Chapter 5 Na Heiau o Kahikinui: The Temples of Kahikinui Michael J. Kolb and Erika C. Radewagen Introduction 1\ The Hawaiian heiau or temple is a marvel of stone architecture. Each rock face or wall is built from unhewn and amorphous pieces of basalt rock, yet they are inter- locked in a such a complex way that gravity rather than mortar holds them together. Every heiau temple is also unique in stylistic detail and arrangement of intemal features. The desire of the temple architect, or kihuna kuikuhipu uone, was to create a totally new architectural layout using the local topography and combinations of older temple styles in order to design for his chief something unique and unlike any previously built structure. This stylistic variation makes the heiau different from all other types of ceremonial architecture found in Polynesia. The temples of Maui are also unique, since the Maui chiefs reached a pinnacle of monumental construction. The massive Pi'ilanihale Heiau in Hana, the impressive temple complex at Haleki'i Pi'ihana in Wailuku, the rock-lined king's trail that circumscribed the island; all exhibit a certain dedication and commitment to monumental buildings unrivaled elsewhere in the Hawaiian archipelago. This chapter sets out to accomplish a number of objectives. On the most pragmatic level, we want to document and describe each heiau found to date in Kahikinui. These temples, described both in early ethnohistoric records and by modem archaeologists, are well preserved given the relatively arid and isolated nature of Kahikinui. Although they may appear collapsed and forlom in their currently abandoned state, their stones still whisper sublime tales about the past for those who pause to listen. We hope that by documenting each temple location and design, we might at least begin to tell the story of their use and function. Another important objective is to examine these temples as an integrated whole. Few opportunities exist to examine the temples of an entire district because in 62 N Mea Kahiko o Kahikinul most other areas of Hawai'i there has been complete or piece- meal development, obliterating sites. The temples of Kahikinui have been preserved relatively intact, and represent an ideal corpus of sites for understanding how and why temples were placed where they are. It is with these ideas in mind that we seek to understand the role of temples in the ancient Kahikinui community. Kahikinui is an extremely large and diverse tract of land, and by beginning to understand district-scale settle- ment patterns of religious architecture, we can start to understand the broader scope of temple use in Hawai'i. A third objective is to discuss temple function by describing the preliminary excavations of ten heiau undertaken during the summer of 1996. Archaeological excavations can help us to understand how these temples functioned in the context of their Hawaiian communities, and the role they played in the rise of Hawaiian civilization. We do this by making a series of preliminary observations on the placement of Kahikinui's heiau sites and some of the associated activities and construction styles associated with them. We hope that this chapter will provide a useful tool for further archaeological and historical research, not only for Ka 'Ohana 0 Kahikinui, but for any who are interested in Kahikinui. We would certainly wish to encourage any individuals from outside of our discipline, or whose interest lies outside Kahikinui, to seek what utility from this chapter that they may. Scope of Work Survey Archaeological survey represents the first step of research and is meant to identify all existing medium- and large-scale heiau within Kahikinui District. Survey data were compiled from previous archaeological research, starting with archaeological and ethnohistoric inventories from the begin- ning of this century by Thomas G. Thrum (1907, 1909, 1917, and 1918) and Winslow Walker (1931). Additional sources included Kolb's Na Heiau o Maui research program, the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands aerial survey undertaken by Hal Hammatt (Hammatt and Folk 1994), and concurrent research projects directed by Boyd Dixon and Patrick Kirch (Dixon et al., 1996; Kirch and Van Gilder 1995; see Chapters 2 and 3, this volume). A current tally of Kahikinui temples now numbers 26 individual sites. The majority of these temples have been visited in 1989, January 1994, or the summer of 1996. Detailed tape and compass maps were made of those temples that were visited, while a number of more detailed plane table maps were made in 1996 after many of the sites were cleared of over- grown vegetation. The goal of mapping was to get an approximate idea as to the labor involved in temple construc- tion, and to map unique stylistic components. Excavabons The majority of excavations were undertaken during the summer of 1996, under the aegis of the Northern Illinois University field school. The excavation crew consisted of six field school students and three graduate assistants. A total of ten temples were excavated over the course of the six-week field school. They were located in the three different ahupua'a (Nakaaha, Luala'ilua, and Kipapa), and consisted of large and small temples, mountain and coastal locations, and a variety of architectural designs. Four of these structures (Nakaaha Heiau, Sites 3847, 4247, and 4366) are located in either the road corridor or in the proposed area of homestead lots under development at the time of this writing. Site 4279 is located close to the homestead lot boundary. Site 175 (Kahikinui House Heiau) is located near St. Ynez Church on Highway 31, Koholuapapa Heiau and the Kahu's House are near