6
Central California Augustine:
Implications for Northern
California Archaeology
James A. Bennyhoff
(1982, with revision in 1993)
A      LL ARCHAEOLOGISTS WORKING IN California
are familiar, to a greater or lesser extent, with
the Central California Taxonomic System (CCTS)
developed formally by Richard Beardsley (1948,
1954). Beardsley arranged three sequential horizons
(Early, Middle, and Late) and recognized the similari-
ties between the Bay and Delta for the Late Horizon,
but had insufficient material from West Berkeley
(CA-Ala-307) to realize that it contained an Early
Horizon occupation. The work since Beardsley in the
North Coast Ranges, especially what Fredrickson and
I (chapter 2, this volume) call the Borax Lake Pattern
which will not fit into this sequence, and my work
with the Meganos aspect (see chapter 1) in the Stock-
ton District, has prompted Fredrickson and me to
propose an alternative system utilizing the concepts
of pattern and aspect.
Ourdissatisfaction with Beardsley's system, par-
ticularly his use of the term horizon, became apparent
when contrasted with the one proposed by Willey and
Phillips (1958). The horizon, in Willey and Phillips's
(1958) usage refers to a spatial continuity of cultural
traits or assemblages which spread rapidly over wide
areas, while Willey and Phillips defined areal tradi-
tions as temporal continuities of persistent cultural
systems. Unfortunately, Willey and Phillips also
combined two different processes in their term tradi-
tion. They argued that all we need are traditions and
horizons but later, Willey (1966) was forced to em-
ploy the term subtradition. I find that term awkward.
I use the term aspect to specify a regional variant of
a pattern.
Most archaeologists agree that there is an Anasazi
Tradition, and that it begins with Basketmaker 11
derived from an older Oshara Tradition, and develops
into the Pueblo cultures. However, Basketmaker II
had no pottery, used the bow and arrow, lived in pit
houses, and yet we put all of that into a single tradition.
This is totally different from most of our other so-
called traditions. They are actually patterns, based
more on diffusion than on continuity through time. In
the eastern United States, the difference between
Archaic and Woodland is the introduction of pottery.
There are at least two different sources of pottery, but
the cultures become Woodland if they have pottery.
Mississippian is a mess, but it's basically a religious
movement that influenced totally unrelated cultures.
Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian are not tradi-
tions, but patterns (cf. Bennyhoff 1986:67).
I see an analogous situation in California. That
is why Fredrickson and I introduced the term pattern.
With the excavation of University Village (Gerow
with Force 1968) and of West Berkeley, it became
clear that the Bay region was occupied at a time
contemporaneous with Early Horizon in the Central
Valley. What I call the Windmiller Pattern is the old
66      Toward a New Taxonomic Frameworkfor Central California
Early Horizon of Beardsley. Windmiller features
include a ventral extension burial mode, few bone
tools, rare manos and metates, and non-midden cem-
eteries (see Ragir 1972). We now know on the basis
of trade items (shell bead and ornament types, traded
charmstonesetc.)thatlowerWestBeikeleythelower
twelve feet, is contemporaneous with Windmiller but
is a different culture. The Berkeley population had
100% flexed burial mode, many bone tools, used the
mortar and pestle exclusively, and buried their dead
within the village midden. I hypothesize that the
lower twelve feet of West Berkeley is ancestral to
Beardsley's Middle Horizon and submit that the early
part (the Stege aspect) is without question ancestral to
the Ellis Landing aspect as defined by Beardsley.
What emerges is a movement from the north Bay
region into the Cosumnes District at the beginning of
the Middle period. This is the intrusion of the bearers
of the Morse aspect (Bennyhoff 1978:figure 4) which
derives many of its traits from the Ellis Landing
occupants on the Bay.
