14 Fish Remains from the Early 19th Century Native Alaskan Habitation at Fort Ross KENNETH W. GOBALET HIS CHAPTER RECORDS THE fish remains recovered km section of the coast 97 km south of Eureka and i during the excavation of the Native Alaskan Village approximately west of the small communities of Petrolia Site (NAVS) (CA-SON-1897/H) and the Fort Ross Beach and Garberville. The region was occupied "late in time" Site (FRBS) (CA-SON-1898/H). In an effort to deter- by the Mattole and Shelter Cove Sinkyone. Three of the mine whether or not the fishing practices resulting from sites are clustered at the mouth of the Mattole River (CA- the combined influences of the Russians, Native Alas- HUM-175, -176, -177), three at Spanish Flat (CA-HUM- kans, local Kashaya Pomo and Coast Miwok were 277, -279, -281), and four at Shelter Cove near Point different from the practices of other coastal Native Delgada (CA-HUM-182, -184, -186, -248) (Levulett Californians, the findings from the Native Alaskan 1985). Neighborhood have been compared with findings from Nineteen Monterey County sites are included in this other excavations of Native American sites along the analysis. The northern-most Monterey County sites northern and central California coast. considered (CA-MNl^T-1O through -116) are located Sections of the coastlines from Humboldt and along a 1.5 km section of open coast in Pacific Grove and Monterey counties have been chosen for comparison are considered as a group (Dietz and Jackson 1981). because of their similar fish habitats (tables 14. 1, 14.2). The southern-most sites considered in Monterey These sites are generally associated with rocky reefs, County (CA-MNT-759/H, -1227, -1228, -1232/H, -1233, kelp beds, rocky intertidal, and to a lesser degree, flat- and -1277/H) are within 2.5 km of the coast in the bottomed and beach environments. Numerous sites have Landels-Hill Big Creek Reserve of the Nature Conser- been studied south of Point Conception (Salls 1988), but vancy, just north of the community of Lucia (Jones and considering them would be inappropriate because of a Haney 1992). Fish remains from CA-MT- 1223 and major marine zoogeographic shift to the south of Point CA-MNT-1235 within the Landels-Hill Reserve, CA- Conception. The San Luis Obispo coastline has been MNT-73 and CA-MNT-63 at the mouth of the Big Sur studied extensively (Fitch 1972; Gobalet 1992: Gobalet River in Andrew Molera State Park, and CA-MNT-376 in and Jones 1995; Salls et al. 1989), however the freshwa- Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park on Partington Creek have ter influence of Morro Creek and the protected Morro been reported by Gobalet and Jones (1995). Archaeo- Bay create aquatic habitats that contrast sharply with logical site CA-MNT-170 is located on Pescadero Point those at Fort Ross. The same is true for Monterey Bay in Pebble Beach (Dietz 1991). localities where the freshwater influence of the Pajaro and Salinas rivers, the deep submarine canyon, and the MFTHODS extensive beaches distinguish the numerous archaeologi- The identifications of fish remains from NAVS and cal sites here from the Native Alaskan Neighborhood FRBS have been made by comparison with materials sites (e.g., Gobalet 1990a, 1993; Gobalet and Jones 1995; housed at California State University, Bakersfield. Langenwalter et al. 1989). Nomenclature follows Robins et al. (1991). The identifi- The 10 Humboldt County sites are all located within cations of remains from the Humboldt and Monterey the King Range National Conservation Area along a 53 county sites have been supplemented with materials from 320 The Native Alaskan Neighborhood the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, and represented by almost identical percentages at each the Natral History Museum of Los Angeles County. location [cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus): 49% Leonard Compagno, South African Museum, Capetown, NAVS, 53% FRBS; Sebastes spp.: 26% NAVS, 28% South Africa, identified the Elasmobranch material from FRBS; lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus): 16% NAVS, 14% the Humboldt County sites. FRBS], the differences between the two sites probably Identifications were made to the most confident reflect differences in site richness for fish material. taxonomic level. In monotypic genera or families, the Thirteen taxa were found only at NAVS: Carcharhinidae, confidence level is quite high, but there rarely seems to Oncorhynchus spp., Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), be sufficient comparative material for discriminating Atherinidae, Pacific barracuda (Sphyraena argentea), between species or genera within many groups. The Xiphister sp., Hexagrammos sp., buffalo sculpin rockfishes of the genus Sebastes are a particularly (Enophrys bison), flatfishes (Bothidae and challenging group because 59 species are known from