Luala'ilua Hills, and Sites 183 and 184 are located in the coastal section of Luala'ilua. A total of 40 test units, usually 1 x 1 m squares, were laid out and excavated. For each excavation test unit, the rocks were slowly removed to reveal the underlying dirt and stones. Any midden (shell or bone debris), coral pieces, or artifacts (e.g., adz pieces) found were removed and documented. At the end of excavation, the rocks and coral taken from each of these units were counted, weighed, and reburied in their original positions. All the stone artifacts have been classified, counted, and are being curated by the State Historic Preservation Division, Maui branch office. Once each test unit was completed, we proceeded to replace all the dirt and rocks to minimize the appearance of disturbance. The numbers in parentheses after each feature correspond to the test unit in which they were discovered. Our specific excavation goals were to: * Examine the relationships between differing styles of architecture or visible architectural components (e.g., wall foundations, pavements, and platforms, by focusing on areas where these different components join). * Identify earlier structural components in order to gain some insight into the growth and methods of construction of each heiau temple. * Identify the material used in construction for all building episodes. * Locate and catalog artifacts, debris, and other material culture. Temples of Kahikinui 63 * Determine the function of different activity areas by examining existing features and material culture. * Recover suitable datable materials such as charcoal, or volcanic glass. * Determine the approximate volume of stone used in construction. * Replace all removed rock to its exact location. The Kahikinui Temples Twenty-six temples have been identified (Table 5.1). Each temple is located in a specific community or ahupua'a, and has been assigned a specific site number by either the State of Hawai'i, or by archaeologists working in Kahikinui (Figure 5.1). Site numbers given here are those of the State Inventory of Historic Places. Other numbers are derived from Chapman and Kirch's 1966 survey (which used the Bishop Museum system), the 1994 aerial survey by Cultural Surveys, and the 1995-96 University of California Berkeley survey undertaken by Kirch and Van Gilder (which continues the Chapman-Kirch numbering series). Some temples also possess names, usually ascribed by "old-timers" whom Thrum or Walker came in contact with. We also provide for each temple an approximate size, architectural form, and an age estimate based on absolute radiocarbon dates, or on general architectural style. These 26 heiau are distributed within the nine ahupua'a of Kahikinui. Each community contains at least one heiau, while Kipapa contains at least seven. Heiau sizes range from 25 m to 1593 m in intemal ritual area, and from 54 m to 1,854 m in total area. Several different heiau forms are represented in Kahikinui: enclosures, notched enclosures, platforms, notched platforms, enclosure and pavements, multiple terraces, and notched walled terraces. Notching is a particular Maui architectural style, with about 40 percent of all Maui heiau being notched. A "notched" shape is a six-sided polygon; that is, a rectangle with a corner removed so that it resembles a thick L-shape. Each heiau may also possess a specific age range, based upon radiocarbon dating or upon architectural design; for example, excavations from other heiau around Maui indicate that the notched design begin to appear after about A.D. 1650 (Kolb 1992). During our first field season in 1996 we were able to Table 5.1 The surveyed temples of Kahikinui. KTpapa Internal Site' Name Community Area Form Age Estimate2 4279 Unknown Nakaaha 1258 double notched enclosure A.D. 1500-1820 1387 Kahu's House Luala'ilua 653 notched enclosure A.D. 1850-1920 1386 Koholuapapa Luala'ilua 601 notched wall terrace A.D. 1300-1820 172 Kamoamoa Mahamenui 461 notched platform ca. 1650? 4361 Unknown Nakaohu 456 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 3858 Unknown Kipapa 400 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4365 Unknown Nakaohu 400 multiple terrace unknown 1157 Luala'ilua 2 Luala'ilua 389 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4247 Unknown Nakaohu 299 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 178 Wailapa Alena 288 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4360 Unknown Nakaohu 287 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 181 Kahikinui 3 Kipapa 266 muhiple enclosure multiple building episodes 175 Kahikinui 1 Kipapa 242 muhiple terrace A.D. 1665-1820 183 Kaluakakalioa Luala'ilua 189 enclosure unknown 4366 Unkown Kipapa 161 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 187 Makee Auwahi 160 platform unknown 1156 Nakaaha Nakaaha 144 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 4364 Unknown Klpapa 154 notched enclosure Ea. 1650? 177 Kahikinui 2 Kipapa 135 enclosure with terrace multiple building episodes 4362 Unknown Kipapa 132 enclosure unknown? 170 Mahamenui Mahamenui 115 enclosure unknown? 180 Kepalaloa Luala'ilua 78 enclosure unknown? 3847 Unknown Nakaohu 60 enclosure and pavement multiple building episodes 182 Luala'ilua 1 Luala'ilua 33 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 184 Unknown Luala'ilua 25 notched enclosure ca. 1650? 1 Site Number is the State Inventory of Historic Places number (#50-50-15). 2 Site age was determined by radiocarbon dating, the presence/absense of post-contact artifacts, and architectural design. 