Faur I Cervus nannodes Cervidae (spp?) Antilocapra americana Odocoileus sp. Artiodactyl sp. Phalacrocorax Anas sp. Fulica americana Grus canadensis Branta canadensis Goose (spp?) Anser albifrons Anas platyrhynchos Cygnus sp. Falco -~~~ Cathartes aura Corvus corax Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvus (sp?) Canis (coyote) Ursus sp. Castor canadensis Procyon lotor Lutra canadensis Taxidea taxus Mephitis mephitis Dipodomys heermanni Thomomys bottae APPENDIX A nal identifications, site SJo-68 Age Axial Unknown Adult Juvenile Skeleton .1 41 1 4 _ 1 41 1 4 6 26 24 8 3 10 2 2 1 7 4 5 Skull 12 3 1 3 2 4 1 I 9 5 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 18 I 1 2 3 I 1 1 9 16 2 2 1 2 2 I I 0 3 8 7 1 I I I 2 Appendage 26 3 19 17 4 3 8 3 1 1 10 3 2 1 2 1 I 2 4 12 8 1 1 Information supplied by E. Information supplied by E. L. Perry. 159 160 Age Axial Unknown Adult Juvenile Skeleton Skull Appendage Lepus californicus 31 8 3 20 Sylvilagus auduboni 10 2 8 Citellus beecheyi 10 5 5 Mylopharodon conocephalus 3 3 Gila crassicauda 4 4 Clemmys marmorata 2 2 Buteo sp. 1 1 APPENDIX B Statistical Technique for Collating Burial Information In order to analyze the data statistically, a generalized statistical computer program was used.2 In this report a sample is a group of burials with a common characteristic such as being of a given depth or excavated by a given person. A variable is any data item recorded about a burial such as position of burial, type of burial, or number of a given kind of artifact. Only parts of the data produced by the program were useful for this problem. Within each sample, the number of associations of every pair of variables was listed. Between samples, the standard statistical tests for comparison of variables were used to determine whether there were significant differences made. Because a given variable was recorded in only a small number of burials the t-test was considered in preference to the normal test. The t-test is meaningful only for variables for which normality and a contin- uous distribution would be assumed. The following variables do not meet this criterion: position of burial and sex of the individual. The F-test which compares the standard deviation of two samples was made to check meaning- fulness of t-test results since the latter is invalid if the standard devi- ations of the two samples compared are markedly different. Differences with a significance level of 5% or 1% in both the t- and F-tests were noted on the output together with the values of these tests and the number of degrees of freedom. Calculations in the program were made in floating point arithmetic accurate to eight significant digits except where the differences of large sums were taken in which case double precision was used to obtain sixteen significant digit accuracy. The significance levels of the t- and F-tests are determined by interpolation between points of a table sorted internally within the program. Any error of interpolation tends to be on the conserv- ative side; i.e., a significance level of 5% or 1% may be missed. In doubt- ful cases, there is enough information given in the output to consult signi- ficance tables. This Appendix written by Tom Rich, Department of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley. 2 Alicia Ewing, "A General Computer Method for Statistical Analysis of Data," Semi Annual Report, Biology and Medicine, Donner Laboratory and Donner Pavilion, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, UCRL-11833, Fall 1964, University of California, Berkeley. 161 VARIABLES: key to computer analysis, (based on Heizer, 1947). 1. Extended ventral west - E V O I-1 2. Extended ventral other - E V O 1-2 3. Extended dorsal west - E D W I-3 4. Extended dorsal other - E D 0 i-4 5. Extended side west- E S W 1-5 6. Extended side other - E S O 1-6 7. Flex west - FLEXW 1-7 8. Flex other- FLEXO 1-8 9. Artifacts in shoulder and neck reg - S NREG 1-9 10. Mid body section - MIDBOD 1-10 11. Pelvic region and upper legs - PELREG 1-11 12. Around lower legs and feet - LOWLEG 1-12 13. 0-11" 1-13 14. 12-23" II-1 15. 24-35" 11-2 16. 36-47" 11-3 17. 48-60" 11-4 18. I (0-6 yrs) - STGI II-5 19. II (6-12 yrs) - STGII 11-6 20. III (12-21 yrs)- STGIII 11-7 21. IV (21-50 yrs) - STGIV 11-8 22. V (50+ yrs) - STGV II-9 23. Male - MALE II-10 24. Female - FEMALE II-lI 25. Baked clay objects; smooth frags. and balls-BCOFRG 11-12 26. Baked clay objects; pecan, bi-conical and discs (perforated) BCOPEC II-13 27. Antler artifacts - ANTART III-1 28. Birdwishbones - BWISHB III-2 29. Bird talons/animal claws - CLAWS 111-3 30. Bone Tubes - BTUBES 111-4 31. Misc. bone artifacts; turtle shell fishhooks, unidentified worked bone chisel - MISCB 111-5 32. Animal teeth - ATEETH 111-6 33. Awls - AWLS 111-7 34. Charmstones A3-CHSA3 111-8 35. " Bi/Blb - CHSB1 III-9 36. B2-CHSB2 III-10 37. " B3-CHSB3 III-11 38. " B4-CHSB4 III-12 39. C1/C2/C3 - CHSC1 III-13 40. frags, and unfinished-CHSFRG IV-1 162 41. Schist or slate pencils - PENCIL IV-2 42. Manos and pestles - PESTLE IV-3 43. Metates and mortars - MORTAR IV-4 44. Quartz crystals - QTZCST IV-5 45. Ochre - OCHRE IV-6 46. Point type 1 - PT T1 IV-7 47. 2 - PT T2 IV-8 48. 3 - PT T3 IV-9 49. 5 - PT T5 IV-10 50. 6 - PT T6 IV-11 51. 7 - PT T7 IV-12 52. frags, and misc. types - PT FRG IV-13 53. Waste: flakes, frags, cores, chunks, pebbles, and scrapers - WASTE V-1 54. Olivella la- OLIVIA V-2 55. 2b - OLIV2B V-3 56. Haliotis la - HAL lA V-4 57. 2 - HAL 2 V-5 58. Bl HALB1 V-6 59. B2 HALB2 V-7 60. C(l)/C(l)a/Cl HALC1 V-8 61. C(2)/C(2)a/C3/C (l) l HALC2 V-9 62. F/H/E/ME/various B/frag - HALVAR V-O10 63. Unworked animal bone and shell - UNWANB V-l1 64. Beaver mandible/canis skull - MANDBL V- 12 65. Mica and asbestos and slate orn/rare minerals - MINORN V-13 APPENDIX C Sex and Age Determination of Individuals from SJo-68 The determination of sex was in all cases made by direct observations of a few features. Whenever possible the pelvic bones were used and took pre- cedence in the determinations. The most important of the diagnostic features of the pelvis are the sciatic notch (broader and shallower in females), the pre-auricular sulcus (more consistently present in females), and the superior aperture (larger and more circular in the female). - In many cases the skull was all that was available for sex determin- ation. The features used in these cases were the general robustness, muscular processes, supra-orbital ridges, external occipital protuberance, flare of the gonial regions of the mandible, and the squareness of the mental region of the Information supplied by J. D. Cadien. 163 mandible--all of which are greater expressed in the male. The reliability of these features is less than those of the pelvis, so in cases of uncertainty the individual is considered sex unknown. No attempt was made to sex non- adult individuals for sex differences in the skeleton are much less in non-adults. The determination of age was made by the sequence of tooth eruption in non-adults, using the stages set by Sour and Massler (1941). Also the fusion of the basi-occipital with the basi-sphenoid occurs at 17-20 years. Determination of the age of adult skeletons was more difficult. The closing of the cranial sutures was not used. The degree of dental attrition, loss of teeth and reabsorption of the alveolar bone, and the increase in the gonial angle were used in conjunction, making the age class of the individual reason- ably certain (Sour, I. and M. Massler, 1941). Catalog Burial Number Number Sex Age Years 12-5824 1 2 males old persons 40-50 12-5825 2 1 female old person 40-50 12-5826 3 1 infant 2-3 12-5827 4 1 male adult 21-45 12-5828 ' 5 1 female adult 21-45 12-5829 6 1 child 6-12 12-5830 7 1 early childhood 6-8 12-5831 8 1 male adult 21-45 12-5832 9 1 female mid - late adult 39-45 12-5833 10 1 male late adult 40-45 12-5834 11 1 male ? adult ? 21-45 12-5836? 12 1 no card 12-5835? 13 1 mid-adolescence 15-18 12-6470 14 1 adult 21-45 12-6471 15 1 female adult 21-45 12-6472 16 1 female, 1? adult and infant 21-45 4-6 12-6473 17 1 male? adult 21-45 12-7565 18 1 ? infant 2 12-7566 19 1 female adult 21-45 12-7567 20 1 female adult 21-45 12-7568 21a 1 male adult 21-45 12-7569 21b 1 ? adolescent 12-21 12-7570 22 1 female late adolescent 19-21 12-7571 23 1 male late adolescent 19-21 12-7572 24 1 male early adult, 21-25 arrow in 1 male ? late adolescence 19-21 pelvis 164 Catalog Number 12-7573 12-7574 12-7575 12-7576 12-7577 12-7578 12-75At7 12-75-9$o 12-7581 12-7582 12-7583 12-7584 12-7585 12-7586 12-7587 12-7588 12-7589 12-7590 12-7591 12-7592 12-7593 12-7594 12-7595 12-7596 12-7597 12-7598 12-7599 12-7600 12-7601 12-7602 12-7603 12-7604 12-7605 12-7606 12-7607 12-7608 12-7609 12-7610 12-7611 12-7612 12-7613 Burial Number 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 33a 33b 33c 33d 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Sex 1 ? 1 male, 1 ? 1 female 1 male 1 female ? 1 ? 1 female 1 ? 1 female 1 male 1 male ? 1 female 1 male, I? 1 female 1 ? 1 ? 1 male 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 female male fema le fema 1 e male ? ? male male f ema Ile female male male male mae male ? f emale male ? female male ? ? ? male mae male male Age late adolescence 2 adults adult young adult early adult old person adult infant (foetal?) old person adult adult (very lage) adult adult, old person old person child adult late adult old person adolescence mid-adolescence infant old person late adolescence infant old person end adolescence adult adolescent old person adult infant adult adult old person adult old person mid-adolescence young child adult infant adult adult Years 19-21 21-45 21-45 21-25 21-28 50 or more 21-45 0 45-50 21-45 21-45 21-45 21-45, 50 or more 50 or more 6 extra tooth in palate 21-45 on loan 45 very large acromegaly 50 or more 18-21 16-18 0-6 45-50 17-21 1 40-50 19-21 21-45 18 50 or more 21-45 fused cer- vical verte- bra 0-6 ' 21-45 21-45 45-50 21-45 45-50 16 6 21-45 4.5-6 21-45 21-45 very small skull lesions - 165 Sex 1 male 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 male 1 ? 1 female 1 male 1 female I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f ema 1le female male ? male ? ? male ? ? male ' ? fmale ? ? fema 1 e ? male male 1 female 1 ? 1 female ? 1 ? 1 female 1 male 1 ? I female 1 ? 1 male ? 1 male 1 male 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? Age adult late adult adult child old person ? child ? adult adult adult Years 21-45 45 21-45 10 50 6-12 ? 21-45 21-45 21-45 early adult early adult infant adult infant child adult adult Infant adult child adult infant child old person old person early adult adult late adult infant mid-adolescence end adolescence adult adult infant old person adult adult old person adult infant adult foetal adult ? adult ? 2 lumbar vertabra fused 21-30 21-25 A <1 21-45 0-6 10 21-45 21-45 0-6 21-45 8-9 21-45 1 6-7 50 or more 45-50 21-25 21-45 generally huge 40-45 1 16-17 19-21 21-45 21-45 0-6 45-50 45 21-45 50 or more 21-45 0-6 21-45 0 Catalog Number 12-7614 12-7615 12-7616 12-7617 12-7618 12-7619 12-7620 12-7621 12-7622 12-7623 12-7624 12-7625 12-7626 12-7627 12-7628 12-7629 12-7630 12-7631 12-7632 12-7633 12-7634 12-7635 12-7636 12-7637 12-7638 12-7639 12-7640 12-7641 12-7642 12-7643 12-7644 12-7645 12-7646 12-7647 12-7648 12-7649 12-7650 12-7651 12-7652 Burial Number 62a 62b 62c 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74a 74b 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 I - - 166 Catalog Burial 1 Number Number S 12-8020 103 1 12-8021 104 1 12-8022 105 1 12-8053 106 1 12-8023 107 1 12-8024 108 1 12-8025 109 1 12-7285 110 1 12-7329 111 1 12-7328 112 1 12-7327 113 1 12-7330 114 1 12-7674 Cremation #1 s 12-7675 Cremation #2 1 12-7676 Cremation #3 1 12-7677 Cremation #4 1 12-7678 Cremation #5 1 ;ex L male ? L ? L male ? L male L female L female L ? L male L female ? 1? L female L female ? L male ? 2? Age adult adult adult ? adult adult adult ? adult 2 adult late adult late adult late adult 3 adults several individuals probably adult L individual probably adult 1 individual adult 1 individual adult? 1 male ? adult APPENDIX D Windmiller Culture Charmstone Typology (Revision of Lillard, Heizer and Fenenga 1939) The typology is shown in Figs. 16-18. A: "Spinner." Normally schist (1 marble). Al: "Full Spinner." Pronounced central bulge; often long; always schist. Ala: Disc-shaped bulge; very flat cross section; usually very long, includes longest Type A specimen. Pecked and asphalted binding groove normal at Sac-107; absent at Sac-168. One notched tip at Sac-107 (relates to C2). T.S. = L16654.* Sec-107. Note: Type E2 (phallic) should be related to Ala. Alb: Reduced bulge; flat oval cross section; length, long to very long. Body on both sides of bulge is narrower than A2. Often lacks binding groove (though may be roughened). Albl: Long to very long, narrow projections above and below bulge; one notched tip at Sac-107. Dominant type at 168; Sac-107 = 2; SJo-56 =1. T.S. = L12560 Sac-107. *T.S. means Type Specimen. Numbers prefixed with L are in the Lillard Collection in Lowie Museum of Anthropology. Numbers prefixed with 1- are LMA catalogue numbers. Years 21-45 21-45 21-45 21-45 21-45 4021-45 40-45 2140-45 21-45 167 Alb2: long, wider projections above and below central bulge. Limited to Sac-107 (3 spec.) T.S. = L16948, Sac-107. A2: "Modified Spinner." Slight bulge; medium to long in length; usually shorter than Al, with broader body on either side of bulge. Always schist. A2a: Slight bulge is still obvious, medium to long in length. A2al: Usually long (two very long); flat oval cross section. Narrow pecked binding groove (often with traces of asphalt) is normal. Common at Sac-168, followed by Sac-107. T.S. = 1-46348, Sac-107. A2a2: Medium; oval cross section. No pecked binding groove. Limited to Sac-107 (fall fragments: 2 = tip, 1 = end). T.S. = 1-46531, Sac-107. A2b: Slight bulge is barely noticeable; broader than A2a. Medium length, shorter than A2al; larger than A2a2. Flat oval cross section. Sac-107 = 6; Sac-158 = 1. T.S. = 1-46524, Sac-107. A3: "Reduced Spinner." Medium to long in length. No central bulge although slight thickening is often apparent. Normally schist. (1 marble). A3a: Extremely long. Unique specimen, of marble, which has the "feeling" of Type A, but may well represent an extremely long Bla3. T.S. = only specimen: 1-133919, Sac-168. A3b: Long, relatively narrow. Flat oval to oval cross section. Sac-107 = 5; Sac-168 =1. T.S. = L 12526A, Sac-107. A3c: Medium length, relatively broad; very flat cross section; tip may be grooved (1-133943, Sac-168). Sac-107 = 4; Sac-168 = 2. T. S. = L12557A, Sac-107. A4: "Incipient Spinner." A4a: Medium length, bare trace of central bulge, pointed end (shared with A5). Oval cross section. Schist. Single speci- men = 1-46322. Sac-107. A4b: Medium length, slight but definite central bulge; probably pointed end. Perforation placed extremely far from tip (relates to Type C). Oval cross section. Schist. Single specimen = 1-46235, Sac-107. A5: "Pencil." Medium length, pointed end, notched tip (relates to C2). Oval cross section. Variant schist. Single specimen = 1-73408, SJo-68. B. This group is not an historical assemblage, and must eventually be revised. Bla probably represents 2 traditions: one = Blb, and the other is a valid group (including A3a) derived perhaps from Type C or Type B2 (which belongs with Type A). Blb probably represents a long-lived tradition, with possible sequence: Blbl, Blb2 (with the long Blal type), Blb3, B6, (?B7). B2 probably belongs in the A group (between present A3 and A4). It is a valid type. B3 is a valid type; may be distinct invention, a foreign type, or B2 derivative. 