I hypothesize that the Morse intrusion pushed the
Windmiller people south into the Stockton District
(already occupied by Windmiller people at such sites
as SJo-1 12 and SJo-147). Stimulated by intermar-
riage, these migrants borrow Berkeley Pattern traits to
form the Meganos aspect of the Berkeley Pattern. The
Meganos culture is actually a hybrid. They retain
Windmiller ventral and dorsal extension and semi-
extension as important mortuary traits, but add semi-
flexure and flexure, while rejecting western orienta-
tion. The Windmiller emphasis on non-midden cem-
eteries remains a dominant Meganos feature. Lack of
interest in grave furniture is a Berkeley trait. Bone
tools remain rare, and four sites yield more manos and
metates than the borrowed mortars and pestles. A
rarity of projectile points is also a Berkeley trait, in
contrast to their abundance at Windmiller sites. So far
the Windmiller baked clay industry is absent at
Meganos sites in the south Delta. The extensive Early
period shell bead trade from Southern and Central
CalifomiaoutintoUtah(HughesandBennyhoff 1986;
Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987) is broken at this time of
disruption. Early Meganos sites yield few shell beads
and ornaments.
This Morse intrusion was a population move-
ment, with abandonment of most Windmiller sites,
and the founding of new sites closer to modem water
sources. Newman (1957) proposes a mixture of an
older population with new physical types.
In contrast, I hypothesize that the entire cultural
sequence from 3000 B.C. to historic times in the
Alameda District (San Francisco peninsula and East
Bay) represents a single population changing through
time. The physical type does not change and numer-
ous cultural traits persist throughout this time span
(spined serrated scapulae, type AlbIl awls, wedges,
cobble bowl mortars, and cobble pestles, etc.). In this
district we have the Micos Tradition persisting through
the Berkeley and Augustine patterns. The Micos
Tradition (from Miwok-Costanoan) represents the
ancestral Utian occupation of the San Francisco Bay
region, displacing and pushing to the south an earlier
Esselen population. If the Berkeley Pattern was
brought in by ancestral Miwok and Costanoans before
they split (the Stege aspect), the Upper Berkeley
Pattern (Ellis Landing aspect) represents the split of
Costanoan and Miwok: McClure aspect in the Main
District, Morse aspect in the Cosumnes District, Houx
aspect on Clear Lake, etc.
I would now like to define basic traits of the
Augustine Pattern, the Late Horizon of Beardsley
(1948,1954). We know thatthe Augustinegroups are
ancestral to the people in their respective territories.
We know that: 1) the acorn provides the staple food,
with mortar and pestle as the dominant grinding imple-
ment; 2) that hunting is significant, with bow and
arrow as the major weapon; 3) fishing is significant,
with harpoons as a major implement; 4) roundhouses
made from variable materials are the dominant dwell-
ing while the ceremonial dance house and sweat house
were semi-subterranean; 5) the tule balsa was the
major boat form inferable archaeologically by the
absence of woodworking tools needed to make dugout
canoes; 6) shamanistic religion was dominated by
males, which featured the use of charmstones; 7)
smoking of tobacco with tubular stone pipes, later
replaced by wooden forms among some groups; 8) an
exchange network which featured the use of distinc-
tive beads and ornaments made of magnesite, steatite,
and varied shells, notably clam, Olivella, and abalone;
9) a basketry complex which featured both coiling and
twining; and 10) ahost of material cultural items, such
as the cocoon rattle, flicker quill headband, men's hair
Central California Augustine     67
net, acorn granary, and foot drum to name only a few.
These traits are found among nearly all Central Cali-
fornia groups.
I suggest that the Augustine Pattern begins in
California with the introduction of a series of intrusive
traits that come from the north, not from the south as
Heizer (1937:39) once suggested. As outlined by
Whistler (1977), I hypothesize that the Wintuan or
specifically ancestral Patwin peoples moving from
Oregon brought in a series of traits derived from the
Macro-Algonkian (Algic) peoples, the ancestral Yurok
and Wiyot, who displaced the Patwin from Oregon as
they moved into California. The major traits are the
simple harpoons which could not have come from any
place to the south; they must be northern, probably
from the Columbia River. What I call collared pipes
(see figure 6.1 herein), the oldest ones in Central
California, have an enlarged base which would not
come from the simple conical forms of the American
Southwest; the oldest Gunther Island pipes are simi-
lar. These are definitely smoking pipes. Since the
tobacco that is grown and planted by some Plains
groups is a California species, there has to have been
interchange at this time involving tobacco and pipes.
