PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1 990 POTTERY SYMPOSIUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY EDITED BY CAROL A. REDMOUNT AND CATHLEEN A. KELLER NUMBER 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICAlIONS IN EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY BERKELEY NUMBER 58 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY BERKELEY Covei photo: Four pedestalled bowls of late predynastic period from el-Ahaiwah and Ballas. Their identifying numbers in the Phoebe Apperson Heast Museum of Anthro- pology at the tJiliversity of California, Berkeley are, from left to right, PAHMA 6- 17458, 6-5577, 6-18291, 6-5565. (See Podzorski, "Incense Burners of the Late Pr-e- dynastic Period inl Egypt: An Exanmination of the Evidence fromn Three Sites," pp. 22- 37.) ISBN 1-882744-14-4 EGYPTIAN POTTERY PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1990 POTTERY SYMPOSIUM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY EDITED BY CAROL A. REDMOUNT AND CATHLEEN A. KELLER NUMBER 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN EGYPrTAN ARCHAEOLOGY NUMBER 58 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNLA e ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILiTY BERKELEY Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2003106180 ISBN 1-882744-14-4 C 2003 by the Regents of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility University of California at Berkeley Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission of the publisher. CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................... v List of Plates ................................................... ix List of Tables ................................................... xii List of Color Plates ................................................... xii Preface and Acknowledgments ................................................... xvii 1 Variations on a Theme: Regional Diversity in the Predynastic Pottery of Upper Egyptian Settlements Rene'e Friedman .......... 1 Incense Burners of the Late Predynastic Period in Egypt: An Examination of the 2 Evidence from Three Sites Patricia V. Podzorski .............. 22 Pots and Politics: Ceramics from Askut and Egyptian Colonialism during the Middle through New Kingdoms Stuart Tyson Smith ............. 43 4 A Deposit of "Domestic" Pottery at Kerma Peter Lacovara ......... 67 5; Manufacturing Methods of Pilgrim Flasks and Related Vessels from Cemetery 500 at el-Ahaiwah Joan Knudsen ......... 87 6 The Dating of Late Period Bes Vases D. A. Aston and B. G. Aston.95 7 Remarques sur les Vases Decores avec la Figure du Dieu Bes Hedvig Gyory 114 8 INAA of the Postpharaonic Pottery in the Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest Hedvig Gyory .124 9 A Center of Ceramic Production in Ptolemaic Athribis Karol Myslwiec and Anna Potudnikiewicz 128 The Egyptian Modern Pottery Project: Pilot Phase Findings 1 U Carol A. Redmount 153 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 The temporal range of the Predynastic sites of Hierakonpolis, Nagada, and Hemamiah. Shaded areas refer to periods for which the ceramic sample has been examined .......................................................................... 3 1.2 Coarse-tempered utilitarian wares from settlements of the Amration period . ..................................................... 6 1.3 Open forms of untempered polished wares from settlements of the Amration period . ...................................... 12 1.4 Closed forms of untempered polished wares from settlements of the Amration period ..................................... 13 2.1 Bowl with pierced lid from Ballas Grave 200 (6-5720 and 6-5717) ................................................................... 25 2.2 Pedestalled bowl with lip cup .......................................................................... 26 2.3 Decorated lip or rim cups ........................................................................... 29 3.1 Nubia and the Second Caract .......................................................................... 39 3.2 Midle Kingdom cups and bowls from Askut .......................................................................... 41 3.3 Middle Kingdom decorated pottery from Askut ........................................................................... 42 3.4 Middle Kingdom jars and other forms from Askut ........................................................................... 44 3.5 Second Intermediate period pottery from Askut ........................................................................... 45 3.6 New Kingdom cups and bowls from Askut .......................................................................... 49 3.7 New Kingdom decorated pottery from Askut ........................................................................... 50 3.8 New Kingdom jars from Askut .......................................................................... 52 3.9 Vessel indices of hemispherical bowls at Askut ........................................................................... 53 3.10 Native Nubian pottery from Middle Kingdom contexts at Askut . .................................................................... 54 3.11 Native Nubian pottery from Second Intermediate period and New Kingdom contexts at Askut . . 58 3.12 A. Cypriot Base Ring Ware juglet; B. MBII red polished juglet; C. Tell el-Yahudiya ware juglet ... 60 3.13 Distribution of ceramics at floor of upper level of the lowest layer at Askut . . ................................................ 61 3.14 Fragment of Middle Kingdom offering tray with a haunch of beef and granary (?) . . 