Pleuronectidae), Cottidae, Stichaeidae, Cyprinidae, and California (Lea 1992:117). Even fishery biologists often Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis). Only a have difficulty distinguishing between whole rockfishes single sturgeon element (Acipenser sp.) was found at (Dewees 1984:15), and no collection exists that has FRBS and not NAVS. multiple skeletons of all species in a range of sizes. The presence of salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Thus, the level of confidence is extremely low for Pacific barracuda, cyprinids, and Sacramento sucker, identifications made to rockfish species, particularly with only at NAVS may support the conjecture of Wake (in fragmentary remains. press) that the proximity of the Village site to the Although the number of species to consider is much Stockade may have provided access to fish available smaller, a similar problem exists for members of the from the Russians. Although only 7 elements from these families Carcharhinidae (10 species), Clupeidae (2 4 fishes were found, their possible capture sites suggest species), Atherinidae (3 species), Bothidae/ an expanded range of fishing. The Sacramento sucker Pleuronectidae (32 species of flatfishes), and for mem- and cyprinid are freshwater species. Based on compara- bers of the following genera: Oncorhynchus (5 species), tive skeletal material, the two pleural rib fragments Amphistichus (3 species), Embiotoca (2 species), recovered from the suckers were estimated to be from Porichthys (2 species), Xiphister (2 species), individuals 300 to 425 mm in standard length. Hexagrammos (2 species), and Hemilepidotus (2 spe- Moyle (1976:8) indicates that only three large cies). Not only is discriminating among the species in cyprinids are native to the northeem Califomia coastal these taxa problematic when diagnostic elements are streams, the hardhead (Mylopharodon conocephalus), lacking, but in some cases the ecological differences hitch (Lavinia exilicauda), and Sacramento squawfish between the species are minor (e.g., Pacific herring, (Ptychocheilus grandis). If a regression of precaudal Clupea harengus, and Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, vertebrae width versus standard length for Sacramento in the family Clupeidae or topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, squawfish is used (Gobalet and Fenenga 1993:5), the two and jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, in the family vertebrae recovered are from individuals approximately Atherinidae). Discrimination in these cases doesn't add 370 mm in standard length. Since the body form of all to the understanding of the fishery. Within the genera large native California minnows is similar, the regression Porichthys, Xiphister, Hexagrammos, and Hemilepidotus, should work for estimating the size of all large cyprinids. even though one species is much more common and there A similar strategy has been used previously by Casteel are major size differences, the identifications are made (1974: figure 4) and Gobalet (1989:232). The precaudal conservatively. Species ranges have likely changed at vertebra, however, is probably not from the Sacramento least transiently over time during such well-documented squawfish. The recovered element lacks the longitudinal events as El Niflo. Appendices 14.1 and 14.2 list the full ridge within the recess on the dorsal surface of the assemblage of analyzed fish remains from NAVS and centrum below the neural arch that is found in all FRBS, including taxa, provenience, and counts. members of the squawfish genus ptycocheilus. The atlas vertebra is probably not from a squawfish either because RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the midventral recess of the centrum of the recovered NATivE ALASKAN NEIGHBORHOOD FINDINGS element lacks the raised lateral areas of comparative At least 22 species of fishes have been identified vertebrae. The dorsal surface of the recovered atlas has a from the combined Native Alaskan Village Site (NAVS) pair of symmetrically positioned recesses while the and Fort Ross Beach Site (FRBS) (table 14.1). Of the Sacramento squawfish has more than a single pair. total of 1662 elements identified, 1440 (86.7%) are from Judging from the rarity or absence of Sacramento NAyS. As a consequence, one would expect a greater squawfish and hardhead in Central Valley archaeological diversity of species represented at NAVS than at FRBS. sites (Schulz and Simons 1973:108; Schulz 1979:275), or Since this is the case, and because the 3 top taxa are coastal sites with a major freshwater fish component Fish Remains 321 .O cO 0 00 I Iq c. ~~~0 0 - a - a a a a a a a a~~~~~0 s I 1- ?? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - . sX,...nt= -- I i I _ c, _ , , , o C,.> - C , F t CS I~~~~~~~~~~"t o ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2- a a .. 