Non-illustrated pipes are dated to ca. 1000 -1500 B.C.
on the Columbia Riverby Butler (1959). What we call
grave pit burning, in which the corpse is set afire and
then the fire is smothered before burning is complete,
is dominant in Central California beginning in this
Middle/Late Period Transition but it also occurs on
Gunther Island and one site on the Columbia River.
Symmetrical perforated stone discoidals probably rep-
resent spindle whorls for making string for fish nets,
indicative of an increasing emphasis on fishing. An-
other indication of a northern connection is
brachycephally. Algonkian peoples were brachyce-
phalic, and Newman (1957) suggested that there was
an actual genetic introduction to the Central Valley
population in the Late Horizon. The Patwin were able
to penetrate an already settled California because they
had a new weapon-the simple (self) bow and arrow,
superior to the local atlatls. Arrows were tipped with
Gunther Barbed points. All three base variants (con-
tracting stem, straight stem, and expanding stem) are
found at Yol-13 ca. A.D. 700, where many burials
reveal points embedded in bones-clearly a conflict
situation. With this new weapon the ancestral Patwin
quickly passed down the Sacramento Valley to dis-
place, and borrow terms for unfamiliar vegetation
from, the resident Miwok. Patwin intrusion broke the
original Miwok continuity from Main County into
the Delta, for they clearly pushed the Bay Miwok out
of the Solano District south across Suisun Bay into the
Diablo District. Evidence for this displacement in-
cludes a distinctive atlatl spur found at Sol-15 and
CCo-308, the appearance of multi-perforated abalone
ornaments, and the abandonment of Meganos aspect
sites in the Diablo District as new Hotchkiss aspect
sites are founded. To summarize, then, I see the
beginning of the Augustine Pattern as a reflection of
new traits being brought in by the intrusive ancestral
Patwin peoples, followed by subsequent diffusion of
these traits from them to all surrounding areas. There
was, of course, differential acceptance of these vari-
ous traits.
I will now contrast the Augustine Pattern with
the Gunther Pattern, typical of northwest California,
which I believe the available archaeology indicates
was first introduced by the Macro-Algonkian immi-
grants from the Columbia River. The principal traits
of the Gunther Pattern are: 1) salmon provided the
staple food, taken with distinctive harpoons and weirs
(several of the harpoon types can be traced to the
northwest coast); 2) land hunting was significant, with
the simple bow and arrow as the major weapon (the
Gunther Barbed projectile point series was brought in
by the Macro-Algonkians and diffused from them
southward); 3) a coastal emphasis on sea mammal
hunting with distinctive harpoons; 4) the rectangular
plank house, with a distinctive woodworking assem-
blage; 5) the dugout canoe reflected archaeologically
by the adze, gouge, and maul, 6) exclusive dorsal
extension burial mode; 7) shamanistic religion domi-
nated by females who did not use charnstones; 8) a
distinctive wealth emphasis which featured inherit-
ance of property; 9) an exchange network which
emphasized dentalia, glycymeris, and pine nut beads;
10) a basketry complex which featured twining only;
and 1 1) varied material culture items, such as antler
spoons, elk horn purses, incised head scratchers, lam-
prey slitters, and eyed thatching needles. The aspects
are merely regional variants of this overall pattern.
I will illustrate the sharper contrasts (i.e. how
aspects can be identified within patterns) by using just
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68      Toward a New Taxonomic Frameworkfor Central California
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Central California Augustine      69
FIGURE 6.1 Late period, Augustine Pattern, Hollister aspect, Cosumnes District: Significant
artifact types and temporal changes in stone and bone artifacts from Calhoun phase (Middle/Late
Period Transition) through Mosherphase (Phase 2). Relative scale approximated only forprojectile
points. Position of specimens within each phase has no chronological significance except for arrow
points. M= trait persists from Middle period.