63 3.15 Distribution of ceramics at floor of upper level in Southeast Sector at Askut . . ................................................ 69 4.la Blacktopped beaker from Kerma settlement. SU 29. Scale 1:1. Drawing by Yvonne Markowitz ................. 81 4.1b Blacktopped beaker from cemetery context BMFA 13.4066/SU627. Scale 1:1. Drawing by Yvonne Markowitz ... ..82 4.2 a) Incised bowl, wet smoothed exterior. SU 45. b) Incised rough bowl, brown surface. SU 13-14. c) Large, deep bowl with incised rim. SU 1. Scale 4: 1. Drawings by Yvonne Markowitz . ................................................. 83 4.3 a) Incised bowl from KM 15. BMFA 15-2-320. From Dunham 1991. b) Incised rough bowl from KM 48. BMFA 15-3-437. c) Large, deep bowl with incised rim from KN 164. BMFA 16-4-1489. All from Dunham 1991. Scale 4:1. Drawings by Yvonne Markowitz ................................................................................ 84 4.4 Kerma "cooking pot." BMFA 21.3079 (14-1-561). Handmade, low-fired Nile silt with mat-impressed surface and applied clay on bottom. Traces of smoke stains on interior and exterior. scale 1:1. Drawing by Yvonne Markowitz ................................................................................ 85 4.5 a) Red polished beaker from Kurru Tomb 702. BMFA 19-4-19. Wheelmade, fine Nile silt with burnished red surface. Fire cloud at bottom. b) "Cooking Pot" from Kurru Tomb 702, BMFA 19-4-17. Handmade, low-fired Nile silt with mat-impressed surface applied clay on bottom. Traces of smoke stains on interior and exterior. Scale 1: 1. Drawings by Yvonne Markowitz ................................................................................ 85 5.1 Flask, 6-18460 from Tomb A502. Drawing by Sabrina Maras . ......................................................................... 89 5.2 Flask, 6-18457 from Tomb A502. Drawing by Sabrina Maras . ........................................................................ 90 5.3 Flask, 6-18462 from Tomb A502 Drawing by Sabrina Maras . ......................................................................... 90 5.4 Flask, 6-18525 from Tomb A549. Drawing by Sabrina Maras . ........................................................................ 91 5.5 Handled Jug, 6-18519 from Tomb A542. Drawing by Sabrina Maras .............................................................. 92 6.1 Bes vase of type I, with Bes face on upper part of ovoid body and feathered headdress above eyes ................ 97 6.2 Bes vase of type II; small, neckless ovoid jars with applied decorations representing eyes and nose, and often ears and mouth ................................................................................ 98 6.3 Bes vase of type III; detailed applied facial features showing eyes, eyebrows, ears, nose, and mouth with two lips ................................................................................ 100 6.4 Bes vase of type IV; small, bag-shaped jar with eyes and nose but no mouth depicted .................................. 101 6.5 Bes vase of type V; ovoid body with neck and ringed bottom, facial details include applied, impressed or incised elements ................................................................................ 103 6.6 Bes vase of type VI; similar in shape to type V but type VI has a round base ................................................. 107 7.1 a, b Vase decore avec la figure du dieu Bbs. 51-2077. h.: 14.2 cm; h. corps: 9.1 cm; diam. rebord: 5.7 cm; diam. max.: 8.6 cm; diam. socle: 4 cm. Buff Marl A, Var. 2; mohs 4, 5. Provenance inconnue. A part les breches sur le rebord et sur le socle, elle est d'une conservation parfaite ............................................................... 17 7.2 a, b Vase decore avec la figure du dieu Bes. 51-1522. h.: 14.6 cm; h. corps: 11.4 cm; diam. rebord: 5.7 cm; diam. corps: 9.7 cm. Argile brune claire de Marl A, Var. A; mohs 3. Provenance inconnue. Rebord ebreche, surface patinee ............................................................................... 118 8.1 - 8.6 Pottery Illustrations ............................................................................... 125 8.6-8.12 Pottery Illustrations ............................................................................................. .................................... 126 8.13 - 8.19 Pottery Illustrations ................................................................................. 127 8.20 - 8.26 Pottery Illustrations ................................................................................. 128 8.27 - 8.30 Pottery Illustrations ................................................................................. 129 8.31 Dendrogram .................................................................................. 130 9.1 Deposit of clay bowls prepared for firing, unearthed near Early Ptolemaic kilns, third century B.C . ................ 137 9.2 Terra-cotta lamp in the shape of the god Silen, late third-early second centuries B.C. Drawing by K. Baturo . ...... 140 9.3 Terra-cotta figurine of a seated phallic god, second century B.C. Drawing by Kamila Baturo ........................... 144 9.4 - 5 Terra-cotta figurine of an elephant with two scenes in relief: 4) dancing Bes between two cocks; 5) naked phallic dancers. Second half of the Ptolemaic period. Drawings by Miroslaw Czarnocki . ...................................... 144 9.6 Fragment of a bowl with relief decoration showing Harpocrates, mid-second century B.C. Drawing by Kamila Baturo .................................................................................. 145 9.7 Small flask with stamped decoration, late third-early second centuries B.C. Drawing by Kamila Baturo ........ 