168 B4 is a valid type, but probably belongs in revised Bla group - related to the medium Blal's and Bla2. B5 is merely a descriptive category for all miniatures. B6 and probably B7 may be final Windmiller variants of Blb3. Bla: Dominant type at SJo-56. While Bulletin 2 shows the cross section as round, the specimens vary from round to flattened oval. Length also is extremely variable, medium to long. Normally made of marble, but rare specimens of diorite and schist occur. The single Bulletin 2 sub-type has been divided into 3 types, but Blal, in fact the whole Bla, B2, A3c complex needs further revision. Blal: Very long to medium; narrow relative to other Bla types. Always round cross section. Tips and ends always flattened. One notched tip. Normally marble; 1 diorite. Dominant type at SJo-56 (6 specimens). Occurs throughout SJo-56 E, with 1 occurrence in 56 D. Also 1 occurrence (medium) at Sac-168. T. S. (long) = L19161, SJo-56 (may be shifted to Blb variant). T. S. (medium) = L19213, SJo-56. (See B5a for possible miniature.) Bla2: Medium length, 1 short. Oval cross section. Tip normally flat, ends flat to round. Normally marble. Broader than Blal. May be derived from Type C. Type B4b may be merely a small variant of this type. SJo-56 = 4; Sac-168 =1 (smallest). T.S. = L19267, SJo-56. Bla3: Medium to short. Widest and flattest of Bla, but still oval cross section. Tips and end usually flattened. Normally alabaster, but schist specimens occur at Sac-168 and Sac-107. Type B2 and A3c may also be variants of this type. SJo-56 = 1; SJo-68 = 1; Sac-107 = 1; Sac-168 = 2. T.S. = L19266, SJo-56. Blb: "Biconical." Straight to concave sides (rarely convex in contrast to Bla) with distinct angularity at midpoint (often a distinct shoulder in Blb3) in contrast to Bla. Blbl: "Pointed Biconical." Very long and narrow relative to other Blb's. Distinguish- ing traits include both the pointed (or narrow round) end, and the perforation placed far from tip. The central bulge is rounded - never shouldered (Blbl is the least "biconical" of the group). Always round cross section. Tip flattened. Varied materials (schist, rhyolite). 3 specimens: Sac-107 = 1 T.S. = L16656 SJo-68 = 1 T.S. = 1-73455 Reused Sac-46 = 1 groove after tip broke. Blb2: "Long Biconical." Concave to straight sides, with distinct angularity at mid- point. Perforation shifts close t to tip, unlike Blbl but 169 similar to Blb3. End flattened. Always round cross section. All specimens are mottled serpentine. 4 specimens limited to Sac-168. T.S. = 1-133923. Blb3: "Short Biconical." Straight to concave sides with distinct shoulder at midpoint. Always medium to short relative to Blb2. Normally round cross section. (Defects may be left unground on one side in order to achieve this, rather than produce an oval cross section by complete grinding). Tip flattened, end flattened or rounded. Variable materials: mottled limestone and gabbro most common; also black schist, sandstone. (Never marble or blue schist.) 30 specimens - excellent horizon marker for Late Windmiller. Sac-107 = 12 SJo-68 = 8 T.S. = 1-55329 Sac-168 = 7 SJo-142B = 2 SJo-56D = 1 Type B5a may represent a miniature of this type (or, less likely, Blal). (Speculation: progressive change in a single historical type may be represented, with Blbl ancestral to Blb2 which may be ancestral to Blb3 (C1 is an alternative for the latter). B6 and possibly B7 may be derived from Blb3. B2: "Lenticular." (1 medium length) Usually short with flattened oval cross section. Widest at mid- point (face view) - broad, squat shape in contrast to the elongate shape of Bla and the narrow bipoint of C. Tip rounded (rarely flattened). End rounded. Occasional pecked binding groove relates type to A, where it probably belongs. Usually blue schist (rare igneous and metamorphic; no marble specimens). Common at Sac-107, where it lasts through several phases. T.S. = L16285. Sac-168 = 1. (This type plus a single E2, are the only Delta types found in the Berkeley phase variant of the Windmiller tradition on San Francisco Bay at Ala-307). B3: "Diamond." Always short, (65-118 mm) with more marked angularity at the mid- point (face-view) than in B2. Also distinguished from B2 by the thick, rectanguloid cross section. Sides straight to convex. Tips and ends usually flattened (rarely rounded). Of 10 specimens, 9 are of dunite (veined serpentine); 2 from Sac-107 are of speckled serpentine. Total: 11; Sac-107 = 10 T. S. = L16280 Unperforated (probably unfinished; 2 have incipient perforations). SJo-68 =1 T.S. = 1-55324 perforated. Good horizon marker for late Windmiller; found with Blb3 at Sac-107 and SJo-68. B4: (Probably a small variant of "Elongate" Bla.) Small, short (83-115 mm); elongate shape with convex sides; relatively narrower than Bla, lacking the marked mid-point width of Bla3. Tip flatten- ed. End flattened, round or pointed. Total of 5 specimens, all of marble. 170 B4a: Round cross section. Total of 3: Sac-107=1, Sac-168=1, T.S.=1-133945, SJo-142=1. B4b: Oval cross section. Total of 2: SJo-68=1, SJo-56D=-, T.S. = L19271. Both B4a and B4b are good late Windmiller horizon markers.The variable cross-section has no temporal significance. B4: "Miniature." (28-56 mm. long). Heterogeneous group sharing only their very small size. It is probable that they are miniatures of larger types, but their shapes are too indistinct to be certain of the larger type, hence they are lumped together. Slender, elongate shape with little thickness at the mid-section. Tip may be pointed or flattened; end usually pointed. Variable materials: 3 marble, 3 soapstone, (1 from Ala-307 on San Francisco Bay is schist). B5a: Round cross section; tip pointed. (28, 33 mm. long). Total of 3 specimens from 1 burial at SJo-56D. T.S. = L19254. Shape is that of C1 (absent from SJo-56). If pointed tip and end are ignored, specimens could be miniature Blb3 or Blal. B5b: Oval cross section. Shape is closest to B4b, followed by Bla3. Flat tip, pointed ends. Length between 28 and 56 mm. All 3 specimens are marble. SJo-68 =2, T.S.= 1-73450, SJo-56 =1, T.S. = L 19169. Both variants are good horizon markers for Late Windmiller; there are suggestions of two subphases, and SJo-68 B5b specimen would be earlier than the remaining 5 specimens. B5c: One specimen from Ala-307, Alameda province on San Francisco Bay, has a round cross section, biconical shape with flattened ends resembling an exaggerated Blb3 (absent at Ala-307) made of local schist. Not illustrated; included merely to indi- cate that miniatures are limited to the Delta (as well as to indicate the problem of identifying the larger form intended.) B6: "Bulbous." Short (75-85 mm.), fat; convex sides with maximum thickness at mid-point. Lacks the marked angularity of Blb. Shaping is less carefully done than Blb, so the normally round cross section is slightly asymmetrical. Grinding facets may remain. Tip and end slightly flattened. Perforation close to tip. Asymmetry and flattened end and tip distinguish type from Clc. Variable materials: mottled serpentine, micro-crystalline stone. Possibly derived from Blb3. Total of 3: SJo-112 =1 T.S. = Marino Col., Olsen and Wilson, 1964, Fig. 5c. Sac-107 =1 unassociated specimen (misidentified as Type Bla). Horizon marker for Terminal Windmiller. B7: "Off-center." Medium sized (119, 126, 134 mm. long); convex sides with maximum thickness toward the perforated tip rather than mid- point. Angularity not pronounced. Shaping often careless, with tendency to asymmetry. Tip and end usually flattened. Variable placement of perforation, but placed relatively close to tip. Variable material: marble, mottled serpentine, fine-grained-granite. Possibly derived from Blb3. Total of 3 found with 1 burial at SJo-112. T.S. = Marino Coll, Olsen and Wilson, 171 1964, Fig. 5b (Misidentified as type Bla). Horizon marker for Terminal Windmiller. C: "Bipointed." Short to medium length (79-165 mm; 1 long = 180 mm). Sides convex with no trace of angularity (except Cld). Round through oval to flattened oval cr cs section. Termed "bipointed" because tips and ends are usually much na rower than Blb. While ends are often pointed, both rounded and slightly flattened variants occur. Tips are usually flattened in the plain variant, or have notches or grooves diagnostic of their type. Placement of perfor- ation is variable, but is usually far from the tip in the longer specimens. Variable material, with emphasis on softer minerals (esp. marble and clay- stone; also mottled and special serpentines, rarely gabbro; never blue schist). Most of this group, dominant at SJo-68, is clearly a related assemblage and can be divided into three types on the basis of tip treat- ment: plain (1), notched (2) and grooved (3). Two additional types, channeled (4) and beveled (5) have been included but are less clearly part of the assemblage, as discussed under each type below. When the length of the SJo-68 measurable specimens of types Cl-C3 are plotted, a tri-modal curve results having no relationship to the 6-fold division presented for all charmstones. Available data suggest temporal differences are reflected in some instances, so the following special length divisions represent subtypes within C1, C2 and C3. (Too few speci- mens of C4 and C5 exist to merit this division, and other shape factors will be used for C4 divisions). C1, C2, C3 sybtypes based on length: A: long: 180-136 mm. B: medium: 103-111 mm. C: short: 100-79 mm. D: medium: 111-132 mm. Relative width increases as length decreases in all 3 types (in contrast to Bla and B4). Type C1 has a fourth shape division absent in other types. CI: "Plain Bipointed." Simple tip; occasional specimens in all three size groups may have a narrow, beveled strip running between the tip and perforation on both faces (never found in Blb). Placement of perforation varies by size group. Tip flattened. End pointed or slightly flattened (always narrower than in Blb). Nearly round cross section. Width and thickness usually vary by 3 to 5 cm. (except Clc, Cid, which are usually round). Cl thus varies from C2 and C3 which usually have oval cross sections. Convex sides (except Cld) distinguish type from Blb3. Variable materials. Cla: Long (137-159 mm., average 150). Nearly round cross section in contrast to C2a, C3a. Perforation placed at intermediate distance from tip relative to C2a, C3a (far from tip) and Blb3 (close to tip). End pointed (3 specimens 172 or slightly flattened (1 specimen). Distinguished from Blb3 by length, convex sides, perforation placement, cross section, narrower tip and end, and beveled tips (2). Variable material: 2 mottled serpentine (1 may be gabbro), 1 special serpentine, 1 greenish-black schist. Total of 4: SJo-68 = 4 T.S. = 1-73466 Possible horizon marker for earlier subphase of Late Wind- miller. Clb: Medium (Sjo-68 = 103-106, average 104 (3 spec.) Sac-168 = 125) Nearly round cross section. Perforation placed close to tip in contrast to C2b, C3b. End flattened (4) or pointed (1). Tip flattened. One has beveled strip and another has traces of asphalt running between perforation and tip. Distinguished from Blb3 by convex sides and cross section. Variable material: SJo-68 = 3 mottled serpentine; Sac-168 = 2 andesite ? Total of 7: SJo-68 = 3 T.S. = 1-73467 Sac-168 = 2 (1 uncertain fragment) Sac-46 = 2 (132 mm. long, 133 mm. long) Possible horizon marker for earlier subphase of Late Windmiller. Probable ancestor of Blb3 (if latter is not merely a reduced variant of Blb2). Clc: Short (83-93 mm. average 88 mm.4 spec. with Sac-46: 81-93 mm, average 87 mm.5spec. Oval to round cross section. Perforation placed close to tip. One specimen has incipient perforation (Sac-107). End pointed. Tip flattened or pointed; one has beveled strip between perforation and tip (SJo-68). Distin- guished from B6 by pointed end and better finish (fully symmet- rical). Variable material: 2 mottled serpentine (SJo-68, Sac- 107); 1 gabbro (Sac-168); 1 granite (Sac-107). 1 unknown Sac-46). Total of 4: SJo-68 = 1 T.S. = 1-73453 Sac-168= 1 T.S. = 1-165085 Sac-107= 2 Total = 5 with Sac-45 (-1) Horizon marker for late subphase of Early Windmiller. Cid: Medium (111-132 mm, average 122 mm). Nearly round cross section far from tip in 3 specimens, and perforation placed close to tip in 1. End flattened (3) or pointed (1). Tip flattened. One has beveled strip and 2 have aspdflt traces running vertically from perforation to tip. All have a mid- point angularity suggestive of (though not as developed as) Blb3. This type, all found with a single burial at SJo-68, has traits suggestive of the transition from Cla-b (hole placement, narrower or pointed ends) and Blb3 (mid-point angularity, near round cross section, hole placement); however, this burial is stratigraphi- cally older than those with either Cla, or Clb (and much older than Blb3), so the group must be considered an anomaly at present. Material: all mottled serpentine (2 may approach granite). Total of 4 from 1 burial at SJo-68. T.S. = 1-73446 (others have hole placement farther from tip). 173 Unless there is something peculiar about the interment of burial 67, the type is Early Windmiller, late subphase. C2: Same as C1 except for notched tip. C2a: Long (140-149 mm, average 145 mm. 5 specs.) Oval to round cross section. Perforation placed far from tip (often extremely so, as with C3a). End flattened (4) to pointed (1). Tip notched or nicked. Convex sides. Variable material: 2 marble, 2 burned serpentine, 1 greenish-gray schist (like Sac-168 Bla3). Total of 5: SJo-68 = 5 T.S. = 1-73430. Horizon marker for late subphase of Early Windmiller. C2c: Short (85-99 mm, average 90 mm. 5 specs)Oval cross sec. Variable perforation placement; far from or close to tip. End pointed to flattened. Notched tip (usually only nicked). Convex sides. Variable material: 2 serpentine (burned); 1 claystone; 1 granite; 1 unknown. Total of 5 specimens: SJo-68 = 5 T.S. = 1-73457. Horizon marker for late subphase of Early Windmiller. C3: Grooved tip . Perforation usually placed far from tip(Lsually extremely so; relatively close in 1 C3b and 1 C3c). Pointed ends. Usually oval cross section (rarely round). Convex sides. C3a: Long (147-180 mm, average 160 mm. 4 specs.)Oval (4) to nearly round (1) cross section. Total of 5: SJo-68 = 3 T.S. = 1-73409. Sac-107 = 2 (1 + 1). Variable material: 3 marble, 1 mottled serpentine; 1 claystone. Horizon marker for late subphase of Early Windmiller. C3b: Medium (108-128 mm, average 118 mm. 8 specs.) Oval cross section (1 round). Variable material: 3 claystone, 2 serpen- tine (1 burned), single examples of marble, sandstone, diorite(?), and metamorphic. Total of 9: SJo-68 = 9 T.S.