4- e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~r 0 0%~~~~~~~~~~~0 -S: %0 - e t _ *( It) -0 0a a - a a a~~~~~~~q jen 0 0 0It) "Z.a 00~~~~~~~~~~~~ W)~~~~~~~~~a co cn C4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C Ut)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - a ~~~~00 a o % C a a W) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _a W) en 00 N C4 en m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~It m -O C S: a)4 04 S: W 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00 00 00 C 00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. a a e 0 %~~~~~~~~~"?-4~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~la U- C - Ca CA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a Cu ~~~~~~~ '03.. ' co~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~' CO 4al CU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C '0 C4 (a~ 322 The Native Alaskan Neighborhood 0 en 00 I~ 00 co en -Or- - W ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0~~~~~~~0 - - 00| _ tt . . _ . . . . . . , - . 3 - > ,, . . . . , W) I0 ^ I ' "c ' 'J' ' ? ' ' ' ' ' ' | | | -c . gssmO , , ,\,0I X~~~~sa 1X cla _ia 1?O~% N ~~~~~~00( sassC - N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 - is , ~ Ii ' '0 '~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '| E ?0e * * ss t oo * m t a n m > t ^ o A > g- | w ".4~~~~~~~~~~4 e4 n t a a5 00 D ae s-0'a aC4C4 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~f1 4) 0~~~~4) ~~~ - .4) -= 0 ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~0 79~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O0 6.4 .,O -(;~~~~~ Fish Remains 323 (Gobalet 1990a:682, 1993:221), it seems likely that both known to make limited spawning runs up the Russian vertebrae are from particularly large hitch, unless they are River (Moyle 1976:96), it too may have been taken there. from exotic (possibly imported Asian) species. Compara- Both white and green sturgeon (A. medirostris) are tive material from large hitch is lacking for confimation. anadromous and may have been taken from the ocean, The likely location of the large hitch capture is the though such capture is rare. Sturgeon remains were Russian River to the south of Fort Ross, which is also the extremely abundant at CA-CCO-268, -269, -600, and - closest location for the Sacramento sucker (Moyle 601 on San Pablo Creek in Contra Costa County (Gobalet 1976:17). The Russian River might have been fished 1990b:239, 1994). during overland transit between the Russian harbor at Collectively 91.6% of the identified remains from Bodega Bay and Fort Ross. The only minnow or sucker NAVS and FRBS are from cabezon (49.4%), Sebastes in the Gualala River, over 25 km northeast of Fort Ross, spp. (rockfishes, 26.2%), and lingcod (16.1%) (table is the small roach, Hesperoleucas symmetricus (Moyle 14.3). Most of the remains recovered from these species 1976:17). are from large individuals. Cabezon are the largest The salmon vertebra recovered was from an indi- sculpin and may be as large as 11 kg and 99 cm total vidual at most 400 mm in standard length, probably a length. They are found in tidepools, on rocky reefs, and modest sized Chinook salmon (0. tshawytcha). The size in kelp beds. They are common and prized by anglers and number of the pores on the centrum can be used to who fish the rocky shoreline (Dewees 1984:50). Rock- distinguish the salmon from those of steelhead rainbow fishes are numerous and occupy a diversity of habitats, trout (0. mykiss). Since Fort Ross Creek is too small to depending on the species. They are found in bays, along accommodate fishes of this size, the Russian River is also shore, in kelp beds, and offshore to 457 meters a likely capture spot for salmon. On the other hand, (Eschmeyer et al. 1983:132). Commercially important salmon are anadromous and this individual might have rockfishes off northern California include the black been captured directly from the Pacific Ocean. (Sebastes melanops), canary (S. pinniger), yellowtail (S. The finding of two partial Pacific barracuda verte- flavidus), and copper (S. caurinus) rockfishes (Dewees brae is unexpected. Though they have a range as far 1984:17). The black rockfish is one of the most common north as Prince Wllliam Sound, Alaska, their occurrence shallow-water rockfishes off northern California north of PL Conception is sporadic (Fitch and Lavenberg (Gotshall 1981:11). The young of the canary rockfish are 1971:141). Elements of barracuda have been found north found in shallow water and copper rockfish are common of Pt. Conception at archaeological sites in Half Moon in rocky areas or areas with rock-sand bottoms Bay (CA-SMA-139, Gobalet 1988), in Monterey County (Eschmeyer et al. 1983:136,141). The three most (CA-MNT-108, Langenwalter et al. 1989; CA-MNT-298, common rockfishes at Fort Ross are black, blue (S. Craig and Roeder 1978; CA-MNT-101, Gobalet 1987; mystinus), and olive (S. serranoides) (Dan Murley, State CA-MNT-112, Gobalet 