147 9.8 Lagynos. Local imitation of a Greek vessel type, late third-early second centuries B.C. Drawing by Anna Poludnikiewicz .................................................................................. 147 9.9 Terra-cotta mold with geometrical and floral patterns in sunk relief. Second century B.C . ................................ 148 10.1 Map of Egypt showing sample production and collection locations, locations mentioned in text, and points of general reference. Adapted from Henein 1992 .................................................................................. 156 10.2 Zr water jar fro m the Fayum .................................................................................. 183 10.3 Zrr water jars: 1. From Badrashein; 2. From Minouf; 3-4. From Abu Raguan ................................................ 184 10.4 Ballds jars: 1. Imitation ballds jar of Nile silt from Samann ud in the Delta; 2. Ballds jar of marl clay from Qena region of Upper Egypt ................................................................................. 186 10.5 Ballds jar pieces of orange marl clay collected in the Gerzeh area: 1. Rim; 2-3. Neck, shoulder, and body. Note incised decoration on body of 2-3 and rope impressions on 2 .......................................................................... 187 10.6 1. Sahfa bowl from Minya; 2. Molasses jar purchased at Giza; 3. "Small zr2" from Abu Raguan; 4. Zarawiyya semna jar from Samannud .................................................................................. 188 10.7 1. Jar (bokla) from Fayum; 2. Sahfa bowl from the Fayum; 3. Handb jar from the Fayum; 4. Qist pitcher from Minya ................................................................................. 189 10.8 1. Ba'oWa jug from Samannuid; 2. 'Olla jug from Minouf; 3. 'Olla jug ('olla) from Samannfud; 4. 'Olla jug from Cairo; 5. Abrr' pitcher from Cairo; 6. 'Olla jug from Cairo . ........................................................................... 191 10.9 1. Abni' pitcher made in Sharqiya (?); 2. Basa cookpot made in Sharqiya; 3. Berdm casserole cookpot made in Alexandria (?); 4. Tabla drum made in Minouf; 5. Bahar/man 'ad brazier made in Samannfud; 6. Hagar pipehead made in Samannu'd; 7. Hagar pipehead made in Cairo; 8-9. Hagar pipeheads made in Samann0ud . ........................ 194 vii 10.10 1. Small animal refuge/feeder from Samannud; 2. Gadus pigeon pot from Samannu'd; 3. Taba'bowl from Minya; 4. Misa'a bowl from the Fayum; 5-6. Misa'a bowls from Samannud; 7. Misa'a bowl from Minouf; 8. Misa'a bowl from the Fayum; 9. Bowl form Samannu'd; 10. Misa'a bowl from Minouf . ................................... 195 10.1 1 1. Hod bowl from Minouf; 2. Bowl from Samanntud; 3. Berdm bowl from Minouf; 4. Salya bowl from the Fayum; 5. Hod bowl from Abu Raguan (?) ................................................................................. 196 10.12 1. Mdgur bowl from Badrashein; 2. Mdagr bowl from Minya; 3. Salya bowl from Minouf; 4. Tdaen bowl from Abu Raguan; 5. Bowl from Abu Raguan .................................................................................. 197 10.13 Large, dark grey bowl fragments from the Sinai Bedouin camp ..................................................................... 198 10.14 Fragments of jars and jugs (1-7), bowls (8-9), and cookpots (10-15). All were collected from the Sinai Bedouin camp except no. 4 which came from a roadside near Gerzeh ...................................................................... 199 10.15 Probable abrP' pitcher and 'olla jug handles, necks, shoulders, and bases . .................................................... 200 10.16 Flowerpot rims, bases, and profiles ................................................................................. 201 10.17 Flowerpot sherds/rims, collected from the Sinai Bedouin camp ..................................................................... 202 10.18 Flowerpot rims, bases, and a profile collected from the Sinai Bedouin camp . ............................................... 203 10.19 Grain-size nomenclature for ceramic textures ................................................................................. 236 viii LIST OF PLATES 3.1 Pottery of the Middle Kingdom at Askut: a) "beer bottle," note cursory wet smoothing; b.) bread mold, note the finger marks at the top from pressing the clay around a wooden form; c) large tray, a classic chaff tempered Nile Silt C; d) "Gilded" ware stand ................................................................................. 46 3.2 a) hand holding nipple from a "Hathor" vase; b) crocodile on small bowl with incurving rim; c) Mycenaean pilgrm flask; d) Palestinian MBII red polished juglet ................................................................................. 56 3.3 Second Intermediate period pottery from Askut: a) red polished, low waisted carinated jar; b) unusual bag- shaped vessel (Kerman); c) large storage jar and stand, note the impressions from roped supports during drying . ......... 57 3.4 New Kingdom pottery from Askut: a) incense burner, note the characteristic pattern of burning; b) bowl, note the rilling patterns from finishing on the wheel; c) red polished, carinated bowl with inurving rim; d) red "pattern burnished" jar of the late Eighteenth Dynasty ................................................................................. 64 3.5 a) Askut, view across Main fort to Southeastern Sector; b) Askut, view of upper layer of Southeastern Sector; c) niche and mataba in Room 12 .................................................................................. 