= 1-73414 Probable horizon marker for early subphase of Early Windmiller. C3c: Short (79-95 mm, average 90 mm . 3 specs) Oval cross section. Variable material: 2 marble (Sac-107); 1 serpentine (burned; SJo-68). Total of 3: Sac-107 = 2 T.S. = 1-46462 SJo-68 = 1 Probable horizon marker for early subphase of Early Windmiller. C4: "Channeled" Diagnostic trait is narrow, shallow channel which encircles the charmstone longitudinally. While the perforated specimens (type C4a) probably form an historical type, the unperforated group does not (some specimens are earlier in the Oak Grove Tradition of Santa Barbara; most are later, being typical of the Cosumnes Tradition) Too few specimens exist to know whether the special 3-fold size dis- tinctions proposed for the C1-C3 group also apply to C4. In the following description, the general charmstone size categories have 174 been used, and the a, b distinctions are based on the configuration of the sides. C4a: "Convex channeled." Convex sides. C4al: Medium length (127 nm.) round cross section. Bipointed, with notched tip and end. The single specimen is unper- forated, with 2 unsuccessful attempts at perforation far from the tip. Material: sandstone. Total of 1: SJo-68 = 1 T.S. = 1-73407. Probable horizon marker for early subphase of Early Windmiller. C4a2: Short length (111 mm) oval cross section. Notched tip and end, less bipointed than C4al. Perforation placed close to tip. Material: translucent marble. Total of 1: Sac-107 = 1. T.S. = 1-46281. Probable horizon marker for early subphase of Early Windmiller. C4b: "Bulging channeled". Short length (85 mm.) oval cross section. Unperforated. Distinct bulge at mid-point in contrast to convex sides of C4a. Notched tip and end. Material: vesicular basalt. Total of 1: Sac-107 = +1. T.S. = L12552A. Probably falls in the transition between the Windmiller and Cosumnes traditions. May represent foreign influence rather than continuity from C4a. C5: "Beveled" (possib ly unrelated to C assemblage; may be shifted to D). Short (87-103 mm. average 95 mm. 2 spec.) Round cross section. Per- foration variable; one specimen was originally perforated and was reworked after breakage through perforation, including an attempted redrilling; other specimen unperforated. Notched tip. Beveled tip: short triangular section flattened to channeled at tip on both faces. Flattened end, convex sides. Variable material: 1 granite; 1 mottled serpentine. Total of 2: Sac-107 = +2. T.S. = L12550A. May be horizon marker for transition between Windmiller and Consumnes traditions. Assemblage D Miscellaneous group of unrelated types. D will serve as catch-all for all unique and rare types which have no obvious relationship to other types. D1, D2 (and D8 ? D9 ?) might form a related group. D4 perhaps belongs in group E. D7 might represent a reworked type Bla. The remainder are unique at present. DI: "Pear." Very short to short length (46-84 mm, average 64 mm. 3 spec.) Oval to round cross section. Perforated; 1 redrilled after breakage through perforation. Broad to narrow pear shape. Rounded end. Tips missing (probably flattened). Variable material. May represent horizon marker for Terminal Windmiller into transition to Cosumnes. (Shape is too simple to emphasize, but similar forms are the dominant charmstones of the Berkeley and Patterson phases on San Francisco Bay.) Dla: "Broad pear." Very short (61 mm.) Oval cross section. Broad relative to length. Material: flaky green serpentine (see D4). 175 Total: 1 Sac-107 T.S. = L16956. Dating: Terminal Windmiller (earliest of type D1). Dlb: "Narrow pear.'" Very short to short (46-84 mm., average 68 mm. 2 specs). Oval to round cross section. Narrow width relative to length. Variable materials: marble (SJo-112); gray schist? (Sac-28). Total of 2: SJo-112 =1 T.S. = Marino Coll., Olsen and Wilson, 1964, Fig. 5f. Sac-28D =1 T.S. = 1-98245. Possible horizon marker for Terminal Wind- miller and Windmiller-Cosumnes transition. D2: "Drop." Very short (44 mm.) Oval cross section. Very broad body with narrow tip. Perforation close to tip. Rounded end and tip. Material: black steatite (unique material). Total of 1: SJo-56 = 1 T.S. = L19228. Dating: Terminal Windmiller. D3: "Triangular." Short (100 mm.) Rhomboidal cross section (hence specimen is not a reworked type A3). Triangular shape, with flatten- ed tip and end. Gently convex sides. Material: blue schist (identical to that of Types A, B2). Total of 1: Sac-107 = 1 T.S. = L16303. Dating: Middle Windmiller. D4: "Pendant." Short (69 mm.) Round cross section. Narrow cylindrical tip enlarging to bulbous end. Possibly phallic (type E). Unper- forated. Material: flaky green serpentine (see Type Dla). Total of 1: Sac-107 = +1. T.S. = 1-46579. Dating: possibly Windmiller- Cosumnes transition. D5: "Pestle." Extremely long (longest of all charmstones): 370 mm. Oval cross section. Outline shape is very long isosceles triangle. Unperforated. Material and associations suggest that this was a functional charmstone (it definitely was not a functional pestle). It has a polished finish and therefore it is not likely that it represents raw material for a type A charmstone. Material: blue schist (identical to Types A, B2, D3). Total of 1: Sac-107 = 1. T.S. = L16668. Dating: Middle Windmiller. D6: "Shield." Short (92 mm.) Flat oval cross section. Oval body tapers sharply to short round tip. Unperforated. Shallow central groove runs longitudinally along most of one face. Made from large pebble (cf. D9); face ground, but "back" is that of unmodified waterworn pebble. Material: sandstone. Total of 1: Sac-107 = +1. T.S. = L15069. Dating: possibly Windmiller-Cosumnes transition. D7: "Club." Medium length (158 mm.) Oval cross section. Narrow, elongate truncated shape; convex sides, flattened tip and end. Unperforated; double grooves encircle tip end horizontally. (Speci- men might represent an extensively reworked Bla2 specimen which broke). Material: marble. Total of 1: SJo-56 =1. T.S. = L19168. Dating: Late Windmiller. D8: "Teardrop." Short (69 mm.) Round cross section. Simple teardrop shape; convex sides; end slightly flattened; tip probably pointed. Unperforated (perhaps because of material). Material: quartz crystal; completely ground; coated with asphalt. Total of 1: SJo-68 =1. T.S. = 1-49069. Dating: Late Windmiller. 176 D9: "Pebble." Very short (39 mm.) Oval cross section. Pyriform shape; oval body with slightly constricted tip. Round tip and end. Body is unmodified waterworn pebble (cf. D6); tip has been shaped by careful pecking. Material: quartzite. Total of 1: SJo-68 = 1. T.S. = 1-55341. Dating: Terminal Windmiller. D10: "Propeller." Medium length (167 mm.) Oval cross section. Central bulge with symmetrical pointed appendages on each side. Central perforation extremely large. Probably mounted on handle rather than suspended. Material: granite. Total of 1: Woodbridge = +1. T.S. = 1-56150. Dating: uncertain, but perforation suggests relation- ship with "doughnut stones" and "tcogstones" so this may be the earliest of all Windmiller charmstones. At present there is little to suggest that DO10 is stimulus for shape of Type A; details of form as well as the nature of suspension seem totally distinct. E: "Phallic." This group probably forms an historical assemblae, ,with three distinct types. El: "Simple Phallic." Medium (147, 165 mm.) to long (180, 188 mm.); aver- age medium 170 mm. Oval cross section (1 round). Central shaft slightly expanded at mid-point; symmetrical bulging tip and end. Tip bulge longitudinally grooved (ground), with notch. Simple end rounded. Perforated and unperforated: 1 specimen (Sac-168) has per- foration just below tip bulge; the complete specimen from Sac-107 is unperforated. Two end fragments. Variable materials: 2 micaceous schist; 1 blue schist, 1 rhyolitic tuff. Total of 4: Sac-107 = 2 T.S. = 1-46529 Sac-168 = 1 (+1) SJo-142 = 1 (+) T.S. = 1-48808 Dating: Middle Windmiller: probably later than E2. E2: "Spinner Phallic." Basic shape with central bulge relates to type Al. E2a: "Flanged." Short (101 mm.) through medium (170 mm.) to long (194 mm.) Oval cross section. Central shaft has disc-shaped or reduced bulge centered around mid-point. Symmetrical tip and end expand to flange which is equal to or wider than central bulge. Tip notched, with pecked groove extending longitudinally through flange. Simple end rounded or flattened. Always perforated below flange, far from tip. Uniform material: blue schist. Total of 4: Sac-107 = 2 T.S. L11734 L16302 Sac-168 =+2 Dating: Middle Windmiller; probably earlier than El. E2b: "Unflanged." Medium (158 mm.) Oval cross section. Bulging central shaft. Symmetrical tip and end expanded without ridged flange of E2a. Tip notched, with longitudinal pecked groove. Simple rounded end. Perforated below expanded tip. Material: blue schist. Total of 1: Rio Vista. T.S. = SIM (see Heizer, 1949: Fig. lOc). Dating: probably Middle Windmiller, contempor- aneous with E2a. 177 E3: "Round Phallic." Short (76 mm.) Round cross section. Natural- istic head of penis. Unperforated: smaller and grooved horizon- tally. Material: marble. Total of 1: SJo-56 = 1. T.S. = L19226. Dating: Terminal Windmiller. Assemblage F: Maul-like charmstones which probably represent related histor- ical types. Short. Unperforated. Fl: "Barrel." Short (76 mm.) Round cross section. Nearly cylindrical; flat tip and end. Single horizontal encircling groove - narrow. Material: marble. Total of 1: Sac-107 = +1 T.S. = 1-86886. Dating: Probably Windmiller-Cosumnes Transition. F2: "Bottle." Short (91 95 mm.) Near-round cross section. Expanded body with constricted neck (for binding) and slightly expanded tip. Tip end flattened. Material: 1 marble; 1 unknown. Total of 2: Sac-28D = 1 T.S. = 1-98250 Sac-46 = 1 Dating: Windmiller-Cosumnes Transition. F3: "Nail." Short (102 mm.) Round cross section. Oval body (rounded end) separated from mushroom-shaped tip by very wide horizontal groove which encircles specimen. Material: granite. Total of 1: Sac-28D = 1. T.S. = 1-98244. Dating: Windmiller-Cosumnes Trans- ition. Endnotes 1) The Hathaway collection forms the body of the State Indian Exhibit at Sutter's Fort, Sacramento. 2) Richard Van Valkenburg, a student of J. P. Harrington,had previously excavated skeletal material from Southern California sites for Dr. Roy L. Moodie (1929), a Southern California physician interested in the pathology of early California Indians and A. Woodward of the Los Angeles County Museim. 3) Sac-107 is the only site on record containing the three major cultural components identified for this region. Between 1935 and 1937, Sacramento Junior College recovered over 200 burials from Sac-107. The field crews were financed by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the National Youth Administration. 4) It is now recognized that the "Intermediate" period at sites Sac-107, Sac-126, and Sac-127 was actually a mixture of the "Late" and "Transitional" periods mentioned above. 5) R. F. Heizer, R. K. Beardsley and F. Fenenga were the main contributors to these talks. 6) Fergusson and Libby, 1964:320; Treganza and Malamud, 1950; Heizer, 1967; Heizer, pers. comm., regarding the 8,000 B.P. dates on Buena Vista Lake archaeological deposits. 178 7) The Middle Horizon tradition was actually first described from the San Francisco Bay site, Emeryville, by Uhle (1907). The tradition was first recognized at Morse Mound (Sac-66) in 1937 but the Sacramento Junior College Bulletin No. 2 report is inadequate to serve as a type description. It may be advisable to change the name to Morse or Emeryville Culture after more complete analysis of the collections from the two sites. 8) I owe special thanks to Dr. James Bennyhoff for his help and guidance during the preparation of this chapter. 9) Artifacts in the University of California Lowie Museum of Anthropology are catalogued from 1-133681 to 1-134056; 1-134101; 1-34126-1-134140; 1-165093-1-165170; 1-171669-1-171682; 1-171770; 1-171801. 10) At least one burial (assigned the letter C) probably represents early Phase 2 (A and B would be late Phase 2) because the small magnesite disc and thin- lipped Olivella beads are early Phase 2 markers. (Table 1 looks misleading because Burials 1 and 6A also have "thin-lipped"; however, the thin-lipped type actually has two subtypes--the late ones (burials 1, 6A) are all oval thin-lipped while the early ones are round thin-lipped (Bennyhoff, pers. comm. 1967). 11) Hereafter referred to as UCAS. The UCAS was established in 1948 and in 1960 was abolished and succeeded by the Archaeological Research Facility of the Department of Anthropology (ARF). 12) . . . near the axis of the Great Valley under some of the islands west of Lodi, where the land has been reclaimed from sea level marshes, the peat attains a thickness of more than fifty feet. Such a condition indicates that the historic environment of sedimentation has prevailed for many cen- turies and that the tidal flats in the axis of the trough have subsided continuously in that period, for tules do not grow in water much more than 10 or 15 feet deep, and the accumulation of a foot of peat is conservatively estimated to require about 75 years (Stearns, 1930:32). 13) Increased rainfall probably marked the end of the Altithermal (at approxi- mately 2500-2000 B.C.), causing flooding of rivers. Inhabitants may have abandoned the site at this point. Antevs (1950) gives probable rainfall figures for this period (cf. Baumhoff and Heizer, 1965). 14) In ancient mounds [in the Central Valley of California] a zone of visible concentration of CaCO3 can be noted in the upper half of the profiles, and another one close to the bottom, when the submound soil is less permeable. This is due to a redistribution of CaCO3 (in the form Ca(HCO3) which moves upward during most of the year, the evaporation being stronger than the pre- cipitation, and moves downward during the short rainy seasons. In the oldest mounds such redistribution is almost entirely complete. A carbonate calcar- eous hardpan is formed at a depth of 1 or 2 feet, while on the bottom of the mounds no concentration of CaCO3 can be found, being entirely washed out by the seasonal oscillation of watertable, and, perhaps to a lesser extent, by the percolating waters of the rainy seasons (Setzer, 1947:80). 