1981), and in San Luis Obispo Parks Ranger, pers. comm. June 7, 1993). Lingcod are County (CA-SLO-165, Salls et al. 1989). Interestingly another important sport and commercial species, prized CA-MNT-298, CA-MNT- 101, and CA-MNT-1 12 may by anglers. Adult lingcod are found near rocks inshore have historic components, suggesting that technological and to 427 meters in deeper water. Specimens to 152 cm improvements in hook-and-line nearshore fishing (but not and 32 kg are known (Eschmeyer et al. 1983:156). necessarily from shore) introduced by the Spanish or Miller and Geibel (1973) have discussed the natual Russians may have led to increases in the capture of this history of this species. The relative abundance of these predatory fish. three species, cabezon, rockfish, and lingcod, is what one The only sturgeon bone identified was from FRBS. would expect with hook-and-line fishing from shore Since white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, are rather than offshore (Dan Murley, State Parks Ranger, Table 14.3 Comparative Frequency of Total Elements Identified of Top Species Representedfrom the Native Alaskan Neighborhood (NAN) Excavations andfrom 10 Archaeological Sites on the Humboldt County Coast and 19 Archaeological Sites on the Monterey County Coast Species NAN Humboldt Coast Monterey Coast Sebastes Sp. 0.262 0.009 0.527 cabezon 0.494 0.099 0.209 lingcod 0.161 0.033 0.032 HIexagrammos sp. 0.002 0.095 0.039 Xiphister sp. 0.011 0.64 0.017 monkeyface prickleback 0.002 0.001 0.045 324 The Native Alaskan Neighborhood pers. comm., 1993). about twice the length of the black prickleback (X. The remaining species in the assemblage are the atropurpeus) (Eschmeyer et al. 1983:253), it is probably expected inshore residents of the rocky intertidal, kelp the species that was identifiued because of the relative bed, and sandy-bottomed habitats. Information on the ease of recovery of its larger elements. Both are common biology of these fishes can be obtained from numerous in the rocky intertidal of the California coast. The general sources (e.g., Clemens and Wilby 1961; collective finding of cabezon, greenling, and rock Eschmeyer et al. 1983; Dewees 1984; Fitch and prikleback (83.4% of remains) at the Humboldt County Lavenberg 1971; Goodson 1988; Gotshall 1981; Hart sites suggests extensive exploitation of the rocky inter- 1973; Miller and Lea 1972). Moyle (1976) discusses the tidal for generally modest-sized fishes, perhaps by hand biology of the freshwater fishes and the marine species collection, spearing, or even poisoning. Horn (1983:346) that move into fresh water. netted numerous herbivorous pricklebacks by hand in the rocky intertidal of southern California. This is quite a COMPARATIVE DATA ~~~~~~~different capture strategy from that suggested by the Because sampling recovery, preservation, and site FRBS and NAVS assemblages. specific characteristics vary among the coasts off Although the Native Alaskan Neighborhood and Humboldt and Monterey counties and Fort Ross, the Monterey coastal remains appear to be similar with numbers of elements of each species recovered have been cabezon and rockfishes making up 76% of the remains combined to allow broad comparison. Tables 14.1 and from the Neighborhood and 73.6% of the remains from 14.2 summarize the fish remains: 1662 from the Native the Monterey sites, the relative abundance of these fishes Alaskan Neighborhood, 4280 from the Humboldt County (Sebastes spp., 26.2% of remains at the Neighborhood, coast and 4392 from the Monterey County coast. The 52.7% at Monterey sites; cabezon, 49.2% at Neighbor- three most abundant taxa represented in each of these hood, 20.7% at Monterey sites), along with the large size regions are compared by frequency with other coastal of individuals represented among the Neighborhood locations in table 14.3. Cabezon (49.4%), Sebastes spp. remains, suggests a significant difference in procurement (26.2%), and lingcod (16.1%) are the three most abun- strategy. Fishing from shore may result in a greater dant fish remains from the Native Alaskan Neighbor- frequency of capture of cabezon because larger cabezon hood. Along the Monterey County coast the top thiree are range into the rocky intertidal. During breeding season Sebastes spp. (52.7%), cabezon (20.9%), and the males are doggedly territorial as they protect their monkeyface prickleback (Cebidichthys violaceus) nests (Goodson 1988:76). Most cabezon captured by (4.5%), a rocky intertidal and rocky reef dweller, and for sport fishermen are obtained from shore (Fitch and the Humboldt section, Xiphister sp. (64.0%), cabezon Lavenberg 1971:60). Large rockfishes, on the other (9.9%), and Hexagrammos sp. (9.5%). hand, would tend to be more abundant near shore than in Clearly cabezon are a significant resource all along the rocky intertidal, and thus comparatively rare in the the northern and central California coast. As