65 3.6 a) Room 2, Middle Kingdom pottery in situ; b) Room 7, bread molds and other Middle Kingdom pottery in situ; c) Room Southeast 14, New Kingdom pottery in situ ................................................................................. 66 3.7 a) Room Southeast 32a, altar with stela, orginal floor level in background; b) Second Intermediate period and New Kingdom pottery in situ nearby ................................................................................. 70 3.8 a) View of altar in Room Southeast 32a, showing stratigraphic section with mud floors, fill, tile floor; b) view of the tile floor in Room 23b with jar inset, taken from Room Southeast 32a. Note the step up from 32c into 47 in the background, which had been partly filled with rubbish in the Second Intermediate period . ................................. 71 9.1 Ptolemaic constructions in Tell Atrib (after excavations in 1989). View from the south .................................... 135 9.2 Ptolemaic constructions: workshops on the south side and a bath complex from the time of Ptolemy VI on the north side (after excavations in 1989) .................................................................................. 136 9.3 Bath complex from the time of Ptolemy VI (after excavations in 1990) . ........................................................... 136 9.4 Deposit of clay bowls prepared for firing. Third century B.C . ............................................................................. 138 9.5 Unfired bowl from the deposit .................................................................................. 138 9.6 Base of unfired bowl from the deposit .................................................................................. 139 9.7 Ceramic weight from Early Ptolemaic strata ................................................................................. 141 9.8 Ceramic weight from Early Ptolemaic strata ................................................................................. 141 9.9 Ceramic weight from Early Ptolemaic strata ................................................................................. 141 9.10 Head of female (height 3.8 cm). Early third century B.C ................................................................................. 143 9.11 Fragment of an unfired clay figurine. Early third century B.C. of female (height 3.8 cm). ........... ................... 143 9.12 Old woman with statuette of Anubis. Fragment of a terra-cotta figurine. Early third century B.C .................. 145 ix 10.1 Master potter Abdullah Mahmoud Megahit, raiyiss of the traditional potter's workshop in Old Cairo, at a potter's wheel. Note the completed and partially completed 'olall in the left foreground ......................................... 158 10.2 Two skilled workers throwing pots at the Old Cairo workshop as a young assistant waits for additional tasks.... 158 10.3 A skilled worker putting finishing touches on a molded roof tile (aramrt) at the Old Cairo workshop; note the mold at his left elbow. The hanging wooden frame just above the mold has a cord stretched across its lower part; this is used to trim the edges of the roof tile when it is still in the mold .................................................................... 158 10.4 Molds for producing candle holders/vases (Sama'dani) in the Old Cairo workshop ........................................ 159 10.5 A skilled worker throwing a pot on a kick-wheel at the Old Cairo workshop . ................................................ 159 10.6 Young assistant placing unfired roof tile to dry in the slatted wooden drying racks in the center of the Old Cairo pottery workshop .................................................................................. 161 10.7 Production equipment (note molds to left and boards used to support unfired roof tiles) and completed pots stored against Old Cairo workshop walls ................................................................................. 161 10.8 View of the front of the Old Cairo workshop looking away from the structure. The car and man in the back- ground are on the unpaved road. To the left are roof tiles drying in the open. To the right is a mound of two different types of unprocessed clay: Nile silt to the right and gebel clay to the left. In the right foreground are ash from the pottery kilns and miscellaneous bits of assorted kiln fuel ................................................................................. 162 10.9 Round hydrating basin for dry clay at Old Cairo workshop. Note pipe with running water extending out over basin. The unpaved road in back of the workshop is visible in the background . ....................................................... 163 10.10 The three rectangular settling basins for clay at the Old Cairo workshop. Water remains in the two rear basins but has evaporated almost completely from the basin in the foreground, which is the same basin that appears in the foreground of plate 10.9. Note the two entrances to the workshop to the left and the completed roof tiles stacked against the exterior workshop walls. The girls are two of the young assistants employed at the workshop . ............ 163 10.11 Worker inside Old Cairo workshop kneading raw clay taken from the settling basins into an appropriate working consistency .................................................................................. 164 10.12 'Olall carefully stacked inside the large kiln at the Old Cairo potter's workshop . ......................................... 165 10.13 One of the two small kilns at the Old Cairo workshop, with roof tiles (aramft) stacked inside ready for firing. Note permanent roof on kiln and stokehole directly below entrance to kiln where tiles are stacked . ....................... 