64 Ni Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui I I I E 0 Y u7 ._ c y ._ c CO cn 0 C) 0 Q) U :: L) L. Temples of Kahikinul 65 place test excavations in ten of the 26 heiau temples (Table 5.1). Sites excavated are located in Luala'ilua, Nakaaha, Nakaohu, and KTpapa ahupua'a. The survey and excavated sites are now discussed in geographic order from west ('Ulupalakua side) to east (Kaupo side). Auwahi Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-187 (Makee Heiau) Location: Auwahi, coast Other site numbers: Walker Site 187 Architectural style: platform with attached enclosure Approximate intemal area: 160 m2 Age: unknown, but appears to be of multiple building episodes Excavations: none Makee Heiau is a small platform with an attached enclosing wall to the upland side. It was first noted by Walker during his 1931 survey. It is located within the coastal village of Makee, and is about 160 m2 in size. Walker noted a large niche or tunnel extending undemeath the platform; this tunnel has since collapsed. Luala'llua Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-1164-180 (Kepala'oa Heiau) Location: Luala'ilua, coast Other site numbers: Walker Site 180 Architectural style: enclosure Approximate intemal area: 78 m2 Age: unknown Excavations: none Kepala'oa Heiau is a small enclosure type heiau, first noted by Walker during his 1931 survO. It is located along the coast in Luala'ilua, near a little gully at a place called Kepala'oa. The enclosure is about 78 m2 in size. Walker noted the remains of two wooden towers in the two upland corners of the enclosure. Each was 2 m in height and had a tiny platform on top. He also noted some coral on the floor. The proximity to the coast suggests Kepala'oa may have served as a fishing shrine (ko'a). If the wooden structures were towers, however, Kepala'oa Heiau would have served as an agricultural heiau since Hale o Lono temples usually had two separate towers. Their short height, however, may suggest they served as altars (lele) instead. Site: 50-50-15-182 (Luala'ilua 1 Helau) Location: Luala'ilua Hills Other site numbers: Walker Site 182 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 33 m2 Age: ca. A.D. 1650 because of its notching Excavations: none Luala'ilua 1 Heiau was named by Walker in 1931. It is a small enclosure of the notched variety, located along the upland side of Luala'ilua Hills, along the old trail that ran between Kaupo and 'Ulupalakua. The north half of the structure is paved with waterworn and clinker ('ili'ili and aa) pebbles. Site: 50-50-15-183 (Kaluakakalioa Heiau) Location: Luala'ilua, coast Other site numbers: Walker Site 183 Architectural style: square enclosure Approximate intemal area: 189 m2 Age: radiocarbon date is modern, but no post- contact material culture found Excavations: test units 31-32, 37, approximately 4 m2 Site 183 is a large square enclosure located along the jeep trail in the south side of Luala'ilua (Figure 5.2). It has large thick walls with large interior paving stones. Site 183 is one of only two coastal sites to be excavated in the time available. A total of 4 m2 was excavated in a two-day period of coastal investigation during the summer of 1996. Only one feature, a burn episode (32), was located within the site. Material culture recovered includes shellfish fragments, coral, bone, an adz fragment, a drilled coral piece, and ii'ili gravel. The burn episode contained sizable amounts of bone, shell, and coral. None of the materials appeared to be charred. Radiocar- bon dating samples for the site were taken from the single bum episode. Site: 50-50-15-1164-184 (Unknown) Location: Luala'ilua, coast Other site numbers: Walker Site 184 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 25 m2 Age: not dated; ca. A.D. 1650 due to its notched shape Excavations: test unit 38, 1 m2 Site 184 is located approximately 45 m from the shore. Walker describes this site as a small notched fishing (ka'ula) shrine built of basalt slab walls. There is a coral step- terrace in the north end of the structure. A total of 1 m2 was excavated in the shrine's interior. Because Site 184 was built upon a pahoehoe lava flow, subsurface deposits were minimal. 66 NA Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui Figure 5.2 Photograph of Site 183 facing upslope. Bits of coral, bone, shell, and charcoal were recovered. Walker (1931) noted smalt bits of sea urchin and shell. Site: 50-50-15-1157 (Name: Luala'ilua 2 Heiau) Location: Luala'ilua, "barren zone" Other site numbers: none Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 389 ri 2 Age: not dated; ca. A.D. 1650 based on its notched shape Excavations: none Luala'ilua 2 Heiau was first identified during the statewide archaeological inventory of 1973. It is located in the rugged "barren" zone between the coast and the highway, upon a lava flow. It is a three-walled enclosure style heiau placed against a linear rock outcrop. It has a small notch in ics west ('Ulupalakua side) wall. It also contains interior terraces. The heiau is 389 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-15-186-1386 (Koholuapapa Heiau) Location: Luala'ilua Hills Other site numbers: Walker Site 186 Architectural style: terrace with attached enclosure Approximate intemal area: 601 m2 Age: A.D. 1260 and later Excavations: test units 19-30, approximately 13.5 m2 Koholuapapa was first mentioned by Winslow Walker in 1931, who notes the site's complexity and size. Walker described not only Koholuapapa, but also a nearby "kahu's house" (Figure 5.3). Architecturally, this site is complex with four building episodes. The first episode is a small, raised platform constructed on a bedrock outcrop which includes a collapsed lava tube. The second episode of the temple's construction consists of a terrace facing on the south side. The third construction