) 1080, 1150

(.941) 1400 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: Sample is from the upper, aceramic portion of the site.

232

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

BETA -25670

Provenience: Unit 2, Level 9, Cultural Layer 11 (1986).

SampleDescription: Two specimens of artificially fractured marine shell, totaling 112 g. The species represented are

Turbo marmoratusand Triducnamaxima.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3270 + 80; 513C = + 2.0 o/*0.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1263 (1150) 1020, cal BP 3212 (3099) 2969 at la; cal BC 1370 (1150) 920, cal BP

3319 (3099) 2869 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0) Cal BC 1250 (1.00) 1020 at 16; cal BC 1350 (1.00) 920 at 2a.
Comment/Assoctations: Associated with fine, thin-ware, incised ceramics.
BETA-25671

Provenience: Unit 2, Level 13, Cultural Layer IV (1986).

SampleDescrzption: Three entire shells and four apical fragments of Strombusluhuanus marine shell, totaling 103 g.

The fractured specimens are evidently the result of cultural extraction of the meat. The specimens were in
good condition, with some surface coloration still extant.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3190 + 90; ?13C = + 3.4 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1167 (1020) 906, cal BP 3116 (2969) 2855 at 16; cal BC 1290 (1020) 810, cal BP

3239 (2969) 2759 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0) Cal BC 1140 (1.00) 900 at lai; 1260 (1.00) 810 at 26.
Comment/Associations: Associated with fine, thin-ware, incised ceramics.

EKOSITE

BETA -25669

Provenience: Unit 1, Level 4(1986).

SampleDescription: Large piece of the body whorl of Turbo marmoratus marine shell, weighing 238 g. The shell

had been artificially fractured, probably as a result of artifact manufacture. The exterior surface was slightly
chalky, but the shell showed no signs of water-rolling.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 3200 + 70; 6'3C = +2.3 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1150 (1034) 942, cal BP 3099 (2983) 2891 at l6; cal BC 1250 (1034) 860, cal BP

3199 (2983) 2809 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0) Cal BC 1130 (1.00) 930 at li; cal BC 1240 (1.00) 850 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: The dated sample is associated with a small assemblage of largely plain ware ceramics of

Lapita affinity, and with Turbo-shell fishhook manufacture detritus and workedAnadara shells.

EKUSITE

BETA -25930

Provenience: Units 2 and 5, Level 1 (1986).

SampleDescription: Sample consisted of several fragments of medium mammal bone, totaling 91 g. The frag-

ments were primarily split pieces of long bone shafts, almost certainly of pig (Sus scrofa), and represent food
remains.

Laboratory Treatment: On arrival in the laboratory, the sample was dry, tan in color, and in very weathered

fragments. About 25% of the sample volume was adhering soil matrix. All components were first physically
scrubbed clean and then subjected to varying acid solutions until collagen was extracted; this was synthesized
and counted. Because the quantity of actual carbon remaining after pretreatment was only 0.7 g, triple
normal counting time was carried out to reduce attendant statistical counting error.

233

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

ConventionalAge: 740 + 70; 6'3C = -22.1 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1222 (1277) 1284, cal BP 728 (673) 666 at l6; cal AD 1160 (1277) 1390, cal BP

790 (673) 560 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1200 (0.91) 1300, 1360 (0.09) 1380 at l6; cal AD 1050 (0.01) 1080, 1120 (0.99)

1400 at 26.

Comment/Associations: The dated sample is associated with Terebra-shell and Tridacna-shell adzes, and with small

quantities of a dark red, pyroxene-tempered (non-Lapita) pottery.

EKSSITE

BETA -20455

Provenience: Unit 2, Level 5 (1986).

SampleDescription: Wood charcoal weighing 41.8 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Sample examined for rootlets, then given hot acid wash to eliminate carbonates. Repeatedly

rinsed to neutrality, and subsequently given a hot alkali soaking to take out humic acids; process repeated.
ConventionalAge: 350 + 60; 613C -24.0 o/00 (estimated).