1-59, Chipped stone: 1-18. Spear points (all obsidian except 4, 18): 1. Comer-notched; 2. Side-notched,
pointed serration; 3. Stockton serrated, coner-notched; 4. Desert Side-notched ceremonial (chert, obsidian,
bone); 5. Side-notched straight-base; 6. Contracting stem barbed, pointed serration; 7. Stockton serrated,
shouldered, straight stem; 8. Desert Side-notched, ceremonial; 9. Barbed, straight stem dentate serration; 10.
Shouldered, expanding stem; 11. Stockton serrated shouldered round stem; 12. Stockton serrated comer-
notched; 13. Stockton serrated shouldered straight stun; 14. Leaf-shaped; 15. Straight stem, wavy serration;
16. Leaf-shaped wavy serration; 17. Side-notched, concave base; 18. Comer-notched, chert; 19. Shouldered,
chert; 20-22. Shouldered dart points (all non-obsidian). 23-58. Arrow points (all obsidian except 26,31-33,
56,58). 23-24. Stockton Leaf-shaped; 25. Stockton Triangular, 26. Shouldered straight stem, chert; 27-28.
Shouldered, straight stem; 29-30. Shouldered, expanding stem; 31-35. Desert Side-notched; 31-33. Non-
obsidian; 31. Panoche variant; 32-33. Delta variant; 34. Denticulate serration; 36-37. Stockton Side-notched;
38. Barbed, straight stem; 39. Shouldered, straight stem; 40-55. Stockton Serrated (SS) series, all obsidian.
Number of serrations becomes fewer through time. 40-43. SS Bipointed; 44. SS Side-notched; 45-49. SS
Shouldered, expanding stem; 50-53. SS Comer-notched; 54, 55. SS Shouldered; 56. Corner-notched, one
serration, chert; 57-58. Gunther Barbed, non-obsidian; 59. Barbed, straight stem, dentate serration; 59A.
Stockton serrated obsidian claw; 60. Fired clay bird effigy; 61-68. Polished and ground stone; 61-62.
Charmstones (rare occurrences); 63. Show mortar (type A3) rare; 64-66. Stone pestles. 64. Type B2, rare;
65. Type B 1, rare; 66. Type D3, used in wooden mortar, typical through Late period; 67. Wooden mortar; 68.
Perforated stone discoidal; 69-73. Bird-bone whistles; 69-7 1. Central stop on concave side; 72-73. Central
stop on convex side; 74. Antler shaft straightener, 75-87. Steatite tubular pipes with bird bone mouthpiece;
75. Double-flanged base; 76. Double-flanged shaft; 77. Single-flanged shaft; 78. Flared base, single flange;
79, 80. Triple-flanged base; 81. Single-flanged base; 82. Narrow collared base; 83. Flared base; 84. Wide
collared base; 85-87. Collared; 85. Wide false-collared base (white sandstone); 86. Bell collared base; 87.
Constricted collar base; 88. Girdled clay net sinkers in graves; 89. Wooden fish hook (barb and shank); 90.
Toggle harpoon; 91-96. Simple harpoon, antler (bone); 91-95. Bilateral line shoulders; 91. Triple opposed
barbs; 92. Triple-staggered barbs; 93. Multiple opposed barbs; 94. Four opposed, enclosed barbs; 95. Four
opposed isolated barbs; 96. Unilateral line shoulder, multiple opposed barbs; 97. Composite fish hook (bone
barb, wood shank); 98- 103. Incised bird-bone tubes and whistles; 98. Double-line style, ladder design; 99.