166 10.14 One of the young assistants at the Old Cairo potter's workshop holding some of the wood shavings, waste from a nearby factory, used for kiln fuel .................................................................................. 166 10.15 Drying sheds at El Qanatar workshop with completed flowerpots drying in the open .................................... 167 10.16 Rectangular clay settling basins with water at various stages of evaporation at El Qanatar flowerpot workshop. Note drying sheds in center background; exterior workshop wall appears in left background ................ 167 10.17 Front view of one of the kilns at El Qanatar workshop. Note permanent roof on kiln and flowerpots stacked inside ready for firing. Additional pots, with both plain and crenellated rims, are stacked outside the kiln . ............ 168 10.18 Back view of kiln at El-Qanatar workshop; note the oval stokehole. A second kiln is just visible to the right.... 168 10.19 View of potter's compound at Badrashein, with pots (balata baking griddles in foreground and zfr water jars-note white slip decoration-in background) and household laundry drying together in the open ................... 169 x 10.20 Badrashein potter throwing a pot on his kick-wheel ................................................................................ 169 10.21 Applying post-firing wash to completed pots at Badrashein ........................................................................... 170 10.22 Empty Badrashein kiln; note lack of permanent top . ............................................................................... 170 10.23 Young urban street vendor (center left) retailing pottery in El Qanatar; most of the stock was made by his family in Minouf. Note sampling of wares for sale in left foreground . ..................................................................... 173 10.24 Ceramic stock of El-Qanatar retailer lining opposite side of alley shown in plate 10.23. Pots shown are predominantly Nile silt water jugs (ba'o?a or ma?rabeyydt) from Minouf ........... ................................................... 173 xi LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Bowls with Soot Stains from el-Ahaiwah .......................................................................... 24 2.2 Listing of Pedestalled Bowls or Dishes from Three Sites (artifacts now in Hearst Museum) ........... ................. 27 8.1 Measurements of Elements in Pottery Samples ........................ ................................................. 131 10.1 Sample Numbers and Collection Locations of Whole Pots ......................................................................... 176 10.2 Numbers and Collection Locations of Sample Sherds Not from Sinai ................................. .......................... 177 10.3 Pottery from Sinai Bedouin Camp ......................................................................... 178 10.4 Names and Functions of Whole Pots in EMPP Pilot Phase Sample Corpus ................................................... 207 10.5 -5A and -5B Fabric Groupings ......................................................................... 211 10.5C Basic Fabric Groupings ......................................................................... 212 10.5D Revised Basic Fabric Groupings ......................................................................... 214 10.5E Final Revised Basic Fabric Groupings ......................................................................... 215 10.6 Initial Summary Petrographic Analysis of EMPP Sample Pottery .................................................................. 217 10.7 Manufacturing Location, Fabric Type, and Summary Petrographic Analysis for EMPP Pottery .......... ......... 220 10.8 EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis by Fabric Type ......................................................................... 223 10.9 EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis by Paste Type and Fabric Type ........................................................ 226 10.10 EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis by Fabric Type and Percent Inclusions . ........................... 229 10.11 Percent Inclusion Groupings and Fabric Types by Number of Samples and Percentage of Types .. ............. 232 10.12 Grain Size Divisions .......................................................................... 232 10.13 Modal Grain Size Modes and Number of Samples from Basic Fabric Types . ............................. 234 10.14 Angular Quartz and Feldspar in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis . ................................. 242 10.15 Mica in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ......................................................................... 243 10.16 Rock Fragments in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ......................................................................... 244 10.17 Grog in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ......................................................................... 245 10.18 Organic Debris in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ......................................................................... 246 10.19 Calcium Carbonate Type in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ........................................................... 247 xii 10.20 Man-Made Fragments in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis .............................................................. 