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Number 10                                        July, 1970
ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE PREHISTORIC GREAT BASIN
LACUSTRINE SUBSISTENCE REGIME AS SEEN FROM
LOVELOCK CAVE, NEVADA
Robert F. Heizer and Lewis K. Napton
with major contributions by
F. L. Dunn, W. I. Follett, Mary Ellen Morbeck,
Frank Radovsky, and R. Watkins
REPORT NO. 1 TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
ON GRANT GS 2297
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY
Number 10
July 1970
ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE PREHISTORIC GREAT BASIN
LACUSTRINE SUBSISTENCE REGIME AS SEEN FROM
LOVELOCK CAVE, NEVADA
Robert F. Heizer and Lewis K. Napton
with major contributions by
F.L. Dunn, W.I. Follett, Mary Ellen Morbeck,
Frank Radovsky, and R. Watkins
REPORT NO. 1 TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
ON GRANT GS 2297
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY
Department of Anthropology
Berkeley
PREFACE
The papers in this volume represent 20 percent of the total which have
been written by us or contributed by specialists on the matter of prehistoric
coprolites from Nevada caves. The coprolite analysis program at Berkeley has
been in progress since 1965. Research materials studied have come mainly
from Lovelock Cave (site NV-Ch-18). Lovelock Cave was first excavated by
L. L. Loud in 1912 and revisited in 1924 by Loud and M. R. Harrington. Brief
visits to the cave site have been made since 1950 by University of California
field parties. The most intensive recent work was carried out in September
1968 and April 1969, at which time over 4000 human fecal pellets were col-
lected. In the course of the 1969 excavations a map of the cave was made,
stratigraphic excavations were carried out, and numerous organic samples were
collected for radiocarbon age determinations. We report here on our inter-
pretation of the chronology and occupational history of Lovelock Cave. A
revised interpretation of the culture history of the cave is needed to correct
what is surely an incorrect picture presented by Harrington (in Loud and
Harrington 1929:119-123), but this is not yet complete and will be presented
at some future time.
The present volume may be considered as the first of a series of pro-
jected reports on coprolite analyses carried out at Berkeley 1968-date.
Earlier results have been published by Ambro (1967), Cowan (1967), Follett
(1967), Roust (1967), Tubbs and Berger (1967), Heizer (1967a, 1967b, 1969a,
1969b), Heizer and Napton (1969a, 1969b), Napton (1969), Napton and Brunetti
(1969), Napton and Kelso (1969), and Douglas (1969).
We list in the section of this report which follows immediately indivi-
duals and organizations who have provided us with financial support or expert
assistance in identification of coprolite components. Here, however, we wish
to single out the following and to thank them for assistance which was of a
nature so essential that the program could not have otherwise been carried out.
Dr. J. G. Stopps, Assistant Director of the Haskell Laboratory,
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Del. (funds to
excavate Lovelock Cave in 1969).
Dean S. E. Elberg, Graduate Division, University of California,
Berkeley (funds to inaugurate coprolite research in 1965-66).
Jon and Francesca Wiig, Worthington, Massachusetts (funds to
partially defray costs of fieldwork in 1969, laboratory
analysis at Berkeley 1969-70, 1970-71, and part of costs of
publishing the present report).
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National Science Foundation (through Dr. Richard Lieban, Director
of the Program in Anthropology) for funds to carry out the wide
range Lovelock Cave Coprolite Analysis Project under Grants
GS-2297 and GS-2323.
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, for a Pre-
doctoral Fellowship in Anthropology to Lewis K. Napton
(1967-1968) for coprolite research and analysis.
Assistant Chancellor E. Mauchlan, University of California, Berkeley
(for providing funds to help defray costs of experimental field
course 191B which was conducted at the Ragucci Ranch base camp
two miles north of Lovelock Cave in the Spring Quarter, 1969).
We are very grateful to the following individuals for their participation
in the Lovelock Coprolite Research and Analysis Project in 1968-1970.
Aikens, Melvin
Dept. of Anthropology
Univ. of Oregon, Eugene
(Field consultation)
Alcorn, J.R.
U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Fish & Wildlife Service
Fallon, Nevada
(Avifaunal, Biological data)
Ambro, Richard D.
UCB
(Basket-kit study;
Field crew, 1968)
Anderson, Andrew
Public Relations Dept.
Southern Pacific Co.
(Photographs)
Anderson, Leon
Lovelock, Nevada
(Field facilities)
Ahnger, Mary
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Arnett, G. Ray
Director, Calif. Dept. Fish & Game
Sacramento
(Laboratory facilities)
Bailey, Dennis
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Barthelme, John
UCB
(Study of decoys)
Beaumont, Jane
Archaeological Research
(Clerical, Manuscript)
Fac., UCB
Benson, Seth B.