a percent- catch of a person fishing from the shoreline. This age of the assemblage, they are more than two and a half suggests that the Native Californians of the Monterey times more abundant among the remains from the Native coast perhaps were fishing offshore occasionally with Alaskan Neighborhood, than at the Monterey County watercraft. sites and five times more abundant than at the Humboldt The few flatfishes captured at these sites probably County sites. Rockfishes make up more than half the reflect local proximity to flat-bottomed seafloor. The remains along the Monterey coast, a quarter of the Monterey County sites closest to Monterey Bay, and its remains at the Native Alaskan Neighborhood, and less flat bottom, are CA-MNT-110 through CA-MNT- 1f16. At than one percent at the Humboldt County sites. The these sites, Pacific sanddab (Citharichthys sordidus), remains of lingcod (16.1%) found at the Native Alaskan Califoria halibut (Paralichthys californicus), petrale Neighborhood are five times more abundant than at either sole (Eopseutajordani), and starry flounder (Platichthys of the other coastal sections. The greenling, which are stellatus) have been recovered (table 14.2). The starry third in abundance at the Humboldt sites, probably would flounder and petrale sole at the Humboldt County sites have been captured with smaller hooks than those used also reflect local access to flat-bottomed environments for the larger species. Kelp greenling (Hexagrammos (table 14.1, Levulett 1985). CA-MNT-234 at the former decagrammus) are one of the most important anglers' estuary of the Salinas River, Elkhomn Slough, on catches along the rocky shore of thie north coast (Fitch MontereyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuBayuuuuuuuuuuucontainsuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuoveruuuuuuuuuuuuu25%uuuuuuuuuuuflatfishuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuumaterial,cntis vr 5 laEshmteil and Lavenberg 1971:76). Their comparative rity at the particularlyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuustarryuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuflounderuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu(GobaletuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuanduuuuuuuuuuJonesu aicualysaryf1995),bae adJoe 19) NativesknNegbohod( Alaskanl efetsuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuNeighborhooduuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu(0.2%)uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuapparentlyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuureflectsuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu which illustrates the correlation between proximity to a fishingo biaslnco,rokise, forbzo. larger lingcod, rockfishes, and cabezon.uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu appropriate habitat and relative abundance of remains. Greenling and Xiphister sp. make up three quarters of the Th ulkuuuuuuuuuuofuuuuuuuuuutheuuuuuuuuuuuuufishinguuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuualonguuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuutheuuuuuuuuuuuuuMontereyuuuuuuuuuuuuTebuko tefshn lande otre n remains at the Humboldt County sites. Since rock HumbltcuntyuuuuuuuuuuuuucoastsuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuanduuuuuuuuuuuuuatuuuuuuuuuuNativeuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuAlaskanuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuNeighbor-d ont ost n a aiv lsknNigbr prickaclebackus (Xh.8cmi mucosus) reach 58 cmuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuinuuuuuutotaluuuuuuuuuuulength,uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuhooduuuuuuuuuwasuuuuuuuulocal.uhodwa ocl Fish Remains 325 SUMMARY Dietz, Tom Jackson, and Valerie Levulett supplied the Of the 22 species (at minimum) of fishes identified remains from the Monterey and Humboldt County coasts from the Native Alaskan Village and Fort Ross Beach and support for their identification. Tom Wake, Terry sites outside the Stockade, at least 21 have been recov- Jones, and Bob Lea reviewed and Julie Gunn-White ered from NAVS and at least 9 from FRBS. The two typed the manuscript. Jeff and Micky Schimmel, Scott sites are not considered significantly different however Pfeifer, Yolanda Ahumada, Traci Alexander, Carrie because a far greater number of elements was recovered Meurer, Marissa Williams, Fernando Gomez, and Sam from NAVS (1440 versus 222) and the percentage of the Esparza sorted remains from the Monterey coast sites. three most abundant species at each site is virtually identical. The remains of cabezon, rockfishes, and lingcod REFERENCES make up 91.7% of the total remains recovered from NAVS and FRBS. The remains tend to be from large- Casteel, Richard W. sized individual fish. The relative abundance of these 1974 A Method for Estimation of Live Weight of Fish from the