Double-line style, zig-zag design; 100. Double-line style, open diamond design; 101. Double-line style,
chevron design; 102. Triple-line style, diamond design; 103. Triple-line style, triangle design; 104. Incised
solid pin. NOTE: All captions are those of J. A. Bennyhoff except 11, 75-87, 99-104, provided by R.T.
Milliken.
a few traits from the Central California Delta region.     First of all, the mortars differ among all tree
I will contrast the Hollister aspect of Cosumnes Dis-  groups: wooden mortars with communal ownership in
trict which was clearly ancestral Plains Miwok (see  the Cosumnes District, small stone mortars owned indi-
figures 6.1 and 6.2 herein) with the Stockton District  vidually (they were buried with the female dead) in the
which was clearly ancestral Northern Valley Yokuts    Stockton District, while the Diablo District had what we
and the Hotchkiss aspect of the Diablo District which  call elaborate"show"mortars, again owned individually
also was clearly ancestral Bay Miwok (cf. Bennyhoff   (any wealthy woman was buried with at least one of
1978:figure 6).                                      them). The pestles also differ. In the Cosumnes District
70      Toward a New Taxonomic Frameworkfor Central California
0I
0
8
13
20      21
17      18       19     22
16
Central California Augustine        71
FIGURE 6.2 Lateperiod, AugustinePattem, Hollisteraspect, CosumnesDistrict: Significantartifacttypesand
temporal changes in beads and ornaments from Calhoun phase (Middle/Late Period Transition) through
Historic. Beads drawnto scale (averages shown), butomament size only approximated. Position of specimens
within each phase has no chronological significance.
1-5, Clam disk beads: 1, Type A3 (>16 mm); 2, Type A2 (9-16 mm); 3, Type Al (3-8 mm); 4, Type A2; 5, Type Al.
6-8,Tivelabeads: 6, tube; 7, ovoid; 8, globe; 9-43, Olivella beads: 9, Type Alc"large spire-lopped" predominates, with
Alb, Ala present; 10, Type Alb "medium spire-lopped" and Alc predominate, with Ala present; 11, Type Alc "small
spire-lopped" with Alb present; 12, Types Alc and Alb predominate, with Ala present; 13, Type B2 "end-ground";
14, Type Bl "side-ground"; 15, Type B2; 16, Type D "split punched"; 17, Types Alb and Alc "spire-lopped"
predominate, with Ala present; 18, Type Mla "normal sequin"; 19, Type Mlc "narrow sequins"; 20, Type Mla; 21,
Type Mlc; 22, Type Mla; 23, Type M2a "normal pendant"; 24, Type Mla; 25, Type M2a; 26, Type M2a; 27, TypeM4
"trapezoid pendant"; 28, Type M3 "elongate pendant"; 29, Type Ela "round thin lipped"; 30, Type Elb "oval thin
lipped"; 31, Type E2a, "full lipped"; 32, Type E2b "deep lipped"; 33, Type E3 "large lipped"; 34, Type Hlb "semi-
ground disk"; 35, Type H2 "rough disk"; 36, Type H3 "chipped disk"; 37, Type Hla "ground disk"; 38, Type KI
"cupped"; 39, Type KI; 40, Type KI; 41, Type K2 "bushing"; 42, Type K3 "cylinder"; 43, Type K3; 44-60 Steatite:
44, earspool; 45, thin ring bead, includes cross-section; 46, earspool; 47, pendant, trapezoidal; 48-49, incised pendants;
50-51, thin ring beads; 52-56, disk beads; 57, cylinder bead; 58-60, "hourglass" beads; 61-67 Magnesite: 61-63, disk
beads; 64-67, cylinderbeads; 68-197 Haliotisornaments: 68-70, circular, 71, circular,punctatedecoration; 72, circular,
scored incision; 73, circular; 74, semi-circular; 75-77, circular, punctate decoration; 78, circular, 79, circular, punctate
decoration; 80-81, circular, 82-84, circular, scored incision; 85-88, circular, heavy scored incision; 89, circular, scored