Curator, Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology, UCB
(Faunal identifications)
Berger, Rainer
Institute of Geophysics &
Planetary Physics, UCLA
(Radiocarbon determinations;
Field consultations, 1969)
- iv -
Berman, Al
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Blake, Edward
Kirk Associates, Berkeley
(Special investigations)
Bluford, Mimi
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Bohrer, Vorsilla
Dept. of Biology
Univ. of Massachusetts
(Palynological analyses)
Borders, Orin
UCB
(1969 Lab assistant)
Britton, Edythe
State Seed Lab, Sacramento
(Seed identification)
Browning, Bruce
Calif. Dept. of Fish & Game
(Analysis & identifications)
Brunetti, Oscar
Calif. Dept. of Fish & Game
(Avifaunal identifications)
Bruyn, Henry B.,(M.D.)
Director, Student Health
Service, UCB
(Medical data)
Budinger, John,(M.D.)
Director of Laboratories,
Lawrence Hosp., Bronxville, N.Y.
(Paleopathology & parasitology)
Callen, E.O.
MacDonald College, McGill Univ.
Quebec, Canada
(Human hair, general iden-
tifications)
Calloway, Doris H.
Dept. of Nutrition, UCB
(Dietary studies)
Carroll, John
UCB
(1969 Field crew; photography;
Lab assistant, 1969)
Carter, Annetta
Herbarium, UCB
(Seed identifications)
Chandler, Dorothy
Dept. of Public Health, UCB
(Laboratory facilities)
Chang, Ethel
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Chemsak, John A.
Dept. of Entomology, UCB
(Identification of insects)
Clement, David
UCB
(1969 Field crew, vehicle & equipment)
Constance, Lincoln
Dept. of Botany, UCB
(Botanical consultations)
Cook, Emmett
Lovelock, Nevada
(Assistance in the field)
Cook, Sherburne
Emeritus Professor of Physiology, UCB
(Consultations)
Cooney, Donald
Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Nevada, Reno
(Botanical identifications)
Craighead, John
Wildlife Research Unit, Univ. of Montana
(Bear food habits)
- v -
Cutler, Hugh C.
Missouri Botanical Gardens
St. Louis
(General botanical data)
Darnell, Jess and Helen
Toulon, Nevada
(Field facilities)
DeAtley, Suzanne
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Deforest, Peter
Dept. of Criminology, UCB
(Analysis of human hair)
Dockstader, Fredrick J.
Director, Museum of American
Indian, Heye Fnd., New York
(Lovelock Cave collections)
Douglas, Charles L.
Prescott College, Arizona
(Faunal identifications;
identification of mammal hair)
Drake, Robert J.
Univ. of British Columbia,
Vancouver
(Identification of molluscan remains)
Bardun, A.M.
(Local arrangements, N.Y.)
Dunn, Fred L. (M.D.)
Hooper Fdn., UCB Medical Ctr.,
San Francisco
(Parasitological examinations)
Elberg, Sanford S.
Dean of the Grad. Division, UCB
(Financial aid)
Elsasser, Albert B.
Lowie Museum of Anthropology, UCB
(L.L. Loud data; 1968 crew)
Encinas, Gary
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Englezos, Gay
Faculty Grants Secretary, UCB
(General)
Estis, Marke
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Eustis, Ann
UCB
(Lab helper 1969)
Evans, Richard
Evans, Kathy
UCB
(Biochemical analysis)
Ferrel, Carol
Calif. Dept. of Fish & Game
(Laboratory facilities)
Follett, W.I.
Emeritus Curator of Ichthyology
Calif. Academy of Sciences
(Identification of fish remains)
Froelich, John
Lovelock, Nevada
(Field facilities)
Fry, Gary
Univ. of Utah
(Field consultation 1969;
Danger Cave coprolites)
Graham, John
Dept. of Anthropology, UCB
(General assistance)
Graham, Samuel A.
Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Michigan
(Entomology)
- vi -
Greer, Kenneth
Director, Food Habits Laboratory
Montana State Univ.
(Food habits consultation)
Gruhn, Ruth
Director, Dept. of Anthropology
Univ. of Alberta
Edmonton
(Wilson Butte Cave coprolites)
Guadagno, Carmelo
Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Fdn., New York
(Photography)
Gunn, Charles
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland
(Seed identification)
Hallinan, Dan
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Hallinan, Patrick
UCB
(1968 Field crew
vehicle, 1969)
Hansen, Jack
Calif. Fish & Game
(Ichthyological samples)
Hanson, Charles H.