episode is a notched enclosure addition north of the original platform. Finally, a post-contact animal enclosure, similar in style to the post-contact walls of Site 1387, was placed off the north wall of the notched enclosure. A total of 13.5 m2 was excavated at Koholuapapa during the summer of 1996 (Figure 5.4). Three large features were located: two bum episodes (19, 29), and one faced bedrock altar. Material culture recovered includes fish bone, volcanic glass, pig bone, bird bone, land snails, basalt flakes, shellfish, and many waterworn ('i1i'i1i) stones. An area of intensive buming (19) is located behind the faced bedrock altar. Temples of Kahikinui 67 This may have been the location of the oven house of the heiau. The second bum episode (29) is a small area that may signify an earlier use of the heiau area. The large quantity of pig bone recovered from the site, and the architectural similarities to two other Maui luakini heiau previously excavated by Kolb (1991), suggest that Koholuapapa was eventually converted to a luakini war temple. Radiocarbon dating samples were taken from each of the building episodes, excluding the post-contact portion. The earliest radiocarbon date, fTom the altar area, dated to A.D. 1260-1425. The three dates correspond with the architectural chronology. Site: 50-50-15-186-1387 (Kahu's House) Location: Luala'ilua Hills Other site numbers: none Architectural style: notchedpa hale style residence Approximate intemal area: 653 m2 Age: no need for radiocarbon dating; ca. A.D. 1850-1920 Excavations: none; but surface collected The Kahu's House was first identified by Walker in 1931, but was not mapped or given a site number until the 1973 State Inventory of Historic Places. Walker notes that it may have served as a place of residence for a temple caretaker (kahu) because of its proximity to the sacrificial temple Koholuapapa Heiau (Site 1386) and because of the variety of post-contact midden strewn over the site. The Kahu's House consists of a raised slab-lined living platform with an attached structure and a wall facing to the east. No excavations were undertaken at this site because of its ample surface finds (Figure 5.5). Only one major feature was located: a refuse pit filled with glass, ceramics, limpet shells, and bone. Pieces of diagnostic glass and ceramics were collected for dating during preliminary survey. Most of the material culture is associated with post-contact occupation dating between A.D. 1850 and 1920. It appears the site had already been abandoned by the time of Walker's visit in 1931. Alena Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-178 (Wailapa Heiau) Location: Alena, coast Figure 5.3 Aerial photograph of Koholuapapa Heiau (Site 1386) and Kahu's House (Site 1387). 68 N Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui .E WALL HEPE) Z J J Test Unit 1 0 METERRS KOHOLUAPAPA HEIAU SIHP#50-50-1 5-186-1 386 LUALA'ILUA, KAHIKINUI NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 HERE) Figure 5.4 Plan-view map of Koholuapapa Heiau (Site 1386). Other site numbers: none Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 288 m2 Age: not radiocarbon dated; ca. A.D. 1650 due to the notching Excavations: none Wailapa Heiau is a small enclosure of the notched variety. It was first noted by Walker in 1931, and is located along the coast of Alena, in the village of Wailapa. The enclosure is about 288 m2 in size. Walker noted that it possesses two interior paved areas and a small raised platform. KTpapa Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-177 (Kahikinul 2 Helau) Location: Kipapa, coast Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 273 Architectural style: enclosure with adjoining terrace Approximate intemal area: 135 m2 Age: unknown; multiple building episodes Excavations: none Site 177 is an enclosure style heiau with an adjoining terrace. It was first noted by Walker in 1931. It is located along the King's Trail in Kipapa, above the area called Wai'apea. The entire site is 135 m2 in size. The enclosure's end walls are tapered like the eaves of a roof. The enclosure also has a small platform located within. The terrace is set into a nearby outcrop and has a 3 m stone face. A small paved area separates the enclosure and the terrace. Site: 50-50-15-181 (Kahikinui 3 Heiau) Location: Kipapa, upland Other site numbers: Walker Site 181, Chapman- Kirch Site 1 Architectural style: multiple enclosure Temples of Kahikinui 69 Approximate intemal area: 266 m2 Age: unknown; multiple building episodes Excavations: none Site 181 possesses two adjoining enclosures. The site was first mapped by Walker in 1931. It is located along the old pipeline trail, and is one of the larger heiau in kahikinui. Site: 50-50-15-4364 (Unknown) Location: Kipapa Other site numbers: Kirch-Van Gilder Site 405 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 154 m2 Age: not radiocarbon dated; ca. A.D. 1650 Excavations: none Site 4364 is a notched enclosure style heiau. It was discovered and first mapped by Kirch and Van Gilder in 1995. The enclosure is about 154 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-15-3858 (Unknown) Location: KYpapa Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 188 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 400 m2 KAHU'S HOUSE SIHP#50-50-15-186-1387 LUALA'ILUA, KAHIKINUI NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 Age: unknown; ca. A.D. 1650 as suggested by its notching Excavations: none Site 3858 is an enclosure of the notched variety. It was discovered and first mapped with plane table by Kirch during the Chapman-Kirch 1996 survey. The enclosure is about 400 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-154362 (Unknown) Location: Kipapa Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 75 Architectural style: enclosure Approximate intemal area: 132 m2 Age: unknown Excavations: none Site 4362 is a small enclosure style heiau. It was first mapped by Chapman and Kirch in 1966. The enclosure is about 132 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-154366 (Unknown) Location: Kipapa Other site numbers: Kirch-Van Gilder Site 424 Architectural style: notched enclosure N 1 0 METERS Figure 5.5 Plan-view map of Kahu's House (Site 1387). 