251 10.21 Fabric and Magnetic Susceptibility in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ........................................... 252 10.22 Manufacture Location and Fabric Type in EMPP Summary Petrographic Analysis ................. ................... 260 10.23 Summary Petrographic Analysis Organized by Final Revised Fabric Groupings ................... ..................... 264 10.24 EMPP Samples Sent for Chemical Analysis .............................................................. 268 10.25 Summary of Chemical Fingerprinting Techniques .............................................................. 270 xiii COLOR PLATE SECTION 5.1 Four el-Ahaiwah pilgrim flasks, no. 6-18460; no. 6-18461, fragmentary; no. 6-18457; and no. 6-18462 ............................................................................... 325 5.2 X rays of these four el-Ahaiwah pilgrim flasks (listed above) ........................................................................ 325 5.3 An incomplete pilgrim flask from el-Ahaiwah, no. 6-18525 .......................................................................... 326 5.4 A spherical jug recovered from Tomb A542 and made in one piece, no. 6-18519 ............................................. 326 9.1 Fragment of a vessel with relief decoration showing an erotic scene. Second half of fInd century B.c ............... 327 9.2 Small amphora with painted decoration. Second half of IInd century B.c. Found in room 159 belonging to the bath complex ............................................................................... 327 9.3 Clumsy local imitation of a Greek krater, with irregularlyshaped body. lInd century B.c ......... ...................... 327 9.4 Large, one-handled jug with painted garland pattern. Local product. Second half of the Ptolemaic period ............................................................................... 328 9.5-6 Vessels with one vertical and one horizontal handle. Local imitations of Greek vases; 5 = Early Ptolemaic, 6 = L ate Ptolemaic ............................................................................... 328 9.7-8 Painted patterns on Early Ptolemaic vessels made in Egypt, possibly in Athribis; 7 = IIrd century B.C.,8 = late iIIrd century-early fInd century B.C . ............................................................................... 329 9.9 Fragments of a vessel with painted figural decoration. fInd century B.c . ........................................................... 329 9.10 Product of mid-Ptolemaic pottery workshops in Athribis: globular vessel with splashed decoration . .............. 330 9.11-12 Imported Hellenistic wares with stamped, incised and painted decoration, found in Tell Atrib; 11 = Sherds of "Gnathia" -type pottery, the plate probably comes from Teano (Campania); 12 = small bowls ............................ 330 10.1 Marl clay fabric from Qena region ballas jar (W-65; figure 10.4.2): a) color view of section; b) and c) SEM views of groundmass at 400X and 1000X, respectively; d) and e) SEM back scatter view and EDAX energy spectra showing element distribution for a calcium phosphate grain and magnetite grain, respectively. Fabric groundmass has a semi-vitrified clay-based carbonate texture with numerous silt-sized calcium oxide coated pores. The granular texture with numerous silt-sized calcium oxide coated pores. The granular texture is extremely minor due to micritic silt-sized grains. Sand-sized angular pores are numerous . ................................ 331 10.2 Orange marl clay fabrics from ballds jar found at roadside near Gerzeh: a) color view of fabric section belong- ing to 11.3 (figure 10.5.3) b) and c) 400X and 1000X SEM views, respectively, of fabric groundmass belonging to 11.9 (figure 10.14.4); d) SEM backscatter view and EDAX energy spectrum showing elemental distribution of opaline spherules averaging 10 microns in diameter. Samples 11.3 and 11.9 are both made of the same orange marl fabric, and likely represent rim and body of the same jar. Fabric groundmass has a semi-vitrified clay-based carbonate with numerous silt-sized calcium oxide coated pores. The granular texture is extremely minor and due to micritic silt- sized grains. Sand-sized angular pores are numerous. Sand and silt-sized marl fragments and ash are present. The opaline spherules are present in numerous areas of the matrix as botryoidal groups and appear to be related to the lime- stone marl source material as either inorganic opaline spherules or as organic diatomaceous debris; in either case they can be used as a unique discriminator for the source material. Pollard Jr. and Weaver (1973, pp. 88-92) describe similar opaline spheres as loosely packed aggregates from diatomaceous miocene deposits in Georgia, USA . .................... 333 xiv 10.3 Black fabrics made from Nile silt: a) color fabric section of ribbed abrP from Sharqiya province (W-43; figure 10.9.1), note "crust" on exterior (top) of section; b) color section of fabric from hagar pipehead from Cairo (W-73; figure 9.7) ................................................................................ 335 10.4 Color view of fabric section from W-10, a Nile silt ballds jar manufactured in Samannu(d (figure 10.4.1).....336 10.5 Nile silt 'olla or ma?rabeyya from Samanniud (W-12; figure 10.8.3): a) color section of fabric; b) and c) SEM views of fabric groundmass at 400X and OOOX, respectively. Paste consists of rounded to subangular silt grains with tabular clays and contains silt-sized organics, quartz, feldspar, and some heavy minerals, as well as silt and sand sized calcium carbonate and clacium phosphate (?) . ............................................................ 