Museum of the Fur Trade
Chadron, Nebraska
(Identification of gun parts)
Hargrave, Lyndon
Prescott College, Arizona
(Microfaunal & Avifaunal studies)
Hatch, Marian
UCB
Healy, Paul
UCB
(1969 Field crew, cataloguing 1969)
Heinze, Ruth-Ann
UCB
(Lab group, 1969)
Herod, David
Lowie Museum, UCB
(Technical assistance & equipment)
Hester, Thomas Roy
UCB
(Lithic analysis)
Hester, Lynda
UCB
(Manuscript preparation)
Hesterlee, Ethel
Lovelock, Nevada
(Assistance in the field, 1968-69)
Hopkirk, John
Chico State College, Calif.
(Ichthyological consultations)
Jennings, Jesse D.
Dept. of Anthropology, Univ.
Salt Lake City
(Field consultations)
of Utah
Johnson, Charles
UCB
(1968 Field crew)
Johnson, Kay
Nevada Dept. Fish and Game
(Ichthyological samples)
Johnson, Ned K.
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, UCB
(Bird skin identifications)
(1969 Field crew, cataloguing)
- vii -
Jellison, William
Rocky Mt. Research Lab (Ret'd.)
(Parasitological examinations)
Kaarto, Tim
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, UCB
(Field equipment)
Kelso, Gerald
Dept. of Geochronology,
Univ. of Arizona
(Palynological analysis)
Kennedy, Barbara
Dept. of Nutrition, UCB
(Dietary studies)
Klein, Stephen
Richmond Field Station, UCB
(Chemical analyses
KirkPaul L.
Dept. of Criminology, UCB
(Special investigations)
Krebs, Ernst J.
John Beard Memorial Fdn.
San Francisco
(Dietary analysis)
Ley, Monica
UCB
(1969 Field crew;
laboratory assistant 1969)
Marcus, Joyce
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Martin, Alexander C.
Los Gatos, Calif.
(Seed identification;
general consultations)
Martin, Paul S.
Dept. of Geochronology,
Univ. of Arizona
(Palynological studies)
Messinger, Norman
U.S. Nat. Park Service
(Avifaunal consultation)
McCown, T.D.
Dept. of Anthropology, UCB
(Osteological analysis)
Miller, Loyg
Dept. of Biology
Univ. of Calif., Davis
(Avifaunal consultation)
Miller, Seward,(M.D.)
University of Michigan
(Pathological consultations)
Mitchell, Linda (Rice)
UCB
(1969 Field crew;
palynological studies)
Moffitt, F.H.
Dept. of Civil Engineering, UCB
(Surveying equipment)
Morril, Ted
Nevada State Fish and Game
(Photography)
Morrison, Roger B.
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver
(Field geological investigation
1969)
Mukai, George
Richmond Field Station, UCB
(Chemical analysis)
- viii -
Murchio, Jack
Calif. Dept. of Public Health
(Epidemiological studies)
Naphan, E.A.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Reno, Nevada
(Soil consultations)
Napier, Lawrence
U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Fallon, Nevada
(Avifaunal data)
Nissen, Karen
UCB
(Chief lab assistant 1968-69,
field crew 1968-69)
O'Connell, James F.
UCB
(1968 Field crew)
Okumura, George
State Insect Laboratory
Sacramento
(Insect identifications)
Osmundsen, Lita
Wenner-Gren Fdn., New York
(Financial aid)
Padgug, Elise
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Pearson, Oliver P.
Dept. of Zoology, UCB
(Bat identifications)
Poovaiah, B.P.
Dept. of Nutrition, UCB
(Dietary analysis)
Radovsky, Frank
Hooper Fdn., UCB Medical Ctr.
San Francisco
(Parasitology)
Rapoport, Henry
Dept. of Chemistry, UCB
(Chemical analysis)
Samuels, Robert (M.D.)
Meharry Medical College, Nashville
(Parasitological consultations)
Saalke, Norman
Nevada Dept. Fish and Game
Fallon
(Wildlife data)
Saulisberry, Charles N.
Central Lahontan River Basin Survey
Carson City
(Technical data)
Schaaf, Laura
UCB
(Lab group, 1969)
Scharetg, Jennifer
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Schuldt, E.H.
Central Research Dept.
Anheuser-Busch, St. Louis
(Chemical analyses)
Schwartzkopf, W.W.
Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Nevada
Reno
(Botanical identifications)
Sears, P.B.