70 Ni Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui Approximate intemal area: 161 m2 Age: not yet dated; probably ca. A.D. 1650 Excavations: test unit 33, approximately 1 m2 Site 4366 is a small hale mua style heiau located near the upland road corridor, discovered by the U.C. Berkeley team in 1995. It is a single building episode consisting of a notched enclosure. A total of 1 m2 was excavated during the summer of 1996. One feature was located, a burn episode. Material culture recovered includes shell, coral, volcanic glass, an adz fragment, 'jlj'ili, land snails, bone, basalt flakes, and charcoal. This site has not yet been radiocarbon dated. Site: 50-50-15-175 (Kahikinui 1) Location: Kipapa, below Kahikinui House Other site numbers: Walker 175; Chapman-Kirch WC Site 394 Architectural style: terraced platform Approximate intemal area: 242 m2 Age: 90 + 70 B.P.; ca. A.D. 1800 Excavations: test units 17-18, approximately 3 m2 This heiau is located along the upland side of the highway and is visible from Highway 31. Walker recorded it in 1931, and Kirch and Chapman also mapped the site in 1966. The heiau is built upon a large rock outcrop, with two nicely faced terraces on the coastal side of the structure (Figure 5.6). A total of 3 m2 were excavated at this site during the summer of 1996; no features were uncovered during the course of excavation. Small traces of midden were found associated with charcoal, as were coral, land snails, shellfish, fish bone, and nut shell. Radiocarbon dating samples were taken from the charcoal found in test unit 17. Nakaohu Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-4361 (Unknown) Location: Nakaohu, above Kahikinui House Other site numbers: CS-1013 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 456 m2 Age: unknown; assumed to be ca. A.D. 1650 because of notched style Excavations: none Site 4361 is an enclosure of the notched variety located by the Cultural Surveys aerial reconnaissance (Hammat and Folk 1994). It is located above Kahikinui House and is about 456 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-154365 (Unknown) Location: Nakaohu Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 410 Architectural style: multiple terrace Approximate intemal area: 400 m2 Age: unknown Excavations: none Site 4365 is a heiau constructed with multiple terraces. It was located by Chapman and Kirch in 1966, and mapped by Kirch with plane table and alidade. It is 400 m2 in size. Site: 50-50-154360 (Unknown) Location: Nakaohu, upland of Kahikinui House Other site numbers: CS-l011 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 287 m2 Age: unknown; assumed to be ca. A.D. 1650 because of notched style Excavations: none Site 4360 is an enclosure of the notched variety located during the Cultural Surveys aerial reconnaissance of 1994. It is located upslope of CS-1013 and is 287 m2 in area. Site: 50-50-15-3847 (Unknown) Location: Nakaohu Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 80 Architectural style: terraced platform Approximate intemal area: 60 m2 Age: not yet dated Excavations: test unit 35, approximately 2 m2 Site 3847 is a medium-sized double terraced platform enclosure with pavement that has an area of 60 m2. It was discovered during the 1966 Chapman-Kirch survey, and mapped by them. A total of 2 m2 was excavated during the summer of 1996. No features were located during excavation. Minimal traces of material culture were found including bumt organic material and bone. One interesting note is that this site has a kt plant (Cordylinefruticosa) growing among the facing stones. This site has not been radiocarbon dated. Site: 50-50-15-4247 (Unknown) Location: Nakaohu Other site numbers: Chapman-Kirch Site 414 Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 299 m2 Temples of Kahikinui 71 HEIAU BELOW KAHIKINUI HOUSE SIHP #50-50- 15-175 KIPAPA, KAHIKINUI NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 Figure 5.6 Plan-view map of Kahikinui 1 (Site 175). Age: not yet dated; probably ca. A.D. 1650 Excavations: test unit 34, approximately 1 m2 Site 4247 is a small hale mua style heiau located near Site 3847. Architecturally, the site is similar to Nakaaha Heiau, as it is a notched enclosure that is relatively small. No features were found during excavation. Material culture recovered includes coral, pig bone, charcoal, and volcanic glass. Site 4247 has not yet been dated, but has been estimated to ca. A.D. 1650 based on stylistic criteria. Nakaaha Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-1156 (Nakaaha Helau) Location: Nakaaha, upland Other site numbers: none Architectural style: notched enclosure Approximate intemal area: 144 m2 Age: not yet dated Excavations: test units 39-40, approximately 2 m2 Site 1156 is located to the east (Kaup6 side) of Site 4279. It was first identified during the 1973 State Inventory of Historic Places. This site is a small hale mua style heiau consisting of a notched enclosure (Figure 5.7). A total of 2 m2 were excavated during the summer of 1996. No features were excavated and no material culture, other then charcoal was recovered during excavation. Nakaaha Heiau