336 10.6 Nile silt fabric from a tagen bowl made by the Abu Raguan potter (W-31; figure 10.12.4): a) color section of fabric; b) and c) SEM views of the fabric groundmass at 400X and 100OX respectively. Paste consists of granular silt with reticulated clay texture containing well rounded to subangular silt grains, abundant tabular clays, biocarbonate (biosparite) sand-sized fragments and sand-sized ash . ..................................................................... 338 10.7 Nile silt fabrics: a) coarse Nile silt fabric belonging to a zrr from the Fayum (W-64; figure 10.2.1); b) straw or chaff tempered Nile silt from a sahfa bowl from the Fayum (W-71; figure 10.7.2) . ............................... 339 10.8 Nile silt fabrics: a) zrr water jar from Minouf (W-52; figure 10.3.2); b) 'olla from Minouf (W-61; figure 10.8.2) .............................................................................. 340 10.9 Nile silt fabrics: a) zTr water jar fromAbu Raguan(14.9; figure 10.3.3); b) ztr water jar from Badrashein (16.1; figure 10.3.1) .............................................................................. 341 10.10 Sinai silt fabrics: a) color section of black bowl rim (13.115; figure 10.13.1); b) color section of tabun fragment of anomalous fabric (13.75; not drawn) .............................................................................. 342 10.11 Black fabric of Nile silt belonging to a bu0a cookpot from Sharqiya province (W-47; figure 10.9.2): a) color section of fabric; b) and c) SEM shots of fabric groundmass at 400X and IOOOX, respectively. Paste consists of granular silt with reticulated clay texture with a few subangular to angular sand-sized quartz and feldspar grains. Very minor vitrification ............................................................................... 343 10.12 Mixed Nile silt and marl clay fabrics: a) color section of fabric belonging to an abrr' from Cairo (W-50; figure 10.8.5); b) color section of fabric from a Cairo 'olla (W-5 1; figure 10.8.4) . .............................................. 344 10.13 Mixed Nile silt and marl clay 'olla from Cairo (W-39; figure 10.8.6): a) color section of fabric; b) and c) SEM views of fabric groundmass at 400X and IOOOX, respectively. Paste exhibits a rounded silt and granular micrite matrix with common sand-sized pores and minor silt-sized pores. Angular to rounded sand-sized mudstone fragments are abundant. Also present arre a few silt-sized rounded quartz and very well-formed calcium oxide coated pores. Vitrification is very minor .............................................................................. 345 10.14 Sinai silt fabric ("orange-brown sandy" ware) belonging to a flowerpot (13.68; figure 10.17.8): a) color section of fabric; b) and c) SEM views of fabric groundmass at 400X and IOOOX, respectively; d) SEM backscatter view (1OOOX) and EDAX energy spectrum showing elemental distribution for very fine silt-sized barite (barium sulfate) grain. Paste exhibits subrounded to subangular silt and tabular clays with calcium oxide coated pores. Sand-sized pores are common; silt-sized pores are rounded and uncommon. Minor fragments of grog are present. The barite, which almost certainly comes from an old sedimentary environment, may serve as a useful marker mineral for the source area ................................................................................ 346 10.15 Flowerpot fabrics from El Qanatar workshop: a) color section of Nile silt fabric (bottom; 15.4; figure 10.16.8) and mixed Nile silt and Tebbine clay fabric (top; 15.2; not drawn); b) and c) SEM views of mixed fabric (15.2) at 400X and IOOOX respectively. SEM views of sample 15.4 show a paste composed of well-rounded to subangular silt with tabular clays that appear to be partially vitrified and sand-sized angular pores which are domi- nantly tensile in nature. SEM views of sample 15.2 illustrate a groundmass with a granulated silt texture containing well-rounded to subangular silt-sized mineral grains in a highly porous structure with abundant calcium xv carbonate silt. The pores are dominantly rounded and silt-sized. Angular sand-sized mudstone fragments are present. Welding appears to be minor ............................................................................... 348 10.16 SEM backscatter views and EDAX energy spectra showing elemental distributions of CaO coated pores: a) from sample W-39, an 'olla from Cairo made of a mixed marl clay and Nile silt fabric (figure 10.8.6); a 320X view of a calcium oxide pore structure comprised of an agglomeration of 4 to 5 individual pore degassing centroids with an approximately 10 micron thick calcium oxide wall structure; b) and c) from sample W-65, Qena region marl clay ballds jar (figure 10.4.2); 56X and 300X views of a calcium oxide pore comprised of two degassing centroids with a calcium oxide wall thickness averaging about 25 microns and a classic impact crown structure which probably resulted from violent carbon dioxide degassing of calcium carbonate during heating . ......................................... 350 10.17 SEM views of carbonized phytolithic cast of chaff/straw in sample W-69, a handb from the Fayum (figure 10.7.3): a) IOOX view showing cellular structure of chaff cast; b) and c) backscatter views and EDAX energy spectra showing elemental distributions for chaff zone (200X) and fabric paste (72X), respectively. The EDAX scans indicate high carbon content in the chaff cast and low carbon content in the paste matrix. The EDAX also indicates that the cast contains silicon dioxide opaline phytolithic debris. .................................................... 