Yale Univ.
(Palynological consultations)
Sharsmith, Helen K.
Herbarium, UCB
(Seed identifications)
Sine, Nancy
UCB
(Lab assistant, 1969-70)
- ix -
Skaggs, Robert
Acting Supervisor, State Seed Lab.
Sacramento
(Seed identifications)
Smith, Earle C.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland
(Botanical data)
Speed, Robert C.
Dept. of Geological Sciences
Northwestern Univ.
(Geological data)
Stiles, T.
Museum of American Indian,
Heye Fdn., New York
(Lovelock collections)
Stienecker, Walter
Calif. Fish and Game
(Analysis and identifications)
Stopps, J.M.
Ass't. Director, Haskell Lab.
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co.
(Chemical analysis)
Stross, F.H.
Shell Development Co.
(Photography, X-ray Fluorscence
analysis)
Strother, John L.
Herbarium, UCB
(Seed identifications)
Swain, F.M.
Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Minnesota
(Petrological analysis
Swanson, Earl
Dept. of Anthropology,
Idaho State Univ., Pocatello
(General)
Taber, Richard D.
Dept. of Forestry, Univ. of Montana
(Avifaunal data)
Tatlock, Donald
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, Calif.
(Spectroscopic analyses, field
geological investigations, 1969)
Taylor, Irwin
Dept. of Geophysics and Planetary
Physics, UCLA
(Radiocarbon determinations)
Thomas, Jerome F.
Dept. Sanitary Engineering, UCB
(Chemical analyses)
Trostler, Naomi
Dept. of Nutrition, UCB
(Dietary research)
Tuohy, Donald
Nevada State Museum
Carson City
(Field consultation,
Pyramid Lake coprolites)
Van Kleeck, Norah
State Seed Lab, Sacramento
(Seed identifications)
Washburn, S. L.
Dept. of Anthropology, UCB
(Human osteology)
Wells, Phillip V.
Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Kansas
(Botanical data)
Wenrich, Steve
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Wheat, Margaret
Fallon, Nevada
(Ethnobotanical data)
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Whitaker, Thomas W.
U.S. Horticultural Field Station
La Jolla
(Botanical data)
Whitehouse, Susan
Faculty Grants Secretary
UCB
(General)
Wihr, Bill
UCB
(Lab assistant, 1970)
Wilcox, Vincent
Curator, Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Fdn. Survey
The Bronx, New York
(Lovelock collections; photography)
Wolfe, Warwick
UCB
(Lab group 1969)
Wong, Jane
UCB
(1969 Field crew)
Worden, Larry
Manager, Stillwater Wile Life
Refuge, Fallon, Nevada
(Avifaunal, seed and vegetal samples,
wetlands photographs)
Wright, Fred E.
Nevada Dept. Fish and Game
Reno
(Wildlife data)
Ziegler, Alan C.
Dept. of Zoology, UCB
(Faunal identifications)
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CONTENTS
I.     ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN LOVELOCK CAVE, NEVADA
by Robert F. Heizer and Lewis K. Napton .      .      .
II.    ANALYSIS OF HUMAN COPROLITES FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS,
WITH PRIMARY REFERENCE TO LOVELOCK CAVE, NEVADA,
by Lewis K. Napton and Robert F. Heizer .     .      .
III.   CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THE LOVELOCK CAVE INVESTIGATIONS
BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN 1912 AND 1924, AND
PREPARATION OF L. L. LOUD'S FINAL REPORT,-
edited by Robert F. Heizer and Lewis K. Napton
IV.    FISH REMAINS FROM HUMAN COPROLITES AND MIDDEN DEPOSITS
OBTAINED DURING 1968 AND 1969 AT LOVELOCK CAVE,
CHURCHILL COUNTY, NEVADA,
by W. I. Follett      .   .   .   .   .
V.     PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS OF PREHISTORIC HUMAN
COPROLITES FROM LOVELOCK CAVE, NEVADA,
by F. L. Dunn and R. Watkins .   .   .   .
VI.    MITES ASSOCIATED WITH COPROLITES AND MUMMIFIED HUMAN
REMAINS IN NEVADA,
by Frank J. Radovsky .   .   .   .   .   .
VII.   DESCRIPTION OF SKELETAL MATERIAL FOUND IN LOVELOCK
CAVE (NV-Ch-18) IN 1969,
by Mary Ellen Morbeck .   .   .   .   .   .
VIII. LOVELOCK CAVE BIBLIOGRAPHY,
by Robert F. Heizer and Lewis K. Napton  .
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1
87
131
163
176
186
.   .    191
198