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1445 (1494, 1502, 1506, 1605) 1640, cal BP 505 (456, 448, 444, 345) 310 at l6; cal

AD 1430 (1494, 1502, 1506, 1605) 1660, cal BP 520 (456, 448, 444, 345) 290 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1460 (0.44) 1530, 1550 (0.56) 1640 at la; cal AD 1440 (1.00) 1650 at 2a.

Comment/Associations: Sample dates the base of the aceramic midden dumping mound. Associated with Trochus-

shell armrings and Terebra-shell adzes.

EHKSITE

BETA -30688

Provenience: Unit E300N300, Level 1, Layer I (1988).

SampleDescription: Nine valves of Anadara antiquata marine shell, with some artificial fracturing, totaling 166.9 g.

Exterior shell surfaces were slightly chalky.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 1080 + 60; 613C = + 1.1 o/o

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1276 (1305) 1348, cal BP 674 (645) 602 at l6; cal AD 1230 (1305) 1410, cal BP 720

(645) 540 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal AD 940 (1.00) 1070 at l6; cal AD 890 (1.00) 1160 at 26.

Comment/Associations: This sample dates Layer 1, the later of two occupation phases at EHK, associated with

intense shell-midden dumping, Terebra-shell and Tridacna-shell adzes, and Trochus-shell armrings.

BETA -30689

Provenience: Unit E300N300, Level 3, Layer 1 (1988).

SampleDescription: Six valves of Anadara antiquata marine shell, totaling 127.9 g. Valve edges were artificially

chipped, and the exterior surfaces were slightly chalky.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 1560 + 70; 613C = + 0.9 o/.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 772 (852) 929, cal BP 1178 (1098) 1021 at 16; cal AD 690 (852) 1010, cal BP 1260

(1098) 940 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal AD 460 (1.00) 620 at l6; cal AD 390 (1.00) 680 at 26.

Comment/Associations: This sample dates Layer 11, the earlier of two occupation phases on the coastal terrace at

EHK. The sample is associated with a Terebra-shell adz.

234

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

EKESITE

BETAi-30690

Provenience: Unit E200N175, Level 1, Layer IA (1988).

SampleDescnption: Three valve fragments of Tridacna maxima marine shell, totaling 190.9 g. Exterior shell surfaces

slightlychalky.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 910 + 70; 5'3C = +2.2 o/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1402 (1441) 1479, cal BP 548 (509) 471 at la; cal AD 1320 (1441) 1530, cal BP 630

(509) 420 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal AD 1 1 10 (1.00) 1270 at l6; cal AD 1040 (1.00) 1300 at 2i.

Comment/Associations: Sample dates the post-Lapita midden-dumping phase at EKE, and is associated with

Terebra-shell adzes.

BETA -30691

Provenience: Unit E200N175, Level 3, Layer IB (1988).

SampleDescription: Single valve of Tridacna maxima marine shell, with chipping along the ventral margin; exterior

surface slightly chalky. Weight 231.0 g.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 870 + 60; &13C = +2.1 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1431 (1462) 1500, cal BP 519 (488) 450 at la; cal AD 1400 (1462) 1550, cal BP 550

(488) 400 at 2a.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal AD 1170 (1.00) 1290 at l6; cal AD 1080 (1.00) 1320 at 2G.
Comment/Associations: From shell midden mound.
BETTA-30692

Provenience: Unit E200N175, Level 6, Layer IC (1988).

SampleDescription: Artificially flaked massive hinge portion of a Tridacna gigas marine shell, probably prepared as

an adz preform. The hinge measured 10.8 cm long, 6.8 cm wide, and 2.4 cm thick, with a weight of 243.5 g.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 1140 + 60; 813C = +2.5 o/.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1233 (1276) 1305, cal BP 717 (674) 645 at l6; cal AD 1170 (1276) 1350, cal BP 780

(674) 600 at 26y.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = -320) Cal AD 900 (1.00) 1020 at li; cal AD 810 (1.00) 1060 at 26.
Comment/Associations: From shell midden mound.
BETTA-30693

Provenience: Unit E200N175, Level 9, Layer 1 (1988).