has not yet been dated, but its date is estimated at ca. A.D. 1800. Site: 50-50-15-4279 (Unknown) Location: Nakaaha Other site numbers: CS- 1 01 0 Architectural style: two notched enclosures Approximate intemal area: 1,258 m2 Age: East enclosure constructed A.D. 1445-1665; west enclosure A.D. 1650 or later Excavations: test units 1-16, approximately 21.75 m2 Site 4279 is the largest heiau known in Kahikinui district (Figure 5.8). It was first described during the aerial survey of 1994 (Hammat and Folk 1994). Walker does not mention this site; Chapman (ms.) observed the large structure and photographed it, but it lay outside the boundaries of the 1966 survey area. We think it is a Hale o Lono temple from the discovery of pig bone and charcoal areas, and from the lack of general domestic implements inside the structure. A total of 21.75 m2 were excavated at Site 4279 5 METERS 72 Na Mea Kahiko o Kahikinul 0C/ /\ NAKA'AHA HEIAU N SIHP #50-50- 15- 1156 L1 NAKA'AHA, KAHIKINUI _ -- _= _ NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 5 METERS Figure 5.7 Plan view map of Nakaaha Heiau (Site 1156). during the summer of 1996 (Figure 5.9). A total of three large features were located; two bum episodes (3, 5) and an imu (11). Material culture recovered consists of pig bone, coral, kukui nut, shellfish, adz fragments, basalt flakes, bird bone, sea urchin, land snails, 'ili'ili, a bone awl, a worked shell piece, and a stone abrader. An imu feature was uncovered in the smaller enclosure (to the west of the larger one) under a stone-paved floor. The imu contained large amounts of shellfish including limpet shell, and sea urchin, as well as some pig and bird bone. The upland enclosure contained only charcoal which may mean it was used to bum offerings. Radiocarbon dating samples were taken from both enclosures. According to these dates, the larger enclosure was built between A.D. 1445-1665 while the smaller enclosure to the east was added sometime after A.D. 1660. Mahamenul Ahupua'a Site: 50-50-15-170 (Mahamenui Heiau) Location: Mahamenui, near Kepuni Gulch Other site numbers: Walker 170 Architectural style: enclosure Approximate intemal area: 115 m2 Age: unknown Excavations: none Mahamenui Heiau is a small enclosure style heiau. It was first noted by Walker during his 1931 survey, and is located east (Kaup6 side) of Kepuni Gulch above the highway. The enclosure is about 115 m2 in size. Walker noted that the south wall is built in three step-terraces. He also suggests a function of a rain temple used for crop fertility, presumably due 4 its location and small size. Site: 50-50-15-172 (Kamoamoa Heiau) Location: Mahamenui, at Polo'ae Other site numbers : Walker 172 Architectural style: notched platform Approximate intemal area: 461 m2 Age: not radiocarbon dated; ca. A.D. 1650 based upon notching Excavations: none Temples of Kahikinui 73 Kamoamoa Heiau is a small platform of the notched variety. It was first noted by Walker in 1931, and is located east off the highway. The enclosure is about 115 m2 in area. Walker notes that the structure was converted to a goat pen because it possesses caves at the back end of the structure. Other Heimu There are numerous other references to heiau in Kahikinui. Most of them come from ethnohistoric sources with no locational records available. None of these have been visited by an archaeologist. They may currently exist, btit are as yet undocumnented. Kahuahakamoa Heiau This temple was first mentioned by Thrum (1918). An informant told him it was a heiau of Kahikinui, although Thrum himself did not visit it. Inez Ashdown, in her unpub- lished notes on heiau, indicates that Kahuahakamoa was used for ceremonies of marriage and that it ". . . is on the 'Ulupalakua side of the Luala'tlua hills in "Kahikinui" area, and was a paved arena where sportsman gathered to watch wrestling (lua) or see the warriors training for war in more recent times" (Ashdown, n.d.). Moomoku and Makapaiki Heiau These site names are noted in the Hawaiian Ethno- graphic Notes (tum-of-tfie-century Hawaiian newspaper accounts translated by Mary K. PtLkut, in the Bishop Museum Library). Moomoku and Makapaiki Heiau were also located in Luala'ilua: "Luala'tlua is the ahupua'a. Motmoku the heiata. It belonged to the menehune. Makapaiki was the heiati. It belonged to the gods of this race of human beings. It is finished." Keahuaiea, Pu'u Kao, and Hoku-kano Heiau These three heiau names are mentioned by Inez Ashdown (n.d.), and were also said to be located in Lualaiiltia. No other ethnohistoric information exists for these heiau. Ashdown notes: 'Ke-ahtil-a-i-ea He'au is north-west, and closer [than Kahitiahakamoa], to Luala'ilua. North of Ke Alhu Atea is the helau Pu'u Kao; southi of dhere is Hoku-kano, and this iS also the name of the hill upon which this he'ati is standing" (Ashdown, n.d.). Figure 5.8 Aerial photograph of Site 4279, view to the south. 