351 10.18 SEM photographs of two different Nile silt fabric pastes: a) and b) 400X and 1000X views, respectively, of the groundmass of sample W-21, a small mdgur bowl from Minya (figure 10.12.2); c) and d) 400X and 1000X views, respectively, of the groundmass of W-69, a handb from the Fayum (figure 10.7.3). W-21 has a paste consisting of well rounded to subrounded silt grains with tabular clays and some calcium oxide coated pores. Pores range from sand to silt-sized and are rounded to angular; some of the angular pores are in tensile configurations. Vitrification is very minor. The silt is composed dominantly of quartz and feldspar with minor heavy minerals. Some of the sand- sized mineral grains are angular. Ash is also present. The groundmass of W-69 consists of granular silt with an organic cast texture. The organic casts are dominated by carbon and phytolithic debris; many contain original cellular structure. Casts vary in size from silt to sand and are dominantly elongated. Individual phytoliths are present in the silt matrix and consist of grass short cells and non-segmented hair and hair-based forms. The tabular clay texture is overshadowed by the plant cast texture. Vitrification is very minor. Some of the silt appears to be carbonate grains .............................................................................. 352 10.19 SEM photographs of rounded quartz grains: a) 48X view of rounded quartz grain from an 'olla/mas'rabeyya from Samannu'd (W-12; figure 10.8.3); b) and c) lOOX and 200X views, respectively, of frosted, rounded quartz grain from a small magdr from Minya (W-21; figure 10.12.2). Note the impact scars on the right-hand photographs of both b) and c). The combination of rounding, frosting, and impact scars reflects the multi-environment origins of this quartz grain: it began as dune sand (rounded and frosted) and was later transported by water (impact scars) ............ 354 xvi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume has been a long time in the making. Its origins lie in a conference, the Fifth Colloquium of the International Group for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Pottery, orga- nized by Dr. Dorothea Arnold of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Professor Ann Macy Roth of Howard University, and Professor Cathleen Keller of the University of Califor- nia Berkeley. This conference was held at the University of California, Berkeley, in conjunc- tion with the 1990 annual meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt. Most of the papers were presented at that colloquium, although some represent independent contributions not delivered at the meeting. In most cases the papers were revised or expanded for publica- tion. The road to this publication has been rocky, with numerous unexpected bumps, turns, and delays along the way. Nevertheless, we are pleased that everything finally came together, and that the volume is making its appearance, albeit somewhat belatedly, on the scholarly scene. We offer this monograph as a contribution to the growing and increasingly sophisti- cated study of ancient Egyptian ceramics. The articles cover a range of data, derived from museum collections and excavations, and methodological, thematic, and temporal approaches and topics. Renee Friedman addresses regional diversity in the ceramics of predynastic Upper Egypt and its broader implications for the early socio-economic and political development of Egypt. Patricia Podzorski reviews a specific form in the predynastic, the incense burner, and comments on several museum specimens. Stuart Tyson Smith considers the relationship be- tween pots and politics, and Egyptians and Nubians, based on his analysis of Middle King- dom ceramic material from the Egyptian fort of Askut in Nubia. Peter Lacovara investigates "domestic" pottery in Nubia by examining a Second Intermediate period deposit from Kerma. Joan Knudsen turns to ceramic manufacturing methods and their discernment in her study of Third Intermediate period pilgrim flasks from el-Ahaiwah. David and Barbara Aston delve into issues regarding the typology and dating of Bes Vessels, beginning with vessels dating to the late seventh century BCE. Hedvig Gyory offers a discussion of the general development and function of Bes vessels, and, in a second contribution, also presents a review of some post-Pharaonic pottery in the Budapest Museum of Fine Arts. Karol Mysliwiec and Anna Poludnikiewicz report the discovery in Ptolemaic Athribis of ceramic workshops producing pottery and objects of art that combine ancient Egyptian and Greek traditions. Finally, Carol Redmount summarizes the results of an ethnoarchaeological and technical study of modern Egyptian pottery and considers its potential implications for the study of ancient Egyptian pottery. Support for the conference was provided by the following units of the University of California, Berkeley: the Graduate Division, the Graduate Program in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology, the Archaeological Research Facility, the Berkeley Art Museum, the Phoebe Apperson Hearst (formerly Robert H. Lowie) Museum of Anthropology, the Cen- ter for Middle East Studies, the Near Eastern Studies Department, and the Pacific Film Archive. Financial support for the publication of the conference proceedings was furnished by the Irving and Gladys Stahl Foundation Fund, the Archaeological Research Facility of the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, and Mr. Manuel Genato. Special thanks are due to Mr. Oscar Miranda for his work on the manuscript, and to Ms. Shang-Ying Shih for checking many of the references. xvii