SampleDescrnption: Fragment of Hippopushippopus marine shell valve.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.

ConventionalAge: 3420 + 70; 613C = +2.70/

00

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal BC 1416 (1362) 1263, cal BP 3365 (3311) 3212 at l6; cal BC 1490 (1362) 1170, cal BP

3439 (3311) 3119 at 26.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0) Cal BC 1410 (1.00) 1240 at li; cal BC 1490 (1.00) 1140 at 2a. (AR = -320) Cal BC

1790 (1.00) 1600 at l6; cal BC 1880 (1.00) 1520 at 26.

Comment/Associations: From lower stratigraphic component, associated with calcareous sand tempered Lapita

plain ware ceramics.

235

A RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY FOR THE MUSSAU ISLANDS

BETA -30694

Provenience: Unit E200N200, Level 5, Layer 1 (1988).

SampleDescnzption: Fourvalves of Laevicardium sp. marine shell, weighing 71.1 g. Exterior shell surfaces slightly

aLky.

Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 540 + 70; &`C = +2.70/00.

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1689 (1812) 1910, cal BP 261 (138) 40 at l6; cal AD 1650 (1812) 1950, cal BP 300

(138) 0 at 2a.

OXCAL Calibrated Age: (AR = -320) Cal AD 1420 (1.00) 1530 at l6; cal AD 1370 (1.00) 1640 at 26.

Comment/Associations: Associated with Tridacna shell and Terebra shell adzes, and with dark red, non-calcareous

tempered ceramics.

EKL SITE

BETA -30695

Provenience: Unit 1, Level4 (1988).

SampleDescrzption: Single valve of Spondylus sp. marine shell, weighing 46.6 g.
Laboratory Treatment: Outer shell layers etched away with dilute acid.
ConventionalAge: 330 + 60; 613C = + 1.5 o/*

CALIB CalibratedAge: Cal AD 1955': (1955:-') 0:, cal BP 0'- (?-) 1950 at la; cal AD 1955:- (1955:-) 1955':, cal BP 0Q-

(0",c-) 0 at 2c.

OXCAL CalibratedAge: (AR = 0, -320) Cal AD 1880 (1.00) 1945 at 16; cal AD 1833 (1.00) ... at 26.

Comment/Associations: Sample dates a late (post-contact) midden deposit containing a fragment of European

bottle glass.

NOTE ADDED IN PROOF

When the 1985 radiocarbon results were originally trans-
mitted to us by the ANU Radiocarbon Dating Labora-
tory, all shell samples were reported as having 613C val-
ues of 0.0, as listed in the Appendix. While this volume
was in final proof, however, Prof. Matthew Spriggs of
the ANU informed me that actual 613C values had been
run for these samples, and he was able to obtain the
original data from the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory.
Calculation of the conventional radiocarbon ages for
these samples in some cases will be slightly affected by
using these 613C values, although the difference is not

great. Although it has not been possible to modify Chap-
ter 10 or Appendix 10.1, the actual 613C values for these
samples are reported here for the record:

Sample ANU-5082, 5'3C = 1.7 + 0.2 o/ 0.
Sample ANU-5083, ?13C = 1.9 + 0.2 o/ 0.
Sample ANU-5084, 613C = 2.3 + 0.2 o/ 0.
Sample ANU-5085, 613C = 2.0 + 0.2 o/ 0.
Sample ANU-5086, 613C = 1.6 + 0.2 0/ 0.
Sample ANU-5087, 613C = 1.4 + 0.2 o/ 0.
Sample ANU-5088, &13C = 2.4 + 0.2 o/ 0.
Sample ANU-5089, 513C = 2.4 + 0.2 o/ .

236