179 Although the parent material which is fluviatile alluvium, cannot be considered as calcareous sediment, the high carbonate content of the mounds has a tendency to concentrate with time into a calcareous hardpan near to the surface, at a depth established by the downward push of the biotic factor. High CaCO3 content is probably due to the fixation of Ca from burned wood, plant and animal residues [and shell], while K an Na carbonates were leached (Setzer, 1947:67; cf. Cook and Heizer, 1962:13-16; 1965:20). 15) Tamers and Pearson (1965) argue that radiocarbon bone dates even on burned bone are usually between one and two thousand years too young. 16) In this report, Dawson's finds are treated as a separate unit. Twenty- four years separate this first reported excavation and the major Univer- sity of California excavation in 1947. Numerous changes in archaeological technique took place during this time, rendering the data incomparable. However, one must admire Dawson's excavation recording techniques. He did an excellent job of recording artifact locations and associations. He catalogued and described every artifact, and retained everything except skeletal material' which he reburied. Because the author has been unable to recheck the skeletal material, Dawson's sex and age determinations have been ignored. Vertical and rough horizontal provenience, drawing and the exact measurements of each artifact were made by Dawson. All association between artifacts and between the artifacts and skeletal material are recorded. In these pages, Dawson's material is used pri- marily to corroborate or to contrast with the results from the more recent and complete University of California excavations. 17) Heizer is in error in reporting the excavation as taking place in 1921 (1949:7). 18) Unlocated pits probably come from near the center of the mound. Pit 1 1937 excavation, perhaps Pit A on the original site map (F-J/N2), contains burial nos. 1-4 ( cf. site map); Treganza's Pit A, somewhere on the west- ern edge of the mound, contains burial no. 10; Pit C, on the eastern edge of the mound, contains burial nos. 111, 112, and 113; Pit B lies on the central-southern edges; Burial nos. 14, 15, 16 and 17 come from an un- located pit dug in 1941. 19) In short-period occupation sites, this could easily happen; it occurred in the Aleutians at Nikolski from 1952 to 1962, where only one or two infants were born and died in the entire ten-year period (Turner, pers. comm., 1966). 20) Hereafter referred to as S.J.C., Bull. 2. 21) Grave lot no. 24 at 30 inches below the surface may have contained another charmstone (Dawson's fieldnotes). 22) Bennyhoff considers charmstone type D1O the oldest Windmiller charmstone probably due to its resemblance of "doughnut stones" and "cogstones." The single specimen of this type, found at Woodbridge, California, has no stratigraphic provenience. It is morphologically identical to the un- 180 named groundstone object from Cougar Mountain Cave, Oregon (Cowles, 1959), which is also apparently quite old. In this case the original function may have been a digging stick weight and/or warclub head. 23) Asphaltum, traces of which occurred on many charmstones, is found in many localities in Southern California (Heizer and Treganza, 1944:332). In Central California, Marin County's Duxbury Point is a well-known asphaltum locality. The use of this seep was inferred by Schenck (1926:212); and by Heizer and Treganza (1944:333). In the Central Valley, seeps lie west and south of Buena Vista Lake and in the vicinity of Maricopa and Hazelton, Kern County (Wedel, 1941:37-38; Heizer and Treganza, 1944:333). 24) Assuming random distribution, the probability that points and charmstones would appear in the same male interment is calculated by multiplying: Males with points Males with charmstones X = Probability Males with artifacts Males with artifacts or 18 11 198 22 I- 1/5 30 X 30 = 900 100 The actual number of male graves with points and charmstones is four out of thirty (e-%.11/7). Probability of both 25) burials with beads X burials with points = beads and points burials with artifacts burials with artifacts in the same grave 60 X 61 = 3660 Gu 25 127 127 16129 100 26) Hematite was mined by the Sierra Miwok Indians from a mountain between Lake Eleanor and Cherry River called Voloamu (Barrett and Gifford, 1933:244; Heizer and Treganza, 1944:309-310). 27) Asphaltum was obtained by Bay Area Indians from Duxbury Point in Marin County (Schenck 1926:212), and in the Valley from Buena Vista Lake in the vicinity of Maricopa and Hazelton, Kern County (Heizer and Treganza, 1944: 332-333). 28) Log Population = 1/2 log of the area of the mound in square meters. Log P = 1/2 log 987 P =,*31.4 1.49725 = 1/2 x 2.9943 The method of estimating population suggested by Howells based on an average death rate (1960:170) is not applicable given the probable inter- mittent nature of SJo-68's occupation. 29) Serpentine and g bbro deposits exist in a narrow outcrop along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains (H.Williams, 1966, pers. comm.). The strongly ferruginous mudstone is found fairly close to SJo-68 in the Ione formations of the northern and central coast ranges (Victor Allen, 1929). 181 30) SJo-56 appears to be the youngest of the Windmiller communities because of the large number of shell, stone, and bone artifact types in its assemblage similar to those from Cosumnes Culture components. Various soil and bone chemistry analyses also tend to support a young age for the site, although these same tests contradict the contemporaneous- ness of SJo-56 and SJo-142 (Heizer and Cook, 1949; Setzer, 1947). The possibility that SJo-142 contains only a cemetery, and hence no habi- tation midden, mayaccount for the difference in soil chemistry. 31) The SJo-68B component appears to contain fewer artifact types which con- tinue into the Cosumnes components. The lack of more recent forms of artifacts and SJo-68B's stratigraphic position below a younger and dis- tinct Windmiller component support its early position in the sequence. 32) See Chapter I. Comparative bone chemistry yields results of limited reliability between sites, and archaeologists have never deliberately attempted to distinguish between Windmiller sites using matrix analysis. Belous orders the sites: SJo-56, Sac-107C, SJo-142, SJo-68, from oldest to youngest. Dempsey and Baumhoff (1963:508, Table 5) place Sac-107C oldest, followed by SJo-142, SJo-68, and SJo-56. Heizer (1949) reaches still another arrangement by scanning the assemblages from the sites; he lists SJo-142 as the oldest, followed by Sac-107C, SJo-56 and SJo-68. Setzer (1957) places SJo-142 oldest, followed by Sac-107C and SJo-68. This paper orders the sites as follows, from oldest to youngest: SJo-68B, Sac-107C, Sac-168B, SJo-68A, SJo-56, and SJo-142. 33) Shell fragments occur in cremation no. 3 in SJo-68B. Only part of the obsidian points found in several cremations in SJo-68, SJo-142 and one cremation in Sac-107C are altered by heat. 34) Spencer and Jennings (1965) mention the use of small grooved clay balls or pellets by historic California Indians as slingstones for hunting water birds (cf. Cressman, 1960). 35) In general, fewer Cosumnesthan Windmiller graves contain artifacts (Heizer, 1949; Heizer and Fenenga, 1939; Heizer and Cook, 1949). 36) This shift to smaller points suggests a change in emphasis, possibly in the size or kinds of game exploited, with perhaps greater emphasis on fishing (Fenenga, 1953). Weights of Chipped Stone. Early [Windmiller] and Middle [Cosumnes] Horizons (Cultures). (Fenenga, 1953:314, Fig. 1). Weight in grams Site 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617 18192020+ (Sac-99) Deterding 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 (Sac-66) Morse 1 2 3 3 4 3 1 3 2 2 4 1 1 10 (Sac-60) Hicks 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 182 Weight in grams (cont'd) Site 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20+ (Sac-43) Brazil 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 13 (Sac-151) Need 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 (SJo-56) Phelps 1 6 6 6 5 9 4 1 3 5 3 1 4 3 5 (SJo-68) Blossom 2 7 3 3 2 4 2 2 1 4 2 1 4 1 1 4 (Sac-107C) Windmiller 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 11 (SJo-142) McGillvray 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 37) A series of radiocarbon dates on bone collagen, run by Isotopes Inc., and Geochron Laboratories, substantiated the above order. Bone from SJo-142 burial nos. 15 and 16 (cat. nos. 12-5676, 12-5677) and SJo-56 burial no. 53 (cat. no. 12-7016) yield the youngest dates. The Geochron date for SJo-142 is considerably older than the one completed by Isotopes Inc. Considering the similarity between artifact assemblages from SJo-142 and SJo-56, the author is inclined to accept the Isotope date. Sac-107C burial nos. 27 and C8 (cat. nos. 12-5616, 12-5595) yield dates two to five hundred years older, while SJo-68, burial no. 23 (cat. no. 12-7571) is still older (cf. Chapter V). 38) The author has listed the evidence for cultural contact below in the order of its reliability: (1) trade items--Pacific Coast shell beads and specific raw materials; (2) stylistic similarities between projectile points, ground and polished stone charmstones, basketry, bone and grinding implements; (3) mortuary practices--the use of quartz crystals, canid, beaver and/or bear jaws and teeth, the extended burial position, and ground ochre as body paint; (4) similarities in subsistence. Cultures could have had indirect contacts, perhaps passing goods or ideas from one area to another, in this way covering distances prohibitive to lone individuals or groups. 39) The Graduate Division of the University of California (from an NSF grant for the improvement of graduate research), the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, and the Committee on Research provided funds for the collagen dating. 40) The collagen dates obtained without treatment for humic acids by Isotopes 183 Inc., on SJo-56, SJo-142, Sac-107C and SJo-68B support the projectile point seriation described earlier (Chapter IV). The correspondence between the two independent orderings of components appears to sub- stantiate the reliability of multinomial probability theory for this comparison of archaeological samples. 41) Between about 7,000 and 4,000 years ago, we have a number of radio- carbon-dated sites from the southern California coast region extending from Santa Barbara to San Diego. From Santa Rosa Island an age deter- minitation of midden shell (M-1133) gave an age of 7,350 years for what is apparently the Dune Dweller culture (Orr 1956). For the later High- land and culture on Santa Rosa Island there are two determinations-- 4,790 (UCLA-105) and 5,370 (L-446B) years old. On the mainland there is the Topanga site, as yet undated (Heizer and Lemert 1947; Treganza and Bierman 1958); Zuma Creek site (Peck 1955) date 4,950 years old (LJ-77); Malaga Cove site at Redondo Beach (Walker 1951) with an age of 6,510 years (LJ-3); the undated Little Sycamore site (Wallace 1954); the undated Oak Grove culture (D. B. Rogers 1929); [(the date on the Oak Grove, Glen Annie Canyon site of 6,980 + 620 B.P. (UCLA 606)]; .the Pauma complex (True 1958); and the Scripps Estate site (Shumway, Hubbs, and Moriarty, 1961), which is radiocarbon dated as occupied between 5,460 and 7,370 years ago (samples LJ-79, LJ-109, LJ-,110 LJ-221) . . The trait inventory of the sites listed varies somewhat and may thus reflect regional subphases of a fairly simple and uncomplex culture type. The culture is generally characterized by the following: abundance of deep-basined metates; manos; scraper planes; flake scrapers; chop- pers; pebble hammerstones; pitted hammerstones; lesser frequency of bone tools (awls, punches); "cogstones" (cf. Eberhart 1961); flexed burials (at Little Sycamore site, Scripps Estate site; [In my opinion these sites should be grouped with later Cosumnes sites (cf. Treganza and Bierman, 1958; Wallace, 1955; prone extended burial, usually covered with a cairn of metates (Oak Grove sites, Topanga site [Phase I]); and reburial (Little Sycamore site, Topanga site [Phase II]). The economy was based on seed-gathering, which was supplemented with hunting and shellfish-collecting. The Milling Stone Horizon sites [generally] lack cremation, pottery, and C-shaped shell fishhooks. Use of ocean resources is limited . . . (Heizer, 1963:123). 42) This author has assumed the essential correctness of Antevs' division of the Post-Pleistocene. Baumhoff and Heizer (1965) have concisely pre- sented both criticism and defense of the Antew sequence. Their article contains convincing evidence of a moist period, a dry period and then another moist period, with regional variations according to the altitude, latitude and local physiography. 43) The assemblage is typically Late Pleistocene, or what Savage (1951) calls "Rancho la Brean," for which see also Stock (1946). 44) Isotopes Inc. reports that the Tranquillity bone, both animal and human, is too mineralized for collagen dating (J. Buckley, 1967, pers. comm.). 184 45) Shell dates also seem to fall consistently one to two thousand years older than expected. Carl L. Hubbs of the La Jolla Radiocarbon Labor- atory states: "Doubts have been expressed on the validity of dates based on Anodonta shell, but our previous tests (see La Jolla IV, p. 69) have been consistent with expectation. The circumstance that burned and unburned shell gave identical age estimates is reassuring" (Hubbs, letter to Heizer, 1967). However, dates on shell and burned bone from the same level of the Planview site (Bryan, 1965: also Tamer and Pearson, 1965) illustrate the disparity often found between carbon and shell. The burned bison bone dates at 5145 + 160 B.C., while the shell dates at 7,844 + 500 B.C. Archaeologists date the Oak Grove and La Jolla components (except the Harris site) on shell, and all the dates are unfortunately subject to the same suspicion: shell may have absorbed carbonates from ground water both during and after the death of the organism. This carbonate could have affected the date, making it either too old or too young, depending on the source of the carbonates in the ground water. The same exchange, though to a lesser extent, occurs between bone and ground water carbonates. Laboratory technicians can remove this inorganic carbon only from bone. 46) UCLA-605-608: 6880 + 120, 6980 + 120, 7270 + 120, 6380 + 120 B.P. respectively (Ferguson and Libby, 1963:329). 47) Shell dates on this complex fall between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago (Libby and Ferguson, 1963). 48) Specific types of shell ornaments also link this site to the later com- plex (Wallace, 1954). 