incision; 90-91, "shield", scored incision, often paird; 92-93, "shield", heavy scored incision; 94, "spoon"; 95, "square-
clawed", incised; 96-97, "claw" variants; 98, "horn", scored incision, often paired; 99, "horn" variant, scored incision;
100-101, "claw" variants, often paired; 102, "spoon",scoredincision; 103,"horn"; 104, "banjo" variant; 105, "spoon" ,
scored incision; 106, "claw" variant; 107, split "'banjo" variant, scored incision; 108, "banjo"; 109, split "banjo" variant,
scored incision; 110, "banjo", scored incision; 111, "'banjo" gorget, from whole shell (140 x 118 mm); 112, incipient
"banjo" gorget; 113, "key" variant; 114, "banjo"; 1 15-20, "banjo" variants; 121, "banjo" gorget variant; 122, pentagonal
gorget, made with file; 123, pentagonal, made with file; 124, trapezoidal, made with file; 125-30, various ornaments;
131, triangulate, scored incision; 132, square; 133, triangular; 134, triangulate, scored incision; 135-137, various
ornaments; 138, triangular, punctate decoration; 139-41, various ornaments; 142, gorget, rounded trapezoid; 14344,
truncate; 145, square, with punctate decoration; 146, truncate, with scored incision and punctate decoration; 147-48,
rectangular, 149, "key", side-slotted, scored incision; 150, "key", t-shaped, with scored incision; 151-52, rectangular
with scored incision; 153-55, various ornaments; 156, "key", side and basal slotted with scored incision; 157-62, various
ornaments; 163-65, triangulate, various sizes, including multi-perforated and squared tip variants (worn as girdle); 166-
69, various ornaments; 170-74, various ornaments with heavy scored incision; 175, triangulate; 176, rectangular with
scored and punctate decoration (32 x 55 mm); 177, rectangle; 178, rectangular gorget; 179, curved rectangular gorget;
180-82, oval with scored incision; 183-84, oval; 185, eared lenticular, scored incision; 186-187, broad oval; 188, eared
lenticular; 189, tabbed lenticular; 190-94, simple lenticular; 195-97, rim segments; 198-201 Haliotis beads: 198,
nacrous disk; 199, nacrous ring; 200-201, epidermis disks (H. rufescens); 202-205 Glass beads: 202, small tubular, 203,
small oblate-spheroid; 204, large oblate-spheroid; 205, large tubular; 206-207 Metal beads: 206, rounded steel; 207,
faceted steel; 208-210 Miscellaneous materials: 208, bone labret or earplug (also steatite); 209, volcanic tuff earspool;
210, mica pendant. NOTE: Captions provided by R. T. Milliken from notes of J. A. Bennyhoff.
they were bipointed stone pestles used with wooden  Diablo Hills into the Delta. The extensive baked clay
mortars. Inthe Stockton District they were simple stone  industries of the stoneless Stockton and Cosumnes
fonns, essentially conical, probably obtained from the  districts are quite similar, but Hotchkiss has no such
Sierra foothills, while in the Diablo District they were  industry even though it is located well into the Delta.
elaborate carved formsdespitethe factthattheHotchkiss  Each district also has its own distinctive style of
site is in the stoneless Delta. The Hotchkiss women had  incised bone tubes and whistles: openwork style in
to carry all of this stone at least twenty miles from the  Cosumnes (figure 6.3 herein), crisscross style in
72     Toward a New Taxonomic Framework for Central California
INC IS ED
BIRD BONE
PIPES
BANJO
ORNAMENTS
SPECIALTIES
HARPOONS
BANJO
ORNAMENTS
INCISED
BONE
cannon bone
like Cosumnes
but
no gorget
crisscross style
baked clay effigy
openwork style
FIGURE 63      Selected artifact types and incising styles diagnostic of the Solano, Diablo, Stockton, Cosumnes, and
Sutter districts during the Late period.