species, with cabezon making up nearly half the remains, Size of Skeletal Elements. American Antiquity 39:94-8. suggests extensive fishing from shore with hook and line for the large individuals and less interest in the smaller Clemens, W. A., and G. V. Wilby spcies of the rocky intertidal. At the Humboldt sites, 1961 Fishes of the Pacific Coast of Canada; Fisheries rock ricklback onstiute 6.0% o the emain andResearch Board of Canada. Bulletin 68 (second edition). rock prickleback constitute 64.0% of the remains and greenling and cabezon make up about 10% each of the Craig, Steve, and Mark Roeder recovered remains. These fish remains suggest a fishing 1978 Fish and Sea Mammal Remains. In Heritage on the emphasis (and technological simplicity) different from Halfshell: Excavating at MNT-298 by W. Roop and C. that at the Native Alaskan Neighborhood, with extensive Flynn, editors pp. 462-90. Report to City of Monterey exploitation of the rocky intertidal for smaller species. At Urban Renewal Agency, Monterey, California. Monterey sites, rockfishes (52.7% of remains) and cabezon (20.9%) predominate. Local Native American 1984 Dewees, Christopher fishing on the Big Sur coast may have been close in194TePitrsCchAnritsGdeoPcfcCat Edible Marine Life. Sea Challengers, Monterey, Califor- method and technology to that used at the Native Alaskan nia. Neighborhood, but with the suggestion of a somewhat greater exploitation of the rocky intertidal, as evidenced Dietz, Stephen A. by the relative abundance of monkeyface prickleback. 1991 Final Report of Archaeological Investigation at Pescadero Also, some nearshore utilization of watercraft is sug- Point Data Recovery Excavation and Monitoring of CA- gested along the Monterey coast by a greater percentage MNT-170. Manuscript on file. Archaeological Consult- of large rockfishes. ing and Research Services, Santa Cruz, CA. Fishes brought to the Native Alaskan Neighborhood Diet Stephen A., and Thomas L. Jackson sites, probably from the Russian River, included the 1981 Find Report of Archaeological Excavations at Nineteen Sacramento sucker, a large cyprinid (possibly hitch), a Archaeological Sites for the Stage I Pacific Grove- sturgeon, and a salmon. Among these remains is the Monterey Consolidation Project of the Regional Sewerage most northerly record of Pacific barracuda for a Califor- System. Manuscript on file. City of Pacific Grove. nia archaeological site. Overall, residents in the Native Alaskan Neighbor- Eschmeyer, William N., Earl S. Herald, and Howard Hammann hood at Fort Ross appear to have ben quite fond of 1983 A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes of North America cabezon. They were selectively fishing for large indi- from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja, California. Peterson Field viduals, perhaps because they were fishing only to Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. supplement foods obtained from the Fort. These findings Fitch, John E. provide evidence that the local residents of the Native 1972 Fish Remains, Primarily Otoliths, from a Coastal Indian Alaskan Neighborhood had different fishing stategies Midden (SLO-2) at Diablo Cove, San Luis Obispo County, from prehistoric coastal Native Califomians. California. San Luis Obispo Archaeological Society occasional paper no. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fitch, John E., and Robert J. Lavenberg My thanks to Tom Wake for making thiese remains RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR 1971 Marine Food and Game Fishes of California. University available for study. The State of California, Department R RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR of Californiia Press, Berkeley. Of Parks and Recreation, provided support for the analysis. Discussions with Glenn Fars and Dan Murley RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Gobalet, Kenneth W. provided background information. Terry Jones, Steve R RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR 1981 Analysis of Fish Remains from Seven Pacific Grove 326 The Native Alaskan Neighborhood Monterey County Archaeological Sites (MNT-1 10, 111, Gotshall, Daniel W. 112, 113, 114, 115, 116), Volume 3, pp. E1-E29. In Final 1981 Pacific Coast Inshore Fishes. Western Marine Enter- Report of Archaeological Excavations at Nineteen prises, Ventura, California. Archaeological Sites for the Stage I Pacific Grove - Monterey Consolidation Project of the Regional Sewerage Hart, J. L. System. Stephan A. Dietz and Thomas L. Jackson, editors. 1973 Pacific Fishes of Canada. Board of Canada. Manuscript on file, Archaeological Consulting and Research Services, Inc., Santa Cruz, California. Hom, Michael 1983 Strategies of Two Herbivorous Fishes from a Temperate 1987 List of Fish Species Identified from Unit 2, pp. 200-209. Rocky Intertidal Zone. Oecologia 58:345-50. 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