49) A series of dates for La Jollan sites ranges from 3900 + 100 years to 7370 + 100 years B.P. (Hubbs, Bien and Suess, 1960; Moriarty, Shumway and Warren, 1959; Warren True and Eudey, 1961). 50) The Cosumnes Culture has some charcoal dates ranging from two to four thousand years ago (Heizer 1958b). 51) Owen, Curtis and Miller (1964:466) claim all these sites date between 7,000 and 4,000 years ago: (1) Triunfo Rockshelter (Ven-15) may have contained an early occupation assemblage which shared many non-perishable elements found in the Oak Grove. Kowta and Hurst (1960) equate it with Tank Site and Little Sycamore. (2) Several sites in Bataquitos Lagoon and the Lower San Diequito Valley which fall within the geographic area of the La Jolla Complex (Rogers, 1929, 1945) share many traits with the La Jolla site at Scripps Estate Site I (Crabtree, Warren and True, 1963). (3) Warren, True and Eudey (1961) consider the Green Valley sites a marginal phase of the La Jolla complex. (4) True (1958) considers a number of the Valley Center sites and the San Marcos-Escondido area to be more representative of the Pauma 185 complex. Warren, True and Eudey (1961) discuss the relationship between the Pauma and the La Jolla complexes, which they feel form two aspects of a single culture. (5) King (1962) thinks the Parker Mesa (LAn-215) assemblage looks like that of Zuma Creek and the Tank Sites. 52) Rogers, 1939; Plate 6b, 8a, b, c (crescents); Plate 9a, b, c, d (Mohave type points), 9e, f (Silver Lake points); and 9g, h, i (typical of the Gypsum Cave point). 53) A possibility exists that the shell intrudes into the sandy layer. Large rodent holes continue from the surface to the top of the conglomerate stratum. 54) "A similar degree of obscurity, which necessitates withholding accept- ance, surrounds the age of artifacts associated with former beach lines in Southern California lake basins such as Lake Mohave and Lake Manix (Roberts 1940). A radiocarbon age (LJ-200) for fresh-water mussel shells from the high shore line of Lake Mohave of 9640 years may indeed date the lake stand, but it does not answer the problem of whether the stone artifacts occurring on the surface of that beach are the same age as the molluscan remains imbedded in the beach deposit. The most per- suasive indication to date that the Lake Mohave materials may predate 7,000 years ago come from the recent excavation of the Harris site near San Diego (Warren and True 1961)" (Heizer, 1963:120-121). 55) Similar points, Types 5d, 5e and 7c in the Central Valley typology, sometimes occur in the later Windmiller phases. Assemblages from the Central Valley include only two or three Pinto points. The Glen Annie report illustrates several from the Oak Grove culture (Owen, Curtis and Miller, 1964). The points occur fairly commonly in the Cosumnes and La Jolla sites. 56) Contradictory dates come from the Pinto-Gypsum assemblages. Harrington assigns the Pinto assemblage from Stahl site at Little Lake to the early Medithermal, 3000-4000 years ago. In support of this dating, he cites radiocarbon dates of 3,870 + 250 and 4,050 + 300 B.P. for a Pinto deposit in Stuart Rockshelter,Moapa, Nevada. Similar dates come from the lower deposits of the South Fork Shelter (2397 B.C.) associated with a Pinto- Gypsum component (Baumhoff and Heizer, 1965:704). UCLA Geophysics Laboratory dates for charcoal from the early levels of the Stahl site, provisionally identified by Lanning (1963) as Little Lake Culture range between 3,500 and 3,900 B.P. (Heizer, pers. comm.). An early series of dates attributed to projectile points of Gypsum Cave type, based on sloth dung from Gypsum Cave, are 10,455 + 340 and 8,527 + 250 B.P. Wormington (1957) questioned the association between the dung samples and the arti- facts. Heizer (pers. comm. 1967) had two wooden artifacts dated. The material, Harrington positively states, is coeval with the sloth-dung. The resulting dates are 2,400 and 2 900 B.P. 186 A series of 9,000-7,000 B.P. dates on the stratigraphically-older Sulphur Springs phase (Bryan, 1965:146) and the 4,000 B.P. dates on the younger San Pedro phase supports the age estimated for the Southwest. 57) The occurrence at the Rose Spring sites of these same corner-notched points associated with Elko-points in deposits dated no earlier than 4,000 B.P. convince Lanning, however, that the Stahl site, and the similar Pinto-Gypsum sites in north-central Nevada ought to fall between 3,000-1,500 years B.C. 58) These complexes would then have formed an early hunting gathering culture which expanded into California from a single center sometime at the end of the Altithermal, about 7,000 to 8,000 years ago (see Warren and True, 1961: 278). 59) Deadman Cave and Promontory Caves have yielded leaf-shaped points strati- graphically lower than a Pinto-like stemmed variety (Steward, 1937; Wormington, 1957:196-197). 60) Jennings, 1956, lists all California species of marine shell and their sources along the coast found in the Basin and Southwest. 61) The Newberry eruption occurred after the Mount Mazama eruption, which dates at 5,500 B.C., and before Newberry crater's last known eruption which took place 2,054 + 230 B.P. (C-657) (Wormington 1957:181). 62) Davis (1960) questions the interpretation of stratigraphic associations in Cougar Mt. Cave. 63) Cressman suggests a minimum date of 7,000 years ago for the skeleton buried into the top of Level IV (Wormington, 1957:185). 64) The deposit is dated 4,132 + 80 B.C. (Bryan, 1965:171-172). 65) C-14 date 3,986 + 200 B.C. 66) Fort Rock Cave, Cougar Mountain Cave, Kawumkan Springs, Five Mile Rapids, The Dalles, Umatilla, Lewis River, and Wilson Butte Cave testify to a primary cultural deposition of parallel-stemmed and bi-pointed forms and the entrance of side- and corner-notched forms stratigraphically higher in the sequence during the Altithermal--about 6,000 B.P. (cf. Bryan, 1965:169-175). 67) Similar hypotheses have been suggested by other archaeologists: Daugherty (1956), MacNeish (1958) and Warren and True (1961). 68) Milling stones also appear absent from the lower levels of many Northwest Plateau sites (Cressman, 1960; Bryan, 1965). 69) Level IV's estimated time of deposition is about 7,500 B.P., during a period of increasing dessication. 70) Deposited about 3,500-2,500 B.P. 71) Rabbit Island [45BN15 in the Columbia River Basin Surveys, in the western half of Section 30, Township 8 North, Range 31 East, of Benton County, Washington] lies on the Columbia River, three miles downstream from its con- fluence with the Snake River. 187 The strata composing the site appears as follows: (I) wind-deposited sand over the whole site, 0.3 feet to 2.1 feet thick; (II) a hard, white layer of silt and volcanic ash present in the areas of burial concentration between 0.3 feet and 2.1 feet below the surface, and 0.4-2.0 feet thick; (III) evidence of erosion a loose, coarse, grey-brown sand with irregular horizontal distribution between 1.2 feet and 2.8 feet below the surface, and up to 2.8 feet thick, intersperses with lenses of fine silt (for the most part, these lenses lie south of the main burial concentration); (IV) the cobble base of the island, from 2 to 5 feet below the surface. 72) Butler (1961:34) dates Cold Springs I between 6,000 and 8,000 B.P., his estimate being based on the dates of volcanic ash falls which bracket the component. Swanson (1962) also reports on the Hat Creek site. 73) Idaho evidence of an influx of Great Basin traits into the Northwest Plateau during this time suggests these traits diffused somewhat earlier. 74) For discussion of additional evidence of contact given by basketry styles see Baumhoff and Heizer (1958),Heizer and Krieger (1956), Loud and Harrington (1929), Cressman (1942, 1956). 75) Evidenced by: (1) a break in the occupation of Danger Cave during the Altithermal maximal; (2) the shrinking of population illustrated by the smaller number of Chiricahua components than either Sulpher Springs or San Pedro components in Arizona (Sayles and Antevs, 1941); (3) the Alti- thermal sites in all but the Northern Basin; (4) the contraction of the Pinto-Amargosa Phase in the Mohave (Rogers, 1939); and (5) the Altithermal break in the occupation of San Luis Rey (True, 1958:255). 189 C... 1-4 a) 1-4 U) 1-4 c-* co 0 ,X Cd ii 1 4 ~~~~a) )A <~~~~~~~~~~~ pu i 4 b* c 0 > 0) 44 O 0 o C l 1L0 co ~0 CU0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -C U - Cl)4 0CUX O HOva al P4. 4-i CU p.' 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T . 0) s Fj4D4OH 00 t ' AOcI oN Z (oossunfl) r% 00 .. uapp'[hI C) ,i cd. . _ I 4 0)-1 4,4 4; 4 0.,4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C C) U. *, , ( N en X Lf e rN e N rN r" X o4 3 ,-4 .I 9--4 0) cu '94 CO 5.4 0) uC 4-i -4 N 4. 4.) 01) cU 4 .J : O O4 C.) 0 U) 0) Cd co 0) C) 0 ) .) a: 0I riq 0 4i 9-I * 4-i 'H 5 U) V:1 co o a) o Eg Q) M 0 cU O ..4 .4 ~: 4 4 O O r 0 H U ~3 HDE U) 0) *9-4 4.i o C.) * 9-4 4.. 0 4I U) A94 W cn O Is.. 0 .) (N 0I *,4 U) CU 0)- n0) U) .4-J 44 .-4 0)r- II 54 202 an InD laITlTpUTO lTmpuI .94 z 3: 0 w. Al-% 0) .1 4-i 0 C) H 00 CU ,,D r-4 I O co En rT H En ? Z44 P E-4 cn 0 Cl) U) v-4 cU 5.4 go O -i 0 0 0 Q4 4.) 0) 0 0 C. 9 ol ainj InD SST.4D3?OH IWVO1 a . I CE co "-4 .9-4 5.4 I I TIO? pUvJD '6%j P-4 00 I I 203 TABLE 7 BONE, ANTLER AND TURTLE PLASTRON DISTRIBUTION, Sac-168A. Black Midden Brown Midden Type No B# S# Unassoc. B# S# Unassoc. Provenience -~~ . . ........... = l... Bird-bone tube 1 1 1 Bi-pointed bone rod 2 Awl 2 Antler flaker1 Cut antler 1 Turtle plastron ornament 1 1 _ ... . . ... .= ... T.euiaul, o !P d a 0 ~ pa sI s 9uIl 4i ctj pS SI DUI --4 ef ) ~ p nLss;tdmI passad paod D . .O . Cni CO Ln' w-4 Ln trn N n r- 0 H-4- _ ~ ~~~ _ re cq oc4 N -4 ...........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- r4- , r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- aoualusaAoJ ON r- r n - _ . -- . .... , -- 1l? o4 o ~0 Ln ) CY) I4 N. c,,'+0)- n oN 00 ?~~ .. . ..................... - oI N .,, ,.- - -.. N ~~~~ '-4-4 r- cg I) W ,,O+'-Z- I , CY). "0 -r4~~~~~ isUZC -87- r -4 0 0 N 1e4? 0 4 N '-4 Ms < ,lta0Z -9 I 1 CZ O- ,,80 - C"" I CO -4 _ 0 C CO "0 ,1 , ,,I..,,! 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'H, "0' "0 r X o4 ciQ Q 0 c o:: 'H"0 O O co C o Hr4 4 4 O ::: ~ 0 r 4 Q z ?I J ICi O) 'H -" v a) 0 bOO ) "- Cd X '-4 4J~ 4-JO "0 0 C ,00O 0V - 4i 'H flC) o X 'H "< 4-iF O N U ) - 'H 'H U "0-0 'N 0 0 00* I""r ^C3d ''H 'H ) 4-i 4-4 0C ~Xc . ciFr 0) O 0 z i0) 4 -4b U) 4 0 Q) .,4 CIO 44- 0 .,4 0"0~ IJIr - ,4 0) 04-i o O r Q) "-4" 'H X DCA ,0# Vno I 4-10 205 TABLE 9 BURIAL POSITION, ORIENTATION AND GRAVE OFFERINGS IN SITE Sac-168B With Grave Goods Without Grave Goods Totals Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Position Extended on face 11 37 9 30 20 67 Extended on back 4 13 0 0 4 13 Extended on side 1 3 0 0 1 3 Indeterminate 2 7 3 10 1 3 Totals 18 60 12 40 30 100 Orientation Westerly 14 47 9 30 23 77 Other 2 7 0 0 2 7 Indeterminate 2 7 3 10 5 17 Totals 18 60 12 40 30 100 TABLE 10 POSITION OF GRAVE GOODS IN THE BURIAL PITS OF Sac-168B .... -~ ......~.. , . . ~.r; . . . ' . A. _ : - - .... - _ .-: . ] ,,,',' , ' ' ' . . L , ' Body Area Pestle/ Slate Baked BodAra_ |Charmstone Shell Mortar Point Pencil Clay Head and neck 7 1 1 Chest 1 2 1 Legs 2 Pelvic 6 1 10" from body 1 Unknown 2 3 Total Burials 9 7 2 4 1 5 ....... ,. , 206 o x ~ X o X ' Xp X -X X eq~~~~~~~~E N eq I o X X X N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CN N X X 0 I m, ~ [ . - r~Z N X X X X -4 , --4 N c; ~~ X X c ZX X 4j CN X ~ ~ O X X ---- rz N "-4~~~~~- . -44.. E-4~~~~~,, , , ,, r m ' o' X X X '-4 H l uco X X X C/) ~~~~ v-4 3--I .,-I X I~ X X 0 K X - X , f- 4-4 ~~~~-4 08 > N X X X v- ~~~~ X X X [-4 '-4 X ~ ~ O X Xz z Ev 0" X X z XC Q O CoX o UC X XP (30 00 0 ~ - P ~ E-4 - 1-4~CU C ~ C)t- ~ 0 1-4 -"4 r4. u u 4 '0 U) P4 0 '0 '0 M 0c0 0 0 0 0 0 -d 4 . CO ~4i CU 4- ~~4 0 0 0 t0 > 0 CU O U) 0 0 O- 0 0 0 0 4~~~~0 Q Q 0 0) 0 - r4 - - U *'4 *# *r4O 4.J 4-i 4-i U) -r4 '-rS 'u4 ,d 3 0) 0) r4 -. u-SN .4 co X X X "-4 S-4 S- S-4 Ca~~ U 0 u-i CU Co %-". CoU W W W 0 0 0 H Z Cl4 WO 3 H4 4 a~ 0 Cl) E-4 ( E :~ = W: 0 O ,t '-4 - 0 M 0 (N r. 0 % %t / M Ln- I4 ,-4 , -4 ,-4 ,-4 r-4 , -4 ,- i , -4 --= C I-zi-4 P-4 W 4i i lll.. r-T4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 4X XX Cl) 44 - P:4n - x xc> , Cx x 1~~~~~~ X IX 4-J -.,4 E-4 0) '0~~~~~~ U Cn 4-4 En *C ' , ) 44 fl P- %-' 00 ,-4 0 cnIn In c co, co~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~r c4 a) 3r cn . 0 )a 3 6 0 0 0 ~ ~ ~ Cl) Cl Co Q 1W cW (N co 0 0 '0 ' 00 0 ) '> 0 '0 '-4 0 0 U 0 o C Co q? -r Po u w ,1V)4n tS 0 ) 0) ) 0 0) 0 -4 *,-4 -A c rn 4J 0 v 4 4- 4 J 4-I C '-4 4 4- 4 0 0 0 0 0~~ 0 '-40) c', co 0)0 0 r4 0~ 0) 0 0 4-i 0) 0) 0) 0 P- r- C', > 'H r oH - H bOr 4-i 4-J 4-J CO *-A -, -A ,?S n 0) 0 -A I-4 . -4N I -CO X X X -- 54 - P- ,X Co 0 o -4 Co Co ',_ CCo W rW W W P0 0 0 O V) H- ZO ? WQ 4-4 a) v 0 ,) o ,4 o as o JJ v C.) 0 .0 o = 4-4 0 p 54) 0) c CI 0) 4-i 'r4 '0 -H4 0 U C', 4-i 0 43J '-A 0) 4-) -4i 5-4 0O) Cl) 207 w -H 43 H cn r~z. H 0 H F-4 r4 F-4 0 0 *P zC 04 OZ C) H 1- Ep C1 M r-A C41 41 41 I i 1 Aoi I1 p d1 r41 M 1H 91 1 1 - A 1 .. " O0 -4O' e-4 - -4-4 --4--4 .-4 --4 " , -4 -4 r-4 - -4 CNd C'd v-4 r- r-4 v- r- cn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I c.,d .~ '-' Q p; [ . . ii l I i I .... I 4 ...... .. , I 1 u 4.J. -4 rJ-er4 4 r ,4 rX ix.4 CIO C($ Lnl,41I [ [414141 [ [[ [[[ I[ [ , [4( [ [1]1 4.J ,P. 4 Cl -...4 C9 r. ..4 P-. 4 '1 v-. -4 ' v-4 -.4 -I-4' E-4 0 Tq I rX CY) -.4 .,~ _ F'4i i--4I . o tT. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iii 4-i co 4-i 4 co co .^~~ ~ I o 0D b0 a - 0) 0 ) 4 i~ 4 0 ~0H o C -4 p-4 f--I$Ibr-4 CD "-4o - CO44 CO 0) 0) co a) CI oo H 0 ,-4 t, -r j -4 C 0 0 0 0) Co - w 4 - ,C C 0 0 ,-4 ? CO ,- ,-4 CO M , 0 .: 0 d o 0C) - ' "i- 0 4J 4 C (C ) 1= VAO On 0 p ca d c 0-i CO goWW~4 O 0 JJJQC H u P U: od Z to E n o: D o Ev C; X >O P 0)O UH C ,-4 c0 .,4 W4 :: PO 209 10 4; O~ 4-i O 0 u .4 H 00 U 1-4 cn~ C/) H[zJ ZI, ~4 cn 0 z i-4 0 H Cl) EH cn W-4 o :4 cn 4u -4 U Hq .Q) C\JO e40 t o PZ 4i cn CU 0 ) -4 =4 o~ 4i z O 0 0 Q o O cU = -4. u c o V Q) mCn4 .crz c 4C 4C I I e % -, (N (N - 0 00 0 VN %.e 0 C c v .-4 CN 04 .-4 '4 0 0 0 ,--4 T v~ O'l 2 l1 , >,r 4F cc1 cn O% % P -4 r-4 00 '4 t C4 O Ce') C % %-4- '- 4 ..J ,% ,, , ,.., i qlD , _ q.,. .- ,I Z 1 '1,-41 -4j '-41 qMCV'.I c-l Sqls~~~~~i, . . . ,_ii,1,1 (, ZqlSBtq Ie I ,-1 T1 ' ,,,,~~-4 , -44 C qev -4 '41 ,~~ -I ,-II ,-- I eEV-~~~~~~r. -" TqIY -l '- 4 .. - r4. Tq~v ,.4 r-4 P-4 T-ev BTqV 'L2 eqly ,-1 ,'" ,-'1 ,--4 ,--I. .4 eT, I1 , 41 co~~~~ I= 14 4 - ) J, , ? c'-- r-4 U cn -4 cl U r o u) 0 ) 0) 0 0) -l Q 1 U) ) *,- 4 U) ".4 U)4 0 0) 0d l . ^ .d O ) )4 a r-- v-4 < 4 r-4 si ~ W Wn4 %f-4t 5 od'.4. E.4 0 U _ H UZ -0, - - - 0 CU S4q sO i 0 210 CN '-4 00 v-4 Il z 0 (n cZ 0 Pr 0) U qC u) co X,0 3 co e-4 COn ".4 q~ 0 44 0) Ut o a .,- 0 U) 4-J ,1 CU U ,J .