CQj
(f)
a.
multiline
style
Central California Augustine       73
Stockton, and panel style in Diablo (cf. Bennyhoff
1978:figure 6). These contrasts are just a few that
could be mentioned which set aspects and districts
apart from one another. The relationship of these
districts to one another, within the framework of the
CCTrS, appears in figure 6.4.
Aspects exhibit core areas, generally near the
center of the district. Peripheral villages often show a
shadow effect, reflecting borrowings from an adjacent
district. Thus the Seuamne, the eastermnost Plains
Miwoktribeletlivinginthe foothills ontheMokelumne
River (Bennyhoff 1977:113), borrowed the bedrock
mortar from their Sierran neighbors. In the Sutter
District, inhabitants of the Wolok tribelet center at the
mouth of the Feather River preferred to construct the
grass thatch dwellings of the Delta rather than the
semi-subterranean earth lodge typical of the Sutter
District. Care must be taken to distinguish trade items
or artifacts introduced by intermarriage. The incised
elk cannon hair pin/dagger (Gifford 1940:Type B4) is
a typical Yokuts (Stockton District) artifact. The
single specimen found at SJo-43, a Plains Miwok
village on the Mokelumne River, probably represents
a Yokuts/Miwok intermarriage-no typologically
similar forms have been found on the Cosumnes River
(Sac-6 contained numerous bone artifacts) or Ameri-
can River.
So, for the Augustine Pattern, I would use the
direct historical approach and invoke an ethnographic
model which does provide us with all of the perishable
items that we will never find archaeologically. I
propose that Wintu and even Shasta do fall within the
Central California culture area and that the archaeo-
logical variants that we find in these areas are merely
aspects of the Augustine Pattern and not new patterns
in themselves. I also objectvociferouslytocallingthe
Shasta Complex by the term Shasta, because once we
dig in Shasta territory we're going to find a quite
different culture. Consequently, I suggest that the
Shasta Complex should be called the Redding aspect
of the Augustine Pattern. I find every trait listed by
Sundahl (1982) for the Shasta Complex to be compat-
ible with the Augustine Pattern. The houses are
conical in shape, not rectangular. Bark covering
occurs in both the Coast Ranges and the Sierra. Buri-
als were flexed, not extended. The distinctive features
that do distinguish it from Central California are those
that represent influence from the Gunther Pattern.
These are a late overlay and represent borrowings
from the west. The Gunther Barbed series point, for
example, has been traded as far south as Sonoma and
Sacramentocounties (Jackson and Schulz 1975). Using
evidence from such sites as Yol-1 3 at the mouth of the
Feather River, I hypothesize that the Gunther Barbed
series were the first arrow points introduced into the
Central Valley, that they came ultimately from the
Columbia River, and were brought in by the Patwin
who were being pushed south by the ancestral Yurok
and Wiyot. Gunther flanged pestles appear in late
complexes in the interior. Hafted knives for fishing
are a typical Gunther Pattern trait. Dentalium beads
obviously come from the northwest coast. These I see
as representing Macro-Algonkian introductions. How-
ever, some traits must have been introduced later by
the Athabascan intrusion, which I place around A.D.
1300. Specifically, the toggle harpoon is later thanthe
simple harpoon, and it replaces the simple harpoon in
the Sacramento Valley and Delta areas. Athabascan
intrusion was possible because they, too, had a supe-
rior weapon-the sinew-backed bow-as did the
Navajo-Apache. The arrow shaft smoothers were
probably brought in by the Athabascan intrusion. To
judge from one Del Norte County coffin burial, enter-
ing Athabascans buried the dead in a semi-flexed
position, and adopted the Algic dorsal extension in the
historic period.
In conclusion, much more excavation and analy-
sis are needed to resolve these taxonomic problems.
In particular, the contemporaneity and greater mean-
ing provided by grave lots are essential to 'aspect'
definition. As defined by Willey and Phillips (1958),
there should be few patterns; variation can be handled
by multiple aspects.
74      Toward a New Taxonomic Frameworkfor Central California
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