74 Ni Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui #50-50- 1 5-4279 NAKA'AHA, KAHIKINUI NA HEIAU 0 MAUI 1996 Figure 5.9 Plan-view map of Site 4279. St. Ynez Church Inez Ashdown (n.d.) also notes that the St. Ynez Church, with its incredible view, was built upon an old star- gazing heiau. No other information is available on whether or not this is true. Discussion Several preliminary observations can now be made regarding the location, distribution, age, and function of the heiau of Kahikinui. As a whole, these 26 temples represent the largest number of preserved temples for any of the twelve Maui districts (Table 5.2). The reason for this is the arid climate and sparse modem population of Kahikinui. The lack of develop- ment in the area is a key factor in the preservation of sites in general. Tourist areas such as Lahaina, or areas under intensive agricultural production such as Hamakuapoko, are less likely to have as many preserved sites due to intensive commercial expansion and development. Windward areas, like Kipahulu with its dense vegetation and a rugged coastline, may have fewer sites due to their inaccessibility. Yet despite an excellent rate of preservation, Kahikinui also has the smallest average temple size compared to most other districts. Ethnohistorically, Kahikinui was not known as a major political center and because of its relatively arid and harsh leeward environment, it may have been less populated relative to other districts such as Wailuku and Hana. This may account for its relatively smaller- sized temples. Within Kahikinui itself, the majority of heiau are located in the uplands. A total of eighteen heiau occur above the highway as opposed to eight temples in the coastal area. Local topography of these upland sites consists of a rid plains tapering from mountain to sea, punctuated with lava outcrops and fmger ridges of hawaiite, alkalic olivine basalt, and ankaramite. Moderately sloping to steep soils consisting of developed volcanic ash and clinker (aa) lava are well-drained. Kahikinui is frequently buffeted by strong winds that shear around Haleakala from the windward side of the island, and is 0T1 TUl1 4 .OC. Temples of Kahikinui 75 regularly engulfed with humid cumulus clouds that lay low against the mountain side and supplement an annual rainfall of 400 mm a year. Since it appears that the majority of archaeo- logical sites are located in the uplands, it only makes sense that the majority of temples would be found there. Most of these sites probably served as agricultural heiau, rain heiau, or family shrines located about the houses and agricultural sites of the upland peoples. Many, of course, were probably built upon sacred areas such as outcrops, lava tubes, and hilltops. Only four of the twenty-six heiau are located directly on the shoreline. These probably served as fishing shrines, since fishing played an important role in subsistence. Each of these coastal heiau are located in a cluster of habitation sites that represent coastal village areas. The largest clusters of heiau occur in the communities of Nakaohu and Luala'ilua. The biggest contrast between these two communities is that the cluster of Nakaohu heiau are located within a vast settlement of habitation sites and agricultural features. In contrast, most of the Luala'ilua temples are located upon rugged lava flows and nowhere near community settlements. Nakaohu appears to possess better soil than Luala'ilua, since it consists of a ridge and swale topography that is ideal for soil collection and sweet potato production. Nakaohu has eight heiau, one of which is found on the coast. The remaining sites are concentrated north of the highway. Only three of the heiau have been excavated and the results indicate that many of the smaller heiau served as hale mua or men's eating houses. Site 4279, the largest heiau temple within Kahikinui, is located on the edge of the Nakaohu heiau cluster and is surrounded by a variety of habitation and community features. This large cluster of heiau in Nakaohu indicates the importance of this region, most likely the district political and population center. This was probably the reason why Pico and his wife established Kahikinui House where they did; it is located at the probable district center. Luala'ilua, in contrast, is covered with newer pahoehoe lava flows and is considerably more rocky and barren than Nakaohu. Thus, it is a little more surprising that a cluster of seven heiau appear here. Three heiau are located in the "barren" lava flows about the coastline, one is found directly upon the coast, and three temples are located around Luala'ilua Hills. The coastal heiau are mostly associated with fishing and hale mua functions. The three temples found upslope are more difficult to explain, given the fact that few other archaeological sites are present in this region. Most prominent is Koholuapapa Heiau, a possible luakini war temple. The location of Koholuapapa near Luala'ilua, and the presence of an arena and other temples mentioned by Inez Ashdown and others in an area without regular domestic sites, suggests this area around the Hills had a sacred and spiritual importance. Architecture Based upon the site maps, the majority of Kahikinui heiau appear to have been built in single building episodes. Another five heiau temples appear to have been constructed in multiple stages. The most complex temples are Site 4279 and Koholuapapa Heiau. Both are large temples, and both were constructed in more than a single building episode. There are nine distinctive architectural styles represented in Kahikinui: 2 multiple-terraces (Nakaohu and Klpapa) Table 5.2 Distribution of surveyed temples by district (areas given in square meters). District Kahikinui Kaupo Hana Kula Honua'ula Wailuku Ko'olau Hamakualoa Ka'anapali Lahaina Kipahulu Hamakuapoko Number 25 19 16 15 14 8 6 5 4 3 2 0 Average Site Area 286 1,223 1,184 448 523 1,514 407 916 1,613 1,214 4,283 0 Median Site Area 216 517 307 342 392 590 351 1,163 1,819 844 4,283 0 Total Area 7,441 24,458 18,942 6,720 7,327 12,109 2,440 4,579 6,451 3,641 8,565 0 All Temples 118 924m2 416m2 97,414 m2 924 M2 416 M2 97,414 m2 All Temples 118 76 Na Mea Kahiko o Kahikinui * 1 platform (coastal Auwahi) * 4 enclosures (upland Luala'ilua [2], Mahamenui, and Kipapa) * 2 multiple enclosures (upland Kipapa) * 1 enclosure with pavement (upland Nakaohu) * 1 notched platforn (coastal Mahamenui) * 12 notched enclosures (coastal and upland Luala'ilua [4], upland Nakaohu [3], upland Kipapa [3], upland Alena, and upland Nakaaha) * 1 double notched enclosure (upland Nakaaha) * 1 notched walled-terrace (upland Luala'ilua) The most common architectural trait among the Kahikinui temples is the notched shape. A total of fifteen temples are notched in shape, which is 60 percent of all the Kahikinui temples, higher than the island-wide average. The majority of these notched sites are enclosures, with one double notched enclosure, and one walled-terrace, which is a terrace located on its downslope side and a wall on its upslope side. Excavation The midden materials recovered during our 1996 excavations are currently undergoing laboratory analysis. The material culture can be separated into five major categories: bone, stone, shell, coral, and charcoal. Preliminary bone analysis indicates the presence of fish, terrestrial mammal, and bird bone on most of the sites. Considerable amounts of shell at each of the excavated sites supports exploitation of the coastal resources. Coral can be classified in two groups: branch and chunk. Branch coral is usually correlated with religious offerings and chunk coral serves many domestic purposes such as abraders and even pavement for coastal sites. Preliminary stone identification suggests the use or construction of basalt tools on sites and the presence of 'iWiVi&i indicates a possible pavement or use in religious activities. Charcoal is usually considered an indication of human activity, unless a natural disaster can be associated with a bum feature. Charcoal deposits can be separated into two categories: domestic or religious. The presence of charred midden such as coral or bone indicates a possible sacrifice, whereas, bum episodes containing unbumed midden is considered to have served a domestic function such as the imu feature found at Site 4279. The discovery of charcoal is important for determining the absolute dates of sites. Chronology Radiocarbon dates have been obtained for five of the excavated sites from the 1996 season. Radiocarbon and artifactual dates indicate eight separate building phases (Figure 5.10, Table 5.3). Koholuapapa has three distinct periods of occupation and is currently the oldest site of those dated. Three separate radiocarbon dates have been submitted for this site. The oldest section of Koholuapapa is also the highest portion of the site, a natural outcrop with a faced outcrop altar. A radiocarbon sample was analyzed from Test Unit 19, near the face of the rock altar. The radiocarbon date for this portion of the site is A.D. 1260-1425. Koholuapapa was later expanded with the addition of stonework around the collapsed lava tube on the east (Kaup6 side) end of the site. A radiocarbon date from Test Unit 26 located near the lava tube indicates that the expansion of Koholuapapa took place as early as A.D. 1440. The next addition at Koholuapapa was the large enclosure added to the upslope side of the site. According to radiocarbon dates, this enclosure dates to approximately A.D. 1675. The last building addition added to Koholuapapa was a post-contact Figure 5.10 Approximate ages of the nine building episodes dated by radiocarbon dating or by diagnostic post-contact artifacts (Kahu's House). Kahu's House Site 183 H ? Site 175 i I Site 4279 i ii I Koholuapapa i Il Il I I I I I - I 1000 1200 1200 1600 1800 2000 Years A.D. Temples of Kahikinui 77 Table 5.3 Kahikinui temple radiocarbon dates. Site Test Unit Depth Beta Adjusted Interpreted (cmbs)' Number Age Age (2 Sigma) 4279 4 90-101 97500 350?60 B.P. A.D. 1435-1665 4279 11 22-28 95906 200?70 B.P. A.D. 1520-1570 A.D. 1630-1950 1386 19 19.5-29.5 95909 650?70 B.P. A.D. 1260-1425 1386 21 60-70 95910 50?70 B.P. A.D. 1675-1775 A.D. 1800-1945 1386 26 0-110 95908 300?80B.P. A.D. 1440-1690 A.D. 1735-1815 A.D. 1925-1950 175 17 0-62 95905 170?60 B.P. A.D. 1645-1950 183 32 23-31 95904 100.2 ? 0.9 B.P. A.D. modern dates 1 cmbs = centimeters below surface cattle wall enclosure attached along the north or upslope side, probably sometime after A.D. 1850. Other sites that date to ca. A.D. 1650 include Site 175, as well as the notched heiau which have been dated using architectural design traits. Interestingly, Site 4279 consists of two notched enclosures, one of which one dates as early as 200 years prior to the when the majority of notched structures were built. More radiocarbon dating is required to clarify the nature of construction at Site 4279. Site 183 dates to modem times, yet no post-contact midden was recovered during excavation. This suggests that the charcoal recovered from the site may have been contami- nated by medern charcoal. Acknowledgments Fieldwork in Hawai'i was conducted in 1993, 1994, and 1996 under the auspices of the State Department of Hawaiian Home Lands as part of their mandate for Native Hawaiians, and Haleakala Ranch. Fieldwork and research was funded by Northern Illinois University (External Programs, the Graduate School, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences), and the State of Hawai'i (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, Department of Land and Natural Resources). We gratefully acknowledge the hard work of the individuals on our various field crews: Patty Jo Conte, Christine Engel, Melodie Garcia, Melanie Gleis, Jim Hayden, Clifford Jenks, Michael Lackey, James Lawton, Valerie Nagahara, Jenny O'Clary, Jeanne Pepalis, and Brant Vollman. We wish to thank the Ka 'Ohana 0 Kahikinui for their kikua, especially Mo Mohler, Donna Simpson, and Russell Suzuki. We also want to thank Patty Jo Conte, Ross Cordy, and Boyd Dixon of the Historic Preservation, Patty Delaney of Guilford College, and Michael Banfield of Haleakala Ranch.