-4 0 Ul) 4.J m~ '-4 co -H4 s(d 4-U co 211 TABLE 13 SIZE RANGE IN mm. OF CHARMSTONES FROM Sac-168B MaximumTotal Type Length Maximum Width Thickness Number of Type -Range jAverage Range Average Range Av e Specimensr of Range Average Range Average Range. Average Specimens ......,, , Ala 222 42 ? 1 Albl 230-298 2673 25-30 2727 15-19 1771 11 A2al 192-281 231- 29-31 29.5-6 15-19 17- | 9 A2b 152 37 17 1 A3a 302 39 25 1 A3b 215 29 15 1 A3c 136-145R 140.5 2 33-34 33.5 2 23 23- 2 2 Blal 165 31 38 1 Bla2 108 35 31 1 Bla3 163-172 167.52 37-33 35- 25-20 22.5-| 2 4 ~~~~~~~4 4 Blb2 187-238 206-L 27-28 27.5- 27-28 27.5- 4 Blb3 115 -142 130- 28-33 314- 28-34 31- 7 B2 102 45 28 1 B4a 115 28 27 1 Clb 125 35 33 2 Clc 86 40 38 1 E1l 188R 25 21 1 ~EZ |~ 194 R |27 center 19 2 E2 194R 30en 30. end 49 Superscript entries indicate number of specimens measured. R indicates reconstruction based on symmetry (4 specimens only). J i I I i Cl) N ".4 Vi Co 0 > C-,n C4 4-i --4 co C) 4 -n ci .-i ) P-4 ". 4 0 co 0 Cl) cn -E4 PO Cl" C\J "4 ".4 - C~ -"4 ". 4e .0 0 14 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " K ? N c% , - %D IN oC ~ O~ V r r. Cl) r-4 . a 0 I I 4 * 00 u D " ".4 .O0 c 1. '-4 Iz F- ~- 01' 0~ ~D~ ~,~ ~ c.0 u 4, I I , C c, c , I -"4 C'4 4 ' r%. 00 en' 0' ef' rl- r"-. Ln W b0 a a4 a ci) L" cn" 0 ON a c 0 cn X 4 C) '0 '0 n 4 L' u -. ul cJ e N < ? < e ?~~~~~~~~~~~~'- C .0.1% 01 .0 Cu . Cu .0 Cu .0 r- (NI Cl" Cl" VL %" U no - u" Cu Cu .0 r'l_ rl- Cu C u 4- C. C) 0 cn cn w c _ _# U 00 C r n ,_ (a %WO %E0qs - U) 4.i 00 0 .,, 0~ 0 ., -"4 co A-i o 0 U) C) 4... cn 4.) D 0 LW O '"4 U Q) Cl) .,, 9 C) cn 4i OA -r $4 CQ 212 00 0 n~ ".4 U cu C.) z co 0 C4 4.4 z 0 pa: N w 3-4 p-4 H 0C '-4 Cl) 213 TABLE 15 HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS BURIAL POSITIONS UCAS EXCAVATIONS , SJo-68. ______Burial Position** Trenches Dis- _E%_W EVO EDW EDO ESW ESO FlexW FlexO turbed Total A-E 8+2* 1 6 2 1 1 1 2 1 25 F-J 18+1* 1 14 2 1 2 6 45 K-O 18 5 4+1* 1 5 34 Provenience lost 10 1 1 12 Total 57 7 26 4 1 2 1 5 13 116* TABLE 16 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS BURIAL POSITIONS UCAS EXCAVATIONS, SJO-68. Burial Position** Depth Dis- EVW EVO EDW EDO ESW ESO FlexW FlexO turbed Total 0-30" 43+3* 1 8 1 1 1 7 64 30-60" 11 6 17+1* 3 1 1 1 4 6 52 Total 57 7 26 4 1 2 1 5 13 116 , ,, , i ,, , , , ,,~~~~~~~. . * Includes 4 additional individuals from multiple burials (numbers 33, 62, and 106). ** EVW = EVO = EDW = EDO = ESW = ESO = FlexW FlexO extended extended extended extended extended extended = flexed = flexed ventrally west ventrally in a direction other than west dorsally west dorsally in a direction other than west side west side in a direction other than west west in a direction other than west. 214 TABLE 17 DEPTH AND HORIZONTAL PROVENIENCE OF EXTENDED VENTRAL BURIALS UCAS EXCAVATIONS, SJo-68. Depth __ __ Trenches .... . A-E F-J K-O No Loc. Total 0-30" 5+2* 15+1* 16 9 48 30-60" 5 4 6 1 16 Total 12 20 22 10 64 DEPTH AND HORIZONTAL TABLE 18 PROVENIENCE OF EXTENDED DORSAL BURIALS UCAS EXCAVATIONS, SJo-68. Trenches Depth Depth A-E F-J K-O No Loc. Total 0-30" 3 4 1 1 9 30-60" 4 13 3+1* 21 Total 7 17 5 1 30 * Includes 4 additional individuals from multiple burials (numbers 33, 62, and 106). 215 TABLE 19a HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRAVES UCAS Excavations, SJo-68. Burials Burials Without Burials With Total Trenches Number of With Artifacts Artifacts Ochre Only Trenches Number of ..... Burials Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number A-E N1-2 20 50 10 40 8 10 2 A-E N3-4 1 100 1 A-E S1-2 3 33 1 67 2 F-J N1-2 16 50 8 44 7 6 1 F-J N3-4 19 79 15 16 3 5 1 F-J Sl1-2 10 33 3 50 5 17 2 K-O N1-2 13 77 10 23 3 K-O N3-4 12 58 7 42 5 K-O S1-2 7 29 2 71 5 No Proveni- ence 12 33 4 58 7 8 1 Totals 113 54 61 40 45 6 7 I . TABLE 19b HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF BURIALS Dawson Excavation, 1923, Site SJo-68 Horizontal Provenience With Questionable Without of Burials Artifacts Association Artifacts A-E N1-2 0 0 A-E S1-2 1 0 F-J N1-2 24 0 Not F-J S1-2 2 1 Recorded K-0 N1-2 33 6 K-O S1-2 12 1 Charts 19a and 19b show the horizontal distribution of burials excavated from SJo-68. The UCAS excavators com- pletely explored the undisturbed northwestern section of the mound. Burials from these excavations occur most fre- quently in the central and eastern section of the mound. Dawson's excavations add to the number of burials from the north-central and eastern sections. 216 TABLE 20 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRAVES BY 12-INCH LEVELS. Site SJo-68. University of California 1938-1947 0-11' 12-23" 24-35" 36-47" 48-60" Daws on 1923 9 16 30 39 30 12 33 0 11 0 8 Unknown depth TABLE 21 HORIZONTAL VERSUS VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXCAVATION, Site SJo-68 No AE/N1-2 AE/N3-4 AE/Sl-2 FJ/N1-2 FJ/N3-4 FJ/S1-2 KO/N1-2 KO/N3-4 KO/S1-2 Loc. Shallow 0-30" 8 1 0 5 10 6 11 8 4 4 Deep 30-60" 12 0 3 11 9 4 2 4 3 0 --~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~.. I . ., I If I ,,.... . . , . 217 TABLE 22 DISTRIBUTION OF BURIAL POSITIONS BY SEX*, SJo-68h Burial Position** Sex ~~~Sex -| EVW | EV4 4 4>Dis- EVW EVO EDW EDO ESW ESO FlexW FlexO turbed Total Male 25 3 12 1 1 2 1 5 50 Female 20 8 4 32 Sex Unknown 13 2 8 1 1 1 1 21 48 Total 58 5 28 2 2 2 1 6 26 130 ... , I, I, I -- II - I-- *The 24 individuals unaccounted for are too identify either sex or age and are without **cf. Table 15. HORIZONTAL fragmentary to provenience. TABLE 23 DISTRIBUTION BY SEX, SJo-68 Trenches Sex... Sex A-E F-J K-O No Loc. Total Male 11 24 10 5 50 Female 12 7 8 5 32 Sex Unknown 10 19 14 5 48 Total 33 50 32 15 130 TABLE 24 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION BY SEX, SJo-68 Depth Sex 0-30" 30-60" ,, , ~~~~ ....,,,, Male 25 25 Female 20 12 Sex Unknown 17 31 Total 62 68 218 00 O O 0 o ~~~~o H 0 LO I I j _- 4- _ O CrC I 0 o . C',, .. ,-4-4n Ln .. 0:S0 CO*) . ) n L. N N ~~~~~~~~z4~~~~~~~~~~~~~ U)04 c00 - 04Ie'~ % 0 I - - U) <) I Or 11 | I On~~L Oll o . I o\. .\O 44 0 Lf)~~~~~~~~~~~~0 ~ 1-X E ON XX pq 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o .~~~~~~~~Y n ON c 4) cr3 -~~-1 cr Cr3 1 %C d) 219 TABLE 26 GENERAL ARTHRITIC CHANGES IN SJo-68 AND Ala-328 Age Groups Young Middle-Aged Old Unclassi- Percent Adult Adult Adult fied Adult Affected 20-34 35-54 +55 Adult Total By Sex Male 1*(1)** 6 (8) 6 (5) 0 (2) 13 (16) 34.2% (24.2%) Female 4 (7) 9 (5) 5 (2) 0 (3) 18 (17) 45.0% (21.7%) Sex Unknown 1 (1) 0 (1) 0 (2) 3 (3) 4 (7) 12.9% (l1.3%) Total Number 6 (9) 15 (14) 11 (9) 3 (8) 35 (40) *SJo-68. **(Ala-328). (Brabender, 1963:9) TABLE 27 Spondylitis Deformans (OSTEO-ARTHRITIS) IN SJo-68 AND Ala-328 Age Groups Young Middle-Aged Old Unclassi- Percent Adult Adult Adult fied Adult Affected 20-34 35-54 +55 Adult Total By Sex Male 2*(6)** 14 (15) 7 (5) 0 (8) 23 (35) 60.5% (53.0%) Female 8 (11) 13 (13) 6 (6) 0 (11) 27 (41) 67.5% (52.5%) Sex Unknown 0 (2) 0 (3) 1 (2) 3 (10) 4 (17) 12.9% (27.4%) Total Number 10 (19) 27 (31) 14 (14) 3 (29) 54 (93) *Sjo- 68. **(Ala-328). (Brabender, 1963:9) 220 oo N H o 00 u3 O I U 0 U U - *14 U I- .'4 U) "0 0' -I. .o4 o~ o~4 0 H 4) *1-4 .,4 "-4 a) UN (Id C.) + 0 LA) Ln N N N N 0 LA o0 In N M a 0 N. eO N %-, C N - Cot NL C e- Ln r- e- 0 N I- C 4) C LA V lt" A . - C CA (a 4 P-4 e- - %.O o', A C ft.0 (- LA 0- ". e- N LA o v- o', Af LA 0 C t- .1 .n r- e- 0 Co C ".4 [- A LA o', r- P- e- Co 0 . r- e- P- e- 00 C O d B1 0 '-4 4-, 0 H u) 221 TABLE 29 THE PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS BY AGE GROUP IN SJo-68, Ala-328, SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY, AND ALAMEDA COUNTY\1 Under Unclas sified 1 year 1-19 yrs. 20-34 35-54 55+yrs Adult SJo-68 5.2% 24. 0% 13.0% 25.3%o 13.0%o 19. 5% Ala-328 10.2% 31.4% 15.9% 15.3% 5.4% 21.8% San JoaquinF' County, 1959 5.5%o 2.5%o 3.0 % 15.5%o 73.5%o Alameda~' County, 1959 6.0%o 2.5% 2.7% 13.8%o 75.0%o , ,1 , , i _ . ,i,, ,i, , , V Table 14 of the Public Health Statistical Report, 1959. %, From Brabender 1963. w e C' C u m o o M L r-4 UV U'~ 0 U~ ~- r-I oo 0 r -. 0 0 '.o 0000 Lf r 4 " r- CN C 't t00 O a: ~ O O U C u O 4 u0 , 6c .~ .~ a; ~ ~ 6. o *o * o *~ *~ ~ ~. *~ * . .... u. i . .. . . . . o oO 4 0- ,.4 0, -, 0. n 00 4 CYN oo 0' f0 r-0' 0 t ,....C.4 4 .... 4r, . . i . .......... 0 ? '. ? O 0 CY) r-4 r-- -44) C~,- 4 ~ , , - -; 4 P- r o( , o O o - ~ ~ C r -0 C I Cs L Cf 0o C l i '. 4 , i i C i i i i i i 4 0 o mt cn ur% a V4 0' M Or 1- -4 C4 ) n 1_ 4 r- e Nn 04 0' 0r0 '.O'.O04'0 .0 0'C ) 0'.0Lr * 0 ' L r~~~~~~~e~0 0 Lr-4'.D0'4 0O C4- O @ a c% o u% r- .0. ... . LA ... . ,r r-. co 00 Lf c ou n C ? a - O r-cs s4 _ICn Cn r4 CnL) "r C'l 04 O O *,1 *,1 0 .d 1-4 0 0 00 0 z Cu . - - -4 ~0 1 U) -4-4 U C .s4 ' -CO u Ur 4 4-r4 4 V 0 > o 0 ~o p ~0 i 4 44 C O Y) O-4 00 -,4 0 , -r^ -r4 0 1 E-4 .0 o, N, 0 0 I' u z t-d . (I XO O '4.4'.O 0 -r4 PO. 0Q 0 ) S-r4 c) '- CO .-,- > r- 4i) C ? n '.,' ., .4 ' 0i 4 I 00 CO U ro 0 Cu m ~: 3 0 " r %--4 Cl) P04 l-4 n o Ui) 0 "0 Cu O M0 1 -r4 9u to m co :E: -, 0 0 p p1 00 p V- 4) Cd ro 0E Clq N4 0 0 00 00 co -40 . 0 >m m -4 .r4 U c U) 0C .r4 C~o.,I 00 '44 0 44 Cu .,.4 U)s-f4 04 1- -4- W u Cu Cu 4-i 0 -'4 o 10 :3 o cu 0 r4- 0 0 222 U) Y-4I Cut co r4 *F o > E-4 .-.4 r 1 0 CY) H cn 04 cD 0 0 E z 1=0 <: H O EH od -C H o 0C ron z Z E-4X i ? CZ)H E-4 Po 00 rl 00 0* o ? J.J 0 4- Cu q: _E 0 4-J Cu v Oj Cw 00 1-t 00 N 223 TABLE 31 COMPARATIVE POPULATION BREAKDOWN OF SJo-68 AND AN EASTERN ARCHAIC SITE, INDIAN KNOLL , ,- ,, , , ~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Age 0-9 10-19 20-44 45+ Indian Knoll 303 35% 112 13% 443 51% 10 1% Age 0-12 13-20 21-49 50+ SJo-68 25 16% 14 9% 61 40% 18 12% * Divided by 154, the number of skeletons in the collection. Un- classified skeletons are probably those of adults or old people. * From Tables 1 and 2, Johnston and Snow, 1961:240-241. Divided by 873. TABLE 32 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGE GROUPS DEPTH Total Burials With Artifacts TOTALS Shallow Deep Shallow Deep With Burials Graves Graves Graves Graves Arti- Age 0-30" 30-60" 0-30" 30-60" facts 0-6 yrs. 14 2 9 2 6-12 yrs. 3 3 0 3 12-21 yrs. 7 7 7 3 21-45 yrs. 32 28 20 16 +50 yrs. 9 8 4 2 Unknown'* 1 0 TOTALS 65 48 41 26 67 113 *Burial No. 12. DISTRIBUTION TABLE 33 OF GRAVE GOODS WITH SKELETONS IN VARIOUS BURIAL POSITIONS UCAS EXCAVATION OF SJo-68 Burial Positions Possession Dis- of Artifacts EVW EVO EDW |EDO ESW ESO FlexW FlexO turbed Total With 37 2 18 2 1 1 6 67 Without 18 3 9 2 1 1 5 7 46 ...........___I __-1 I TABLE 34 ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTION IN GRAVES BY DEPTH UCAS EXCAVATION OF SJo-68 Possession of Depth Artifacts, With Without Total 0-30" 42 23 65 30-60" 25 23 48 Total 67 46 Transitional zone 31-35" 8 4 12 TABLE 35 HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRAVES WITH AND WITHOUT ARTIFACTS UCAS EXCAVATION OF SJo-68 Possession Horizontal Provenience . of Artifacts A-E F-J K-O No Loc. Total With 14 30 18 5 67 Without 10 18 12 6 46 With Ochre Alone 2 4 1 7 TABLE 36 ARTIFACTS DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO SEX OF INTERMENT UCAS EXCAVATION OF SJo-68 Possession _ _ Sex of Artifacts Male Female Unknown With 31 14 22 Without 14 16 16 With Ochre Only 2 0 5 224 225 TABLE 37a ARTIFACT DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO AGE UCAS EXCAVATION OF SJo-68 Possession Age of Artifacts of Artifacts ? 0-6 6-12 12-21 21-50 50+ Total With 1 10 4 10 37 5 67 Without 0 4 4 3 25 10 46 Total 1 14 8 13 62 15 113 ..... , . . . . . . . I TABLE 37b BURIAL POSITION ACCORDING TO AGE OF UCAS EXCAVATION OF SJo-68 INTERMENT Age Burial Position A 0-6 6-12 12-21 21-50 50+ Unknown Total ~~~~~~._ , . EVW 6 2 4 38* 6 56 EVO 1 1 3 5 EDW 2 3 7 10 5 27 EDO 1 1 2 ESW 2 2 ESO 1 1 2 FlexW 1 1 FlexO 3 3 6 Disturbed 5 2 5 1# 13 Disturbed additional burials in graves 2 1 9 2 14 EVW additional burials in graves 1 2 3 Total 16 9 14 74 17 1 131 *Two adult interments in burial no. 106 are counted as separate interments. One is an EVW male and the other an EDW female; both contain mortuary goods, red ochre and a projectile point. #Burial no. 12 not categorized. INO Ll) 4 - -4 - a) 4 U) N 00 u I 00. ' O N o '- 3 )0 ...... r-4~~~~~~-4 -4 N cC CV 00 0 0 Cl) en p O.-4 ? _ r, . cu - ii co ,-4 CN X n...... 0) r'% 4 CY') U) C ' ) ct o K: - ..= c4 c' r,- c, - r. ,- I ) iiN co cn x cn ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N ,-4 u.--aN u-lw- p CN a) .0 '-4 u-rI p- CY) , 0 ON CV) u--I 00 Lr a Po P o 9z 0 ~CY) u-4 co .. lq co r-' -4,-4 -4 Pogou V tO t V co q 4 CN N N u u 0 Cu u ,-.4 o 0 UCuo CY Q () It Lf 4 0) U) p.4 _0 I 4 I U1) co s- 0 z '-4 Cu '. w *3c AO 226 014 Z: > v- a Lr) a) U) ICu P4 0 00 cr) E-4 co cn 0 z U) Z; 0 o 4) cnog Z W o 3 E-1 U/) a- Cu "o U) 0 ,-4 .,4 4.J '0 0 ,4 4.' 3 0) .,-4 44 co . G0 -4. 0 +) "4 0) 0 'I .,-4 z Cu C1IO "4 "4- 14. U1) a) 4J 0) Ieo01 SsvUfl 1 I,. + 6(I 6qC ""4"4 4 "4""4- ~~8a( ~~~~~I 1' V,- " 4 ,. 4 e D __ _n__ - r-4~z~ -1-4" -4r- 4 Iel7D r-? , - 4n "-4 r-4 r-4 , -,--4 1 1~~ .1~ It~ ....I"C "4~ ~ ~~~~~~4" ,-. ,.. - CJ ,,.. " eJ PTO~ (N " CE "4 (N ~~~~"4 4 q~~) "4 "4 "4 "4 "4 CE~~~~~~~~r- "-4 " 4 "4 ,,4 (, "4 ..4 "4. q. . CN HH . H( qi N "4 (N4 "4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Pr) 4" "4 4 (N~~~~~~~~~~~~ (NC% . '.... r-4 r-~~~~~4 4 Eqlq v--4 v-4 P-4 9-~"4 4 "-4 "nr4r4 "4( eq~q r-4 " , i4 " r4 r"" i~~~i~~ "4 "4 ~ ".4 "44C~ "-4 "-4 "-.4 0) ,-4 4.1 4-i C. Co "4 P-4 0) .-r4 4-i 0) 0) CL) 0 c4 r~ ,0 Cu 4i co .,4 Cl) 04 r. 0 4i CPo '0 cu c/) C 0) 0 4- Co) Cu "-4 0i '0 4) r o ,0 0. w 0 co 4) J4- " w 4 4) 4i ? Iu ?c~ o 0 u o 4.4 0 0 U) r Co H O a O) w 40 0 '-4 0 0) bo '-4 U a4 0-4 Q 0 54 04 p- a0 .4 r~co C4 4J5i -obu -4 N co 4 >. :j . h cr 0 "-4 cu .-,4 QJ 4J -Li 0 Cu 0 227 CYN CY) w 1.4 H co 00 %D I 0 W cn z '-4 '-4 0 r~ E- cn Cu .,,I co r., ,-4 tT 0 L44 .9.4 "4 co 0 ,-4 0 4-i -'4 Co ; o ?-i '"4 Q) O o Cu ,-4 "4 "-4 "r4 0) 10 '0 co '0 10)0 Lr40 04-4 r-4 4-i C "4 0 Cu) co 5-40 0)9k$ co15.4 z Po co CIO '0. Q4 .,,9 .,- "O 4i u 0 o U~ c: It I"4 II 1111~~~1 1 I III~~Iii-4i - - "~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 4 cn 4 "4 "4 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - r-4 V~~~~~~~~~~~4-4 - "4 "4 "~~~~~~~~~~~4r4 "4 - , LN " - - "-- C ~I1 -4 r- V-4" ? . .I ? ~! ___ -___ .-- --. < _ _ ___ ___ _ N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ll i iI i a .. I _ _ = I, I I _ _ _ _ -- _ _ _ _ I I I - I a a I I I I I I I 5. L-L i l- I III I II I' i III "4 __ _ _ _ __ __4____ ,11 .I) 0 Ln t "-4 ,0 (U U, r O 228 - I 4 "-4 "4 co Ce 4 CXJ "4 e% r- 0 4 o 00 "4 "4 %- .U 4 e4 tt0 Un 00 . 4 U,) 4 0 -4 00 I I 0 e~ "4 o 0 co .4. CE' 00 0 -.1' r4 !2 o C. 0 Ctn z Cr4 0 OZ 10 0 "4 '. I:z -0 C'" E-4 cn 0 :s Uw bA :^4 H r Ca la 4 Cl) CU 4' .o v to it "-4 1% "-4 c, r1% I "-4 "-4 CJ "-4 0o cn) 4) q,) W ,0 - I 0 z C 9:1 J 0 "-4 ! I0 .C 4-i 04 4) 9l I ",4 0 z "-4 cU -l) cn S. 41) EH ' 4i 0 I I_ .I, . I _ 0 I I i , 0 4-i n 0 ao cU h. 44 i i I i i i i i i i i i 0 i i i i i I I I I I I i i i cs rft-. rl-- -o 1-4 1 eq I "I-,, I 0 1 0 1 4- V -- - - -L---- Lr) CN f W r . i4 i-* -1i -1- i 3 F- "nV4 "-4 CV~) ~- - N "-4 ~~~~~~~~~~iiiij N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i P~ ~ ~~~~~~~~,-4 N o I i I I I - - - - - - -~~~~~,1! C0) r~~~~ N - ? - - N - C O "-4 P"4 III I 4 ~~~~~~i _ "-4 Lri . , i CN "-4 cn~ "-4 "-4 I TT rT rT i r "-4 _i I? I I_ I I I. -4.-2 5i_ a- a4t _- R _- i- C) 4-i ?.4 oq o.' 0 4 N r u v QL 0 1 "O I1 D Ln L - I C 0 1 11 I o 4o 44 co 0 "4 3 co co 4J X 0 :11 I 0I en N C) p. 229 en U, 0 "-4 CN -4 C11 a% Pl CO 0 En z H C U W cn Cl) z o r3 00 4 E-4 10 -4 0 0 C: 0 p.' CV) cn -U p. '01% C) *-r4 4-i 0 U 4 C) p.4 -4 U, C.) 4 u CO "4 4% .4 CO 0 v-4 .,.4 0 "4 0 Po '.94 u) U 0 CY) 14 N N 0 "4 I ) 4i Q) I = 00 CN "4 r4 0~ C) S. 0z 3 4 0 o a I i 1 - 1 i i 1 - 1 - i - i I - I I I m m a m m a m m m m I I m I - - I - I I i a) v 0) ,1) ci) 0 zP 0 ,_- O rD rl_ C\J z z - ,--4 (P) U/) cis 04 c0 CN I I Cv~) ,-4 o c) u s-d C) C4 1 C5) O ,-0 0 0 0 VI O r- II 'I I zS< e I G 0 0 ,-4 ,--4 -~~~~~~II I I I - I~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ,r-4 - i 0 a . - 1 = I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,- oC4 ,--4 V rl_ ct')-I IE III II II ! i CI , - - I I I-4 , -4 4.) 00~~c cl)CY C.) ~ ~ ~ C ci) SLn CII) TL4 1-4 F U -- co ' , , ...... C114~~~~~~~~~~i, q) 0 Ut co 3 0 U) 0 $4 0 0 z ,-4 .,4 s~d 0 go cn :: r.L 4.3 CI) E-4 ICIO .4.=1 0 1Pd4 ,4 1Cj C) 0 '"0 Lru .M Ce" i IC CI }..i ,4= 230 ,-4 -Ir 00oo I 0 Cl~ o~ cn o~ z c0 E~ ? 1t-4 z 0 C. I t.4 E-4 H C?) H rO z 0 Pd E-4 H 3 0 Pd ,--4 I i I i i i i i i v I _ i i Ill~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ cn) "v O ,-4 0 ro ,1) .,4 ,4-4 ,-4 .-I o0 CZ 0 *.r4 (n ,-4 Sid 0 CIO or) O 0 sd c) 4. o o 4- U C.) ci) m '.i4 '-4 0 .)1 o ,-4 ~4. ,-4 0-) sud c' U) sW d ci) ,-.4 C.) U) 4.3 0 ,--4 co * -Cc U) U) ) () .,4 4.J 4.3 bO o o -~ O 0 ,-4 ,--4 0 0 bo 0o d.r4 -4 I4 .4II o 0 L) t-o InCNCJ4 *>*4>::>- 0 0 0 ci COr U) a) ) X: 3:3 0 C co 1=0 1= Cb 11 0 0 a) c 4 J o c 0 H u] C? 0; 2 I a E v R i i m i a . 2 I I . I %., CY) '" 0 ~O u4 231 TABLE 41 DISTRIBUTION OF POINTS BY AGE AND SEX IN THE UCAS BURIALS, SJo-68 %o of Burials %o of Burials Age No. With Points** Sex No. With Points* 0-6yrs. 2 5.9 Male 18 47.4 6-12 yrs. 1 2.9 Female 7 18.4 12-21 yrs. 5 14.8 Sex unknown 13* 34.2 21-49 yrs. 22 64.8 Total graves 38 50+ 4 11.8 I'. Including four Not including cremations four cremations 232 TABLE 42 RAW MATERIAL OF TOTAL PROJECTILE POINTS FROM SJo-68 Types 1 2 3a 3b 4a 5a 5c 5d 6c 7a 7c 7d 7e 9a 9b Misc. Fragments Obsidian 34 28 47 38 1 13 8 1 7 8 1 1 1 3 2 108 Chert 2 1 2 1 3 5 5 1 5 Schist 5 1 3 1 3 1 7 Quartzite 2 1 1 4 Basalt 1 1 2 Petrified Wood 2 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION TABLE 43 OF UNASSOCIATED POINTS FROM SJo-68 0-6" 6-12" 12-18" 18-24" 24-30" 30-36" 36-42" 42-48" 48-64" No Loc. Total 3a 1 1 10 4 7 1 9 33 1 1 1 3 4 3 2 1 1 8 24 2 2 4 5 3 1 1 1 5 22 6c 2 1 1 1 2 7 7c 1 1 2 7d 0 5c 3 3 5d 2 2 3b 2 1 1 3 7 7a 2 1 1 1 5 5a 3 1 5 9 9b 1 1 9a 1 1 2 4a 1 1 Miscellaneous 1 1 1 3 Fragment 5 17 17 4 9 2 2 1 2 40 98 TABLE 44 HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF UNASSOCIATED POINTS FROM SJo-68 = ? - = _ = = -' ' - - , = = = - = ,,... Types 1 2 3a 3b 4a 5a 5c 5d 6c 7a 7c 7d 9a 9b Misc. Fragments A-E 7 12 15 3 3 3 3 2 1 38 F-J 7 4 10 1 2 3 2 1 2 33 K-O 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 No Loc. 6 4 7 3 2 2 1 1 1 20 Totals 24 22 33 5 1 9 3 2 7 5 2 0 2 1 3 99 233 TABLE 45 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OBSIDIAN AND NON-OBSIDIAN POINTS, SJo-68. 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'4 0 4 o U) Co a 0 ao cU 00 0%4(O U) CU Co O0 Cj CU I_ '% D :V a) CA VI 0% r-4 Lf% cU '%O -t LI) 00 252 II CD 100 I 0 -,Q H W i--I z z 0 C/3 i-I H E~ I-4 0 Cl) . c/) z C; 9 rC 0 Cl) W :: Ho 0-4 CD 0 cri' CO [/ Em o F: En s1eqsAjo zqjenb e, 0 "-4 0 CN %O CN " 1 r ( oN . ~~~4 I L : % I_ %D cn so CY "-4 w) - e.@ 0v Ll) Ln tn c0 - 4 r-4 - N @ N 'o - 4 < cnO 40 - 4 Ltr ' cn 4 1 - ) _n 0 4N O) clq ,-4 cn - a) =n e U) 4Nt - - cn ~' 0 C4 ~ ~~4~~~~~~ e l p4 f% r- CM 00 Ln U) "-4 "4 C J00 - e~00 %0 cn cn) CJc ?s , . . , . 1~ , .oo "44 - 00 - o r- o N r < 00 "o - 0 ' . . 0 "44~~0 "4 "-4 44v4 U)-.--~~~~~~~ - '-4 - + ID4 v-"4"4C~Lf + c %D cn 4 o4 0% ,^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ^t "-4 en 00 04 J"4 "4 "4 ".C'~) "-4 00 , 1, , i i"4 C1 U -4, 0. .1,, U )-~~~~-4 Cu: ,c 0%'0 " p. n" 0J co 0 cn Cu 0 U) ~: -L cuo "4- cu .-I "4 s w go p * n 4U) C 0 * I :nZ oo oO N 0 0 Ic 41 E 0 " 4 U s rd 4 Q)~ 4 .I Cu 0 4 0 U) U)aq oo H~~~~4 Wi OO g nen "-4 4i 0 cn) "4 "4 - 4 0, .0C CO',O . u 4-I c 0 co U) w Ml I I "4 C " 4 iFi0 % U " 4 J4 n U u C co s..' " >. Ln co 91 U 0 v l-C 4 -.r410 0 A Mw = 0 . . 0 0 H u0 0) 253 cn co oO i 0 cn z cn E-4 N 0~ r&~ N e4 4 r-4 0 cn E-4 ,0 cu 0 0 CA 4) o0 co "-4 ,1 8u 0 0 4-i 0 0 "4 (0 0 "4 -'-4 10 r. co 0 0 1-' I Un) Lr 0" C.-. ,-41f') '4 C'~~~~~JC r 4 ) XX 1 r '4 C\J~~~~~~~~~~ C V -- i en ') Lr' 00 X X '4 I cs I > 1??'-4I x I b4I '4 0> r0X | ) X-4 _- i 0 Lf'If .4 XX '4l N. IC> -t I _ __I_ _ _ _- . I 0l x cs I x LI' Lr x _- '41_ 'J I x 4CJ'4 __ --~- _ X uCu Ix X X-Ilc =~~~~~~~~~~~~- r-4 x ~= . . . , .......... , , ......._ CY') i 0 0 ,..- 4u'~ '-4 V) Ln X ~~~~~~~~ 00 CY) X ~~~~~~ , m 'eII l? - N 2 =L) | . |- I|| X ) < 0) = C) '14 I U)- __ _ _ ___- Cu: = D |, , | u 0 ) i | i i i i , , , 4-" _ __ __ __ C" ~ r~1.Jcl 4 0 C%4 ,-I4 X Lf L I x I U) C'I 0) a t~ .......... r ....? -) =V '4 'N iU .). a) CNI LnLI" C L4' LI:) :x ,1-0 ::c,.. ,-- Cu a ,~ Ce') '4 X -4)I" X C% 14 1-4 C'4Jco 00 LI") r C\4Jr C-4e' ____ ____'_____ ____,.._________ ___________ _ ,0-. ,r ) ..-. (x: '"' i4. C ,.... 4 . . ~ . ' , ~~, --, 0 4-) .,4 U) .,-4 0 Cu co .1-4 Cu 0 -44 -,-4 ,--4 CO O~ co Z ,-4 r41 04 0 a) '-4 co ei Cu 0)4 0) 1-4 CO 0) '-4 co 0 cn 0 .-4 4I- cry U1) 0) a) bo 0 ~1 4 .,l 4 ,-4 U) 0 PO ; 0 rz~ "O 4) r~ -,4 U) .-r4 4.J U) ro .,-4 CO a0) 0) 0 0 W 0 ,0 0 Cu , 0 ' 0 40) cu r- - Cu4 r 1 O co P.4 0 El cn O P .0 44 -C U) 4.i 0 -r4 04 Cu H 4-) 0 E-4 0 c ) o U 0 4-Q 4-i r. Ul) 0) C 0 )0 c) Cl) 0 ,C = S4 U rn O 1-4 cu 4..) U) ut N 4. 0' CA) CIS 0) 0) 0 254 ,-4 0) U) CZ In :4 C) 00 w 0 ,Cl) c0 0 Z; : 0 C/ a 4-i -'. 3r a 255 TABLE 54 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BAKED-CLAY OBJECTS. SJo-68. Clay Objects Cyl in- Round drical Biconical Disc Pecan Pots Depth No loc. 2 2 3 10 3 2 0-11" 2 1 1 12-23" 1 5 4 24-35" 1 1 36-47" 2 1 1 3 2 48-59" 2 2 60+" 2 1 Horizontal Provenience A-E 2 1 4 16 7 2 F-J 4 1 2 4 1 1 K-O 1 2 2 2 No loc. 1 1 2 Items may have vertical provenience but no noted horizontal provenience. In that case, the item is included in the vertical distribution and is omitted from the horizontal distribution. TABLE 55 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BAKED-CLAY FRAGMENTS, SJo-68. Horizontal De pth No. Location Provenience 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-70 and Surface A-E 3 20 10 103 F-J 4 2 6 1 29 K-O 8 9 4 36 24 No loc. 1 1 32 256 TABLE 56 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE-IMPRESSED BAKED-CLAY FRAGMENTS, SJo-68. Surface Impression Basketry Cord or Twine Twigs or Matting Fingernails Finger Holes Incised Lines Smooth No location 6-11 12-23 24-35 36-47 48-70 and surface 3 1 3 2 2 12 43 1 4 1 2 2 3 39 19 6 1 18 10 2 133 TABLE 57 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MORTARS AND METATES, SJo-68. No D E P T H Location Depth 0-12" 12-24" 24-36" 36-48" 48-60" 2 1 Feature (nos.6,7)/8 Feature (nos.10,12)/2 4 1 Feature (no.22)/2 No loc. 12 A-E 1 F-J K-O I 1 2 257 TABLE 58 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MANOS AND PESTLES, SJo-68. A-E F-J K-O No Location 0-12" 2 12-24" 1 1 1 (burial no. 23) (burial no. 80) 24-36" 2 2 (burial nos. 62a and 73) 36-48" 48-60" 1 1 (cremation no. 1) no depth 1 3 TABLE 59 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WASTE: FLAKES, FLAKE FRAGMENTS, PEBBLES, SCRAPERS.AND CHOPPERS, SJo-68. A-E F-J K-O No Location ) ad OA 0) "4 . O, 0) "4 a a, 0. .0.0 C od M .0 Cu C. M .0 Cu ad ,m .0 Cu 0 Cu .0 .4 0 C .0 i 0 C .0 $ 0 C .0 $4 0 ,- %) t ,0 ,-e 0) U O , -4 %) U .0 ,4 0) U .- 0-12 1 1 10 12-24 1 1 3 1 24-36 3 5 1 1 1 36-48 1 1 48-60 1 60+ 2 3 UCAS* No loc. 24 17 1 2 9 7 2 3 2 1 3 5 DASon 1 2 Dawson * UCAS = University of California Archaeological Survey. Dawson = Dawson SJo-68 Collections. 258 TABLE 60 WASTE RAW MATERIALS, SJo-68. Petri- fied Igne- Obsid- Question- Wood Chert Quartz Basalt Schist ous ian able Flakes 19 1 4 13 9 Chunks 8 1 1 Pebbles 1 6 11 3 16 1 Choppers 8 2 1 Scraper 13 2 1 1 2 1 Cores 1 1 NUMBERS OF TABLE 61 GRAVES IN EACH PHASE Site SJo-68 Phase UCAS Graves Dawson Graves Total Graves 5 9 12 21 4 30~+1 ? 4 3l0 58(?) 89 3 18+1 2 21 2 15+3 2 20 1 41 1 42 TOTAL 113+5 75 188+5 + = Cremations 259 TABLE 62 ALL IDENTIFIABLE POINTS WITH DEFINITE PROVENIENCE IN THE WINDMILLER CULTURE Point Sites Types 1 Types SJo-142 Sac-107C SJo-68B* Sac-168B SJo-68A* SJo-56 SJo-112 1 2 3 2 35 6 2 3 8 3 2 22 3 3 3a 1 8 1 3 42 3 1 3b 6 27 1 7 5a 8 11 8 6 5 19 4 5b 1 3 5c 3 5d 1 2 5e 1 1 1 2 6a 1 1 6b 1 6c 1 3 7 7 7a 4 12 6 1 9 10 1 7b 2 1 1 4 7c 1 1 5 9 7d 1 9a 1 1 1 9b 1 Totals 24 48 57 21 138 64 9 Note: The statistical method used refers to these site as "multinomial populations." SJo-112 the site contains too few points. numerous categories of variables for each is not included in the analysis because *SJo-68A = hardpan(0-30", Phases 5, 4, and 3). *SJo-68B = brown midden (30" - 60", Phases 2 and 1). TABLE 63a FREQUENCY OF MORTUARY GOODS IN GRAVES OF WINDMILLER COMPONENTS1 SJo- 68 Dawson'' s SJo-68 Records Sac-107C Sac-168B SJo-56 SJo-142 SJo-112 Total Burials 1132 75 60 25 73 49 50 (?) Graves w/artifacts 67 66 55 13 48 35 36 Graves w/out artifacts 46 9 (known) 5 (known) 12 25 14 14 (known) Burial Position Extended ventrally 61 46 20 71 43 31 Extended dorsally 28 ? 4 2 4 Extended on side 4 1 Flexed 7 4 4 Disturbed 13 6 1 2 4 11 Orientation West/SW 80 75 (?) 46 22 72 46 39 Other than West 27 4 2 3 Unknown 6 20 1 1 11 Cremations 5 1 Isolated Skulls 2 25 1 3 1 Multiple burials have been ignored in the above comparisons; therefore, some dorsal and disturbed burials have not been recorded, as well as many burials without artifacts. F. Dawson estimated that 507. of his graves did not contain artifacts. 2See Table 62 for breakdown into Phases. ,-4 ,-4 'I 0 l) cn ,0o - (N1 -4 ,--4 i~~~~~~~~ C) Lf I o _ i . . , . . Cl) 0 1- Cl) .1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~NL) '4r- 1 0 E_ Cr) I cn CN Ln Ln r-4 r-4 r-4~~~'- ~0 0 r4 00~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ i C,) -, N - 0 ( 0 c~ ..-4 ,-4 X:: , 4 CN (, * _ X X >4 _ _ r | _ '0 C (I.) 0) .0 _-4 a) CIO 4-i Wn c 4-i0) Cn 04 CO) 4-i C)cnl0co CflcdC) CO a) bo U a) X 'eX Ul _ _ Cl),0_ 0 4i r-4 P4 co 0 S404-J )0 . coala- a O C C 0 )_ ~~~~4 0 14 C-4 0 r-4XCtf V O -r vC _@, r=W L}} o C CZ C13 co c t _. O JJ -0 C H - r- r- v Q ) 4) 0 C. $-l D 0 -v Oi 0 X a) aU 4) 4) J o4 w V' X ^ *H 4: 0 0 co co co t In 0) 0 1: Ct$ CO J-J O _-- _14 : -r *S 4 CA a 4 co 0 cn Cu cn cn CY := N z: < C) En a1) ,-4 4-i cn aL 4-i .,, CZ Cld 0 4- 4-i , - 4C c O ) z 0 X a) 4.J a)0) '-4 p- 0 u) cn r4 "o (D 0 4-i Cl) 0 0 0 -C C( co -4- 0 0 0) 0 (U (1a) 0 -r r- co r~ a) 0 (D 0 _.) r-4 Cl) ~: - H- a) 1e 0 '4 o~~~~~0P U) W a) 0o 4-i () 0 a0 '-4 -r4 s4 (1) w co o,0 -'-4 '0 C:: 260 O C) .-4 a.J 4-i co C) = 00 0 r) ,0 co (P 0 Z _4 Cl) :--l O0 C/) w z z c4 H O0 E~ E1D ,.-I 0 C; ? [-~ ? z oA C/) EH cn aC cJ "-4 "-4 o 0 C-) C lO n 4 C 4 , -% Ln N r"4 CJ "4 I LrJ I 4 _1 4 C aoO - 0 o "4 ' 00 "4 C44 4 " "e I~CO 14t 0 tn I.-i ut I - 5r-4 ,.w ... .,. Ch %P" -, "4 C N 00 C"" n ,. Cl) 'O u) 0 " c) ~ ~ C~ "4 ff^ ~ ocAse U) o 0 N CJ 4"4 "4"4"4 "4 L "4 "~~~~~r4"v4 "-4 "4 C%4 CA co a) 4 -)4J ..4 " 0 0 0 )n ,) , O),, U) U .,. , . . . 0 w o0 .' O r - r _O 4 ~ On ,,D to 04 r0 : CO c A 0 n C U )n ' c ' 4 (A ,.. X O i 0 . "4 :l . C U O O O ( co > " W O 4 0 ) O ) CU JJ U > ) c 4 a )'4m '4 , 0 u ' "4 0 " E 4 p ? c ~0 0 C 0 O '4 0) W 40 J '4 .0 a)"-A4U) ")r4 co1 w "4 no00 A4 "4 C -)4 no J' 0 ' ) -ccU a co H4 "4 261 c/) E-4 c, i-4 o -4 C) o 4-.I z 0 HO U Cl)X E4~ 0 4- zo O4 , EHZ E-4 C/) H- 10 'O1 4-i .?0 O' , 00 .n. I.- w E-4 ,4- '4 4.i A ., a) 9 0 cn X C) 4-i co *1-4 u 0 0 (a $4 0 1* 00 '.0 o Lfj 0 I 'N ,--i - 0 00 ,-- ,-i c',, 00 I Lr i ,-4 'N ,1 '-N ,.. c1 -4 't- 0 0 I' ~ ~ - r N 'N CD 0.. Ln 1 I - '. 0 0 e.. Lr I I I 00 0n I4 IO O I , ,_,, , ,, r 1 O r 'N _ -N cL' ' n. $4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~v4 00 SS~~I -1 -1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~r-1 -41 f.~ ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-4 ,-d4 co co ~o0 'squam~eig gapI qsa:~ qq I ,'--- , ~- , 'Tv.anq v gq.z~ paqv!oosse juI.od 0 " l- qC alqpTglTuapl auo XIUO SulBvuOD , -4 ' v4 . Ln' 00 c l -.' -1 ru) (co) 'No'N -4 v-4 I- '-4 .1 C -4 00 '.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 I IA * o , ol tI .I Ct ,-4( '1 'N v-Ij' "l Il0 00'U{) I ' - - 4 4- O ' , ) r - ,-.4.' o ^ Vo 0 I I LN'.O,-4, I-I , ,.- ) 0 0 ? -I '--i co0 I Ov L,.. ...... > r-4 C ' y 0 _ ',-4 u 1 ? I4 u l KI I XI4 ' cf efIt'.0I ?~~~~~v- v-- L d a' a' X~~~~~~C r4 ce4 I- 141 u-4 cn c % [.T.1 ,.-4 r 4-4 t ~ .-4 O i , iiii. *,-- co .r, 0 4-i4 CO r" c0 ,0 co c) Ve u X 0 Q) CO In CO CI ) - O y 'N r- rN r.. '.0 '.0 .0 L-t Lm' L() r e e . ) a O Q) q) 'e W X' b4 CO -D r.4 1.-. ..a 262 0 E-D z I--4 ye 00 ,-1 H 0 E- z ye z Hm m C) Hn n 0 p-I H C) ye z4 yE .-4 4) Co 0) ~4-J ,.-4 .-4 CO .,-I 00 0) II II II* > . 00 Q /) a) c- ~0 r -4 (a) = a CO S W 0)/ VCO Do s 0 ClrIO 11 I 0w U 4- Cd - r4 : 0)0 A.JC vv--I U)C' ? 0 0 s-I 0i 11e 1 cn B0 ,-i ,--i 263 ZIl-ofS evl C'41 -41 "-4 ,-4 I7zI-ofs + souol : smaetlo ON - El "41 - "~~~~~~~~P41 " 4 2 + - Lo I 0 (n Iq co zC.:, . z'q' q.0 "4 891-DVS " N uappTF + + DOLOI-DVS -4 "4 . " . i uappw+ + + + + + + DLO -OS | " -4 1 4 , - 4 ,-4 _~~~~~~~~ 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. , ,, cn ElZ U C _ . '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.0 , ., 00~~~ i ., ..,i ............... Ln~~~~~~~~~U .0 Cu ~~.0 co 0"4) U C 0 Cu ', CO C,- .. , ' 4 N , o a r r r a a co n A C ,P::: Ul) z H cn z cp 0 eli U, '04 Zli-or?S I-ors?I "4 sauol suleql oN - ~[ 0 3 a 41 41 -4 - C,) ~ ~ ( CI--4 ,-,I g- ,- lIq lI Is 100 (X ~C, ^ ~~~~zq r- 891-DVS - - "4 " uepp . + + + + u~appTw ' + + + + DLOI-DYS 2.a Cy " 4 L ,- , uo pp -4'4 uspp |' + + ' + + DEi-S I i1 im Diii io iii, n1 ? 1 nfs il im L/ , ,-,1 -,1 , -I "4. ".4 "4d "4 E .- @ ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 4J~~~~~~ 4 C, C,:"4 00 1 1 0 I %t % "4 cd G)"-4 "-4 N mc rl- w 0 1- w<-C "-~~~~~, (A 4 VI (A Cs4U) co ) P4 U) 4J -r ^ c co 5-I 'v4 d U) V co ".4 0 a) C", co 0 - V) "0 'H4 4-I r- Q1) a) . cn 4 IC cn .^Cc .4 4 _I0 CO 0 4-4 P4 csod co a 4 ^P Lf r o co U) , p 0% =a"J U ) .^ Q) 4 4-'.'ri cU ,00 co Cd u r-e4 .,4 U) '- 4 0o :3 c L CU4 C U) C N a1) 0r a l) -%j' 1 0 ".4 U) ,) -4 j- ".4 bo c V .%0 ' L a) 'H rz L W cn r 4 ON 'H a) U) - r ,0 U U C) C") co CN - J Q) -'.4 O ".4" ":J': r LfA f'CC Ncn ) I ) a) I o Sld r~-4 10 CO : - 0- 0 ": C-':s r-4HO~"- - 266 .I- v0 a) :3 C 4-i C 0 u %Lf00 V0 Cl) En H rz E-4 H z '-4 z 0 C-) 4-4 0 U) C) Pd 4-4 co .,4 o ; 4-i ~4 0 4-' .-r4 4-i 0-I 4' .,4a o W 4 ,D r I C U) *,.4'0Cu 4-d 4 - 4I 0 ' = U) ,0e~ n W -)J 4)O u V* t I4l') * 4 Cu a 4 U Cu4J .0 c8 W ) a4 Q 4J CO 5 -r I I n J .0 0 o -.) - 04 o 4, ~.~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -r4 ? ~8. C- c4 o $4 '~ I: I la P: 0 0 Wn ,.- ,W 0 r-4 . a '0 044 co 0 ) X0^ O ,I4 O ,nCOs 4 O O 4 W u Cb00 cn-4 0 P - _ ,4 co - : u 0a . U) co O 4 r 4-4 0) 4& Q c O-4 U 4i4 4.4 .4 U) ,-4 --I la-4 V 9 -4 O E U4 U ", 00co ., CD ,- ,n D; Vf co -74 co ^- ffi -A 4) 0 W r Q) 0 H v4 c P' 4 CO Q'0Cu W U ,-.4.v) 4Cw U " 0 ^-4 n X :: =:s ; o o a) ~~~~~~~,-- t-.i o . ^ - - ,- ,ir v ;: 'H .W U) 4 4 4) D: W ^ P CO ) r-4 CYN U)' 34 Ln M 0: -A W -A 44 c) 4.) W U 0 0 0) p U) 0- a' Ws 50,44 cn 0 'IO 4 ) O CN cn u 0U Cu U - r- U ? O l ~ ~~ zCu v -C~4 b0)N 0H~ 5U 5 t> ~ Cu0 N~O4 I Cn ~ Q. CJ U CO u 0, --.4 C-41-~4 r- r- U) W ,4I U)0 00 U) W PO 0 C J~04) ,-4 r-4 U cn a' 4) 4 4) 1-4 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" e-4 ".4 o~ cn .-4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 )? U- .. 4 ?n ,. . 1- -I 9 ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ? ~~~~~~~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ . ci:1 I) 0 HA 13; :3 0 c4 0 = o o N o C - W ..0 ** *X Ut~~~~~~~~~~~r Ln Ln 4:) .,, Ei .4 H' ap U') U '-4 A W 4 W,1 1, lad 0,1 ** ,.d * Hn '00 0H 0H :H 0 U){ U) X X ffi ffi X v ffQ 0 0 4) 4-) 0 m~0 Cu ni Cl) Cl) Cl) Cl) Cl) Cl) C 0 0 0 Cu~~~~~~~~~0 a Ou 4) rl 4) ? z Z Z z .W~~~~~~~~0 0Sk~~~ 0O I4 O 4 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) ) Cu *,.4 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 04 U) u 4) 4) 4) 4) u) 4 Sid O X X X X X X X P. ~4 N ni nin ni n 0) COua) w-4 f.4 r- r-4 P-4 CJ C'Ni *r4 a Lt') LI') LI') LI') LI') LI') LI'. ~4 5 Il I I I I I I I To ELK ' BRUCEVILLE QUADRANGLE L 38' 22' 30" 121- 22' 30" M~L SCALE 1/31,680 1/2 0 I MILE I I . I . .I I I 1/2 0 I KILOMETER I 1....1 I Map 1. The Lower Cosumnes-Mokelumne River area showing site locations. University of California, Berkeley Anthropology Field Course, Summer 1952 -.--- University of California Archaeological Survey, Berkeley August 12 - 22, 1952 Map 2. Contour map and grid system, site Sac-168. 271 N E II 272 I c4i Z z 0 (n 3r <4 0C I'D 0I o I- 00 -4 UT v co 0 04 co U} W 4-1 0 0 10 to co 0. .14 j$i J 'I- w -J w a: w 4 0 0 LI. 0r z 11 0-J 0C-, U, 273 9/N6 9/N7 9/N8 9/N9 9/NIO 9/Nil 9/N12 SRACEI I- _ WEST FACE OF TRENCH 9 8/N6 8/N7 8/N8 8/N9 8/N10 8/NIl 8/N12 8/N13 WEST FACE OF TRENCH 8 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ,, , 7/N6 7/N7 7/N8 7/N9 7/NIO 7/Nil 7/N12 7/N13 | _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -WEST FACE OF TRENCH 7 6/N13 7/N13. 8/N13 9/N13 I I I _I _I IB NORTH WALL OF TRENCH 13 STERILE HARDPAN - BLACK MIDDEN SUBSOIL F BROWN MIDDEN 0 5 I0 FT SCALE l I I Fig. 1 Stratigraphic profiles. site Sac-168. 274 IC 4-J a q4 "0 r., "0 A,l -r4 Ei "0 CU "00 ~cg U co - ,4- CU CU 4-J bO .r- FX4 (0 I In 275 1 2 3a 3b 4 4 NAa NAb NAb NAb3 N 5a 5b c 5d e SAa SAb SBb SCb1 SCb2I 6b 6c 64 7 a 7b 71 ~~~~c 7 (SAa2 SBc SCa t SBa, } SCa SC 7d2 7e 8a 8b 9a SCa4 NBb3- SCa5 SCa6 Fig. 3. Windmiller Culture Projectile Point Typology 276 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- w ) 00U Q WD - 0 0 g c 0 - _ o Q~~~~~~~~ o I w w~~~~~~~~~~~~ > CD Ir~~~~~~~~~~~~~ w O w~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~0 o m3 U z a. 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t Tr 0 cr ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~co Ui 4 j F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 0- ! , to w 0~~~~~ ~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$ 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 LoJ 0 U)~~~~~~~~~ (f) 0~~~~~~~~~~ LLJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t L)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4i- 277 IS feet to dotum A Fig. 5. Burial plan, SJo-68; Trenches A-F, at a depth of 0-24". Ir 278 I3 I 2 i 1 1 15 Je/ lo Jo/um A Fig. 6. Burial plan, SJo-68; Trenches A-F, at a depth of 24-60". Cremations indicated by hachured lines. Disturbed burials indicated by dashed lines. 279 l -T N 0 4:4 0 Z; en ,4 4- Cd U l . o. '0 Cal 4.n i- .z4 *,0 I CA U) $4 H 00 'C 0I C6 -'-a $4 to r-' In I U) c: 0 .-4 ~4. 4.D Cu ,0 ea e o t ~.,.t "0 O w m I 0 44,- "0 4-4 Cu c0 Z 4 4-ia , U) 0 0 Ui) :Q) En 00 $4 0 ' Cu UQ) ~4 C .,-4 .,, .,, 4 "- 280 a I I I I b b jC b 5 f I g Fig. 9. Projectile Points, Site Sac-168. 1-133978 1-134013 1-134025 1-134009 1-134010 1-134016 1-165100 1-165099 h slate type 5a, no location. obsidian type 1, no location. obsidian type 3a, no location. obsidian Hotchkiss Culture knife (?), square 3-S2, 10"d. obsidian type 3a, square 6-N8, -29"d. obsidian type 8b (?shouldered knife), square 6-Nll, 13"d. quartz crystal, type 3a, square 8-N12, -23"d. slate point fragment, square 7-N12, surface. 281 a d e 0 I CM. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. b d Fig. 10. Projectile Points, site Sac-168 (Illustrated actual size) a. 1-133981 slate type 5a, square 7-N7, -36"d. b. 1-133971 obsidian type 7c, square 3-S6, -6"d. c. 1-133973 slate type 7a, no location. d. 1-165102 slate type 3a, square 9-N8, -9"d. e. 1-165093 obsidian type 3b, square 9-N7, -33"d. 282 a C e a b b d C e f 0 5 I - Cm. cm. 9 h Fig. 11. Projectile Points, site Sac-168 a. 1-165098 slate type 5a, square 6-N13, surface, b. 1-133994 quartz type 7a, no location, c. 1-133983 obsidian type 7b, square .-S1, -10"d., d. 1-165094 obsidian fragment, square 9-N10, -25"d., e. 1-165101 slate type 2, no location, f. 1-134008 obsidian fragment, square 3-S2, 6"d., g. 1-133988 chert type 5a, no location, h. 1-133974 slate type 7a, square 7-N8, -35"d. 283 284 c LA C a f g e 0 5 C;5.5 cm. Fig. 12. Chipped Stone Arti Fig. 12.ChpeStn Ariat sieSc16 a. 1-133948 chert core scraper (top and side view), no location. b. 1-133980 slate type 5a, no location, c. 1-133982 yellow chert fragment, no location, d. 1-133983 obsidian type 5a, square 5-S1, -10'fd., e. 1-133972 slate type 7d, square 1-S4, surface, f. 1-133971 slate type 5a, square 3-S6, 6"d., g. 1-133984 chert type 1, square 7-N8, -23"d., h. 1-133975 slate fragment, no location, i. 1-133976 slate knife fragment, burial No. 7, j. 1-133977 obsidian fragment, square 6-N12, +22"d. 285 b a d C e 0 , 5 o m I. , 1C c'm. f h 9 i Fig. 13. Chipped Stone Artifacts, site Sac-168 a. 1-134011 obsidian fragment, square 4-S2, -9"d., b. 1-165097 obsidian fragment, square 7-N13, -12"d., c. 1-165095 obsidian fragment, square 7-N10, -45"d., d. 1-165107 obsidian fragment, no location, e. 1-165106 obsidian fragment, no location, f. 1-165105 obsidian scraper, no location, g. 1-165112 chert pebble scraper, square 7-N10, -63"d., h. 1-165096 obsidian fragment, square 9-N9, -42"d., i. 1-165108 obsidian, thumbnail scraper, no location, j. 1-133950 obsidian type Cla point embedded in left humerus, surface. l 286 AsCc (-Th D Clam disk Clam tube Haliotis la 0 E3He2 la lb ld lc 2a 2a 0 3al 3a2 o 2b 3bl 3b Fig. 14. Shell Bead Typology Olivella 3b2 0 3c 3d @ G C3e 3e 287 iegment Bln 0 ' l 1. a0 Clc Cl.i.a 00 0. 0 0 .0 . -0 0 K o D 70G .0. \ . 0 . . C c(1i) segment C(i).i B.lcB.1B.2 B3. l~c B3 3 Bi.i.c B2.1 B2.2.c B3.i*c B3.3 .0 C .) Ci.i.c C(2)n (r0- 00 C (2)in C2.1.c C2.1. c 0 . C4.1.c D2 D2.2 D4e 0 0 0 00 o E10El~l~a El El. 1. a E2 Gl.G GlaH [7 \ J. E2.2.e W U U ~~~G1.M K1 GI.J G1.K G1.L 1 T T1 TI. P2 S0..ac S1(1) P2 Si.i.ac Si(l)~ F1 0Q Fl. 1 F1 i00 F2.1 Li too Decoration: a - edge incising; c = edge puctation; e = edge v-incising Gorget n - edge nicking. Fig. 15. Haliotis Ornament Typology. i> D1 Dl.l.e H3 N1 I Ala Ab% - A3b 0 t' ' AAa I % I I I I I I I II I I Ala Fig. 16. Charmstone Typology. 288 A2b Alb2 A2al I \ I I I I I I ! I I I l ' i I I I I ! I II I I I I II I A_ A2a2 Blbl Blbl I I I % I I I I I I I I I 'I . b I I I I % I A~b A5 A3a A3c /% I I II II I I I I I I I^ " "- o , % of Bla2 Blal Bial B4a B3 B4b B7 Cla Fig. 17. Charmstone Typology (cont.) 289 Ca) 290 C2c C2b C2a - - -,= ,~~~- N.- C4b C5 D9 D8 D14 D6 DT 0 C3b I -' I - I / C3a ,- --% :l * I , I Da Dlb DlO Fig. 18. Charmstone Typology (cont.) E2 E1 E2 E3 P1 F2 D5 F3 293 Charmstones, sites Sac-168, SJo-68 (Not to scale) Plate 1 a. 1-33724 (Albl) b. 1-33927 (A2al) c. 1-33919 (A3a) d. 1-33925 (A3b) e. 1-73408 (A5) f. 1-73452 (Bla3) g. 1-33923 (Blb2) h. 1-33930 (Blb2) i. 1-33929 (Blb2) j. 1-33942 (Clb) e d b c Plate 1. 295 Charmstones, sites Sac-168, SJo-68 (Not to scale) Plate 2 a. 1-55326 (Blb3) b. 1-33945 (B4a) c. 1-49063 (B4b) d. 1-73464 (Cla) e. 1-73458 (Cla) f. 1-73432 (C2a) g. 1-73430 (C2a) h. 1-73431 (C3a) i. 1-73402 (C2b) j. 1-73459 (C2b) k. 1-73404 (C3b) 1. 1-73460 (C2b) m. 1-33932 (E2) n. 1-73457 (E2c) o. 1-33937 (E2) c b f a e n 0 m Plate 2. i 297 Obsidian projectile points, site SJo-68 Plate 3 Dawson Burial Burial Square Square Burial Square Dawson grave lot 15, d. 15 in., 1. 80, d. 18 in., 1. 6.0 cm. 80, d. 18 in., 1. 7.0 cm. A/Sl, d. 21 in., 1. 6.0 cm. I/Nl, d. 30 in., 1. 8.5 cm. 42, d. 33 in., 1. 8.0 cm. D/S2, d. 40 in., 1. 9.0 cm. grave lot 17, d. 20 in., 1. d. 42 in., 1. 4.5 cm. Dawson grave lot 28, d. 14 in., 1 Dawson grave lot 62, d. 12 in., 1 no location, 1. 9.0 cm. Dawson grave lot 5, d. 6 in., 1. (?), Dawson grave lot 14, 1. 5.0 c Dawson grave lot 26, d. 36 in., 1 Burial 23, d. 47 in., 1. 5.5 cm. Square F/Nl, d. 20 in. Burial 24, d. 47 in., 1. 5.5 cm. Burial 105, d. 33 in., 1. 5.0 cm. Burial 105, d. 33 in., 1. 6.5 cm. Burial 105, d. 33 in., 1. 5.5 cm. Burial 78, d. 37 in., 1. 7.0 cm. 6.0 cm. 5.0 cm. 5.5 cm. 4.0 cm. 4.5 cm. m. L. 5.5 cm. d c f e k n 0 q p s t Plate 3 U V a. b. c. d . e. f . h. i. iJ k. 1. m. n. 0. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. 1-55275 1-73377 1-73376 1-73189 1-73328 1-73298 -73269 1-55281 1-86437 1-55290 1-55260 1-55235 1-55294 1-55273 1-55288 1-73230 1-73292 1-73245 1-86448a. 1-86448c. 1-86448d. 1-73380 Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2,9 2, 3a, 3a, 5c, 3b, 3b 3b, 3b, 3b, 3b, 3b, 3b, 3b, 3b, a b h i 9 m I I I II II I II I L . L . i I r 299 Projectile points, sites SJo-68, SJo-56 Plate 4 a. 1-73260 Obsidian, Type 5a, Burial 24, d. 47 in., 1. 6.0 cm. b. 1-73215 Schist, Type 5c, Square K/S2, 1. 7.5 cm. c. 1-73373 Obsidian, d. 1-73246 Obsidian, e. 1-55239 Obsidian, f. 1-73219 Obsidian, Type 5a, Square K/N3, d. 24 in., 1. 7.5 cm. Type 5a, Burial 24, d. 47 in., 1. 5.5 cm. Type 6c, no location, 1. 6.0 cm. Type 6c, Square H/N3, 1. 5.5 cm. g. 1-73357 Slate, Type 7a, Burial 58, d. 16 in., 1. 5.5 cm. h. 1-55257 Obsidian, Type 7d, Dawson grave lot 6, d. 27 in., 1. 6.5 cm. i. 1-73378 Chert, Type 7a, Burial 80, d. 18 in., 1. 9.5 cm. j. L-19210 From site SJo-56, Obsidian, Type 7b, 1. 7.0 cm. k. 1-55266 Obsidian, 1. 1-55297 Obsidian, a b e Type 6d, Dawson grave lot 9, d. 18 in., Type 9a, no location, 1. 8.0 cm. 1. of fragment shown 4.5 cm. d c f h i I k Plate 4 301 Bone, antler and tooth artifacts, site SJo-68 Plate 5 a. 1-73500 "Sweat scraper" or "sword" (strigil) made of elk scapula, Burial 51, 1. 28 cm. b. 1-73503 Antler "wand", Burial 49, 1. 69 cm. c. 1-73509 Bone awl, Burial 60, d. 44 in., 1. 19.5 cm. d. 1-73510 Like c, Burial 60, 1. 18 cm. e. 1-49087 Ulna awl, Pit B, d. 37 in., 1. 13.5 cm. f. 1-73496 Ulna awl, Square F/N2, d. 32 in., 1. 12.0 cm. g. 1-73488 Ulna awl, Square C/N3, d. 15 in., 1. 15.0 cm. h. 1-73529 Bird talon, Burial 84, 1. 4 cm. i. 1-73524 Wolf (?) canine teeth, Burial 86, 1. 3.0, 3.5 cm. j. 1-74424 Bone needle, proximal end grooved, Burial 73, 1. 6.0 cm. k. 1-86442 Antler tip flaker, Square _/S1, d. 12-24 in., 1. 8.5 cm. 1. 1-73513 Ulna awl or punch, Burial 62a, 1. 12.5 cm. m. 1-73515 Split bird (?)bone awl, Square I/N1, d. 50 in., 1. 13.5 cm. f~~ 'A e ab A _E _ g4 /E I Ik h i m Plate 5 303 Baked clay, shell objects and quartz crystal, site SJo-68 Plate 6 a. 1-73628 Baked clay pot wall, Square J/N4, d. 61 in., h. 8.0 cm. b. 1-73822 Baked clay pot wall, Square A/Ni, h. 4.5 cm. c. 1-73615 Baked clay ball with basketry impression, Square B/S2, max. dia. 6.0 cm. d. 1-55355 Perforated clay disc, Dawson grave lot 9, dia. 3.5 cm. e. 1-55348 Like d , Dawson grave lot 33, dia. 3.5 cm. f. 1-73482 Quartz crystal, Burial 66, 1. 7.0 cm. g. 1-73633 Baked clay "pecan", Burial 86, 1. 2.5 cm. h. 1-73577 Haliotis ornament type c(2), Burial 84, dia. 5.5 cm. i. 1-73578 Haliotis pendant, type F.2, a, Burial 84, 1. 3.5 cm. j. 1-19068 Haliotis pendant type H.2.n, Burial 41, 1. 5.0 cm. k. 1-19205 Turtle carapace with Haliotis type la bead applique, Burial 6, 1. 4.5 cm. 1. 1-19204 Like k, Burial 6, 1. 4.0 cm. m. 1-49064 Olivella rectangular beads type 2b, Burial 10, bead 1. 1.0 cm. n. 1-73579 Haliotis circular beads type 3, Burial 84, dia. 1.0 cm. o. 1-73537 Olivella beads type la, Burial 19, bead 1. 1.0 cm. 9 h e i m n k o I Plate 6 305 Ground stone and slate, sites Sac-168, SJo-68 Plate 7 a. 1-73700 Mano, SJo-68, Burial 80, unifacial grinding with traces of red ocher on one end, dia. 9.5 cm. b. 1-73699 Pestle, SJo-68, Burial 80, grinding on both ends, 1. 11.0 cm. c. 1-165127 Mortar, Sac-168B, Square 8/N9, d. 26 inches, stained with red ocher, dia. 14.5 cm. d. 1-74419 Green slate pencil, SJo-68, Burial 29, d. 53 inches, 1. 6.5 cm. e. 1-86447 Slate pendant, SJo-68, Burial 80, d. 18 inches, 1. 9.5 cm. f. 1-55331 Slate rod with flattened cross-section, SJo-68, Dawson grave lot 12, 1. 15.0 cm. g. 1-55334 Like f, 1. 13.0 cm. h. 1-55332 Like f, 1. 14.5 cm., with groove at blunt end, parallel striations around middle. i. 1-73451 Cylindrical slate rod, SJo-68, Burial 62a, d. 32 inches, 1. 18.5 cm. j. 1-55321 Perforated slate pendant, SJo-68, Dawson grave lot 7, 1. 3.5 cm. b a i f g h i Plate 7 307 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations: AA AAn AAG-A AJPA APS-Y TAPS PAPS AJA AGS AJS AMNH-B AMNH-AH ABC AINA GSA-B ISCM-OP BAE-AP BAE-B BAE-AR SI-RBSP MAIHF- INM SI-MC SI-AR SI-P SI-CA KAS-P NH SAA-M SWM-M SWJA SWMP UC-AR UCAS-R UCARF-Ms UC-IA UC- PAAE UCLAAS-AR UC-PA American Anthropologist American Antiquity Annals of the Association of American Geographers American Journal of Physical Anthropology American Philosophical Society, Yearbook Transactions of The American Philosophical Society Proceedings of The American Philosophical Society American Journal of Archaeology American Geographical Society American Journal of Science American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Handbook Anthropology in British Columbia Arctic Institute of North America Bulletin of The Geological Society of America Idaho State College Museum, Occasional Papers Bureau of American Ethnology, Anthropological